Mini-Mental State Research Articles

Equating conversion norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment in healthy subjects and patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are globally recognized as validated cognitive screening tests widely used. The present study attempted to provide conversion tables from the MMSE to the MoCA and vice versa, deriving them from a large population of healthy older adults and a representative clinical sample of subjects with different types of cognitive decline within the spectrum of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. A total of 1423 Italian participants, including healthy adults (n = 1203), individuals with AD (n = 93), and with PD (n = 127) were assessed using the MMSE and MoCA. Conversion tables were developed using log-linear smoothing equipercentile equating (LSEE). The reliability of the conversion was assessed through the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in a train-test approach confirmed in the whole sample. The findings demonstrated that the LSEE method enables the development of conversion tables allowing users to identify the corresponding MoCA score for each MMSE score within the studied groups, and vice versa. The estimation error RMSE was 1.8, 2.9, and 3.2 for the conversion of MoCA from MMSE and 1.2, 2.3, and 2.2 for the conversion of MMSE from MoCA in healthy subjects, AD, and PD, respectively. The reliability of the conversion is higher in healthy subjects and for higher values of MoCA and MMSE. Results report easy-to-use conversion norms for transforming raw MMSE score to MoCA and vice versa, highlighting areas were the conversion has a strong or low reliability depending on the score range.

The awareness, characterization, and burden of Cognitive Impairment Associated with Schizophrenia (CIAS) in clinical practice: Results from a nationwide survey in Italy.

The awareness, characterization, and burden of Cognitive Impairment Associated with Schizophrenia (CIAS) in clinical practice: Results from a nationwide survey in Italy.

MiR-132-3p is down-regulated in plasma and CD171+ extracellular vesicles isolated from patients with mild Alzheimer's disease.

miR-132-3p is down-regulated in plasma and CD171+ extracellular vesicles isolated from patients with mild Alzheimer's disease.

Prospective observational study to evaluate efficacy and safety of immunotherapy (IO) in elderly (eld) patients (pts) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA).

e20603 Background: Even though NSCLC prevalence is increasing in the eld population, they are underrepresented in clinical trials, including those involving IO. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of IO as 1 st line treatment in eld pts with NSCLC undergoing CGA. Methods: A prospective study of pts ≥70 years old was performed at the University Hospital of Larissa. Clinical and demographic data were derived from pts’ medical records. Pts were screened (G8 tool) and categorized as fit, vulnerable (vln) and frail by CGA. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were graded according to Common Terminology Classification Adverse Events version 5.0. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression for PFS/OS between groups were performed. Results: Overall, 129 pts with a mean age of 74.8 (range 70-92) were enrolled. Pts were predominantly male (92%) with squamous histology (50%) that received either monotherapy IO (7%) or chemotherapy+IO (93%). Pts had a G8 mean score of 8.8 (range 2-14) and were categorized as fit (27%), vln (41%) and frail (32%). CGA revealed that 46% of the pts needed assistance with IADLs ; all had ≥1 comorbidities (mean 4; range 1-10) and took ≥1 medications (mean 5; range 1-11); 67% experienced weight loss >3kg in the past 3 months (mo); 14% had cognitive impairment on Mini-Mental State Examination and 7% suffered at least one fall. Both median OS and median PFS were significantly higher in fit pts compared with vln and frail [OS: 30 vs 20 and 5 mo, respectively (resp), p<0.001; PFS: 16 vs 10 and 3 mo, resp, p=0.001]. Pts with Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatric 3-4 score had significantly shorter PFS/OS (8/13 mo, resp) compared with pts with lower scores (p=0.04/p=0.009, resp). Antiplatelet use (37.2% of pts) was linked to improved PFS/OS (13/20 mo, p=0.036/p=0.036, resp). Pts with a baseline albumin of ≥3.5 g/dL had improved PFS/OS compared to those with <3.5 g/dL (13 vs 5 mo, p<0.01; 20 vs 10 mo, p<0.01, resp). Overall, 30% of the pts experienced severe (grade 3-4) irAEs (SirAEs). Fit pts were at a lower risk for developing a SirAEs (Relative Risk: 0.73). Notably, pts aged ≥75 years had a lower incidence of SirAEs compared to pts <75 years old. Pts that experienced SirAEs exhibited worse survival outcomes compared to pts without (PFS: 7 vs 13 mo, p=0.001; OS: 10 vs 20 mo, p=0.002). Toxicity-related treatment discontinuation rate was higher in frail pts (52.8% vs 23.6%). Conclusions: Although, IO maintains efficacy in eld pts with NSCLC, our findings suggest that frailty, comorbidities and low albumin levels are correlated with worse survival outcomes. Frail pts also experienced more SirAEs and toxicity-related treatment discontinuations. These findings emphasize the necessity of a CGA rather than relying only on chronological age for guiding treatment decisions in the eld population.

The role of carotid artery stenosis severity in cognitive impairment and quality of Life: Insights from Jordan.

The role of carotid artery stenosis severity in cognitive impairment and quality of Life: Insights from Jordan.

Effect of perampanel in reducing depression in patients with focal epilepsy.

Effect of perampanel in reducing depression in patients with focal epilepsy.

Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and cognitive function in stroke free patients with atrial fibrillation: A cross-sectional study.

Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and cognitive function in stroke free patients with atrial fibrillation: A cross-sectional study.

Hybrid multi-modality multi-task learning for forecasting progression trajectories in subjective cognitive decline.

Hybrid multi-modality multi-task learning for forecasting progression trajectories in subjective cognitive decline.

Assessing the Big Five personality traits in presymptomatic and symptomatic C9orf72-related frontotemporal dementia using the Dutch Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-NL).

Assessing the Big Five personality traits in presymptomatic and symptomatic C9orf72-related frontotemporal dementia using the Dutch Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-NL).

Sociodemographic predictors of quality of life and cognitive status among patients with carotid artery stenosis: A prospective cohort study.

Sociodemographic predictors of quality of life and cognitive status among patients with carotid artery stenosis: A prospective cohort study.

Interaction between living conditions and plant-based dietary pattern on cognitive function: A 10-year cohort analysis of Chinese older adults.

Interaction between living conditions and plant-based dietary pattern on cognitive function: A 10-year cohort analysis of Chinese older adults.

Anxiety and depression one year after the first stroke among Lebanese survivors: proportions, changes, and predictors

BackgroundAbout 1 in 2 stroke survivors suffer from anxiety and depression in the first year after stroke. This study aimed to calculate the proportions of 1-year post-stroke anxiety and depression (PSA and PSD), evaluate their changes over time, and identify the contributing factors among first-ever stroke survivors in Lebanon, where relevant research has been scarce.MethodsA hospital-based multicenter study was conducted among 150 subjects aged ≥ 18 years involving scheduled home visits at 3, 6, and 12 months after stroke index. Several scales were employed, including Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Short Form Health Survey (SF12), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), to assess levels of anxiety and depression, cognitive function, disability degree, quality of life, stroke severity, general pain, central pain, spasticity, and fatigue after stroke, respectively. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe baseline and stroke characteristics and to calculate proportions of PSA and PSD, followed by univariate and multivariable analyses to identify the contributing factors.ResultsHigh HADS scores were reported in our cohort, with the most prevalent symptoms occurring within the first 3 months after stroke index (77.3% for PSD and 51.2% for PSA with HADS ≥ 8). Despite a slight decrease over the subsequent 6 and 12 months, proportions remained elevated, affecting at least 40% to 60% of survivors. PSA was a consistent independent predictor of PSD (Adjusted Odds Ratio ≅ 2). Other contributing factors to PSA and PSD were highlighted, including a history of atrial fibrillation, longer sedentary hours, high scores of NIHSS and mRS, lower scores of SF12 and MMSE, and the presence of immobility-related problems, of which high DN4 scores were independent predictors. Better 1-year psychological outcomes were noticed in those with higher educational levels and employment after stroke.ConclusionRoutine psychological screening and support for stroke survivors are urgently needed. By identifying factors and emphasizing early detection, our research offers valuable insights that can inform clinical practice and improve the well-being of stroke survivors.

Nutritional and cognitive health assessment among elderly at geriatric care facilities, Hyderabad: a cross sectional study

Background: With the global rise in the elderly population, ensuring their health and well-being has become critical. Nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive function, while cognitive health influences dietary habits. This study assessed nutritional status and cognitive function among elderly residents in geriatric care facilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2024 to September 2024 at two geriatric care facilities in Hyderabad (Srimatha Old Age Home, Kukatpally and HCAH Old Age Home, Gachibowli). Sixty-seven elderly residents were assessed using the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) for nutritional status and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for cognitive function. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. Results: Among participants (47.8% male, 52.2% female), MNA revealed 46.3% had normal nutrition, 46.3% were at risk of malnutrition, and 7.4% were malnourished. MMSE scores showed 17.9% had no cognitive impairment, 34.3% had mild decline, and 47.8% had severe impairment. Conclusions: Malnutrition risk and cognitive impairment are prevalent among elderly in care facilities. Regular assessments and holistic interventions addressing nutrition, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement are essential to improve their quality of life.

Application of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Technology in the Management of Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Objective: To study the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on improving motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: 60 PD patients who visited the hospital from September 2023 to August 2024 were selected as samples and randomly divided into two groups. Group A received conventional medication plus TMS treatment, while Group B received medication only. The efficacy of motor function improvement, neurological symptoms, mental state, sleep quality, quality of life, and adverse reactions was compared between the two groups. Results: The efficacy of Group A was higher than that of Group B (P < 0.05). The scores of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in Group A were lower than those in Group B (P < 0.05). The quality of life scale (SF-36) score in Group A was higher than that in Group B (P < 0.05). The adverse reaction rate in Group A was lower than that in Group B (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TMS used in the treatment of PD patients can improve patients’ mental state and motor function, optimize sleep quality and quality of life, and is safe and efficient.

Association between the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and cognitive impairment in patients with acute mild ischemic stroke

BackgroundThe non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) is a recently developed lipid parameter, but there are insufficient studies exploring its relationship with early cognitive impairment in patients with acute mild stroke. This study aims to determine the potential association between NHHR and early cognitive impairment in patients with acute mild stroke. By collecting data from patients with acute minor ischemic stroke in hospital, we will analyze the relationship between NHHR and cognitive function in these patients.MethodsThis study enrolled 817 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients (NIHSS ≤ 5), Cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) within 2 weeks, with cognitive impairment defined by education-stratified thresholds. Statistical analysis of the baseline was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the association between NHHR and cognitive impairment, and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis were performed to evaluate the predictive value.ResultsPatients were classified into cognitive impairment group (n = 473) and normal cognition group (n = 344). NHHR in the cognitive impairment group was significantly higher than that in the normal group (3.24 ± 1.63 vs. 3.02 ± 1.43, P = 0.046). There were significant differences in age and education level. There was a dose–response relationship between NHHR quartiles and the incidence of cognitive impairment (trend test P = 0.021). Multivariate regression analysis showed that for each unit increase in NHHR, the risk of cognitive impairment increases by 13.2% (OR = 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.25, P = 0.018). The predictive model constructed by combining age and education level has an area under the ROC curve(AUC) of 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.67–0.74).ConclusionsNHHR is an independent risk factor for early cognitive impairment in mild AIS patients. The NHHR-based model demonstrates moderate predictive accuracy, supporting its potential clinical utility.

La depresión como factor importante en la alteración de la memoria en el adulto mayor

Depression negatively affects memory ability in older adults. This article addresses the correlation between depression and memory in the elderly, evaluated by the Beck Test and the Mini-Mental Test. Methodology: non-experimental, exploratory, observational research. Contribution: In a sample of 19 participants, the results show that 79% of the participants have a level of depression, which 30% of the study population requires intervention by a psychologist and 45% by a psychiatrist. Depression affects the memory status of older adults, with a t=1.73 to 95% reliability

The influence of socioeconomic factors and apolipoprotein ε genotype on cognitive outcomes in a multi-ethnic sample living with HCV and HIV.

BackgroundThis study examined associations between apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 carrier status and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and whether this relationship varied among adults living with HIV/HCV, HIV, HCV, or neither. We also examined whether sociodemographic factors moderated associations between APOE ε4 carrier status and MMSE scores.MethodsA secondary analysis of cognitive, psychological, and sociodemographic data from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort (n = 493) was completed. Banked blood samples underwent APOE genotyping. Bivariate analyses examined potential differences across participants by HIV and/or HCV statuses and by APOE ε4 carrier status. Multiple linear regression was conducted to test the adjusted moderation effect of each sociodemographic variable between APOE ε4 carrier status and MMSE scores within each group.ResultsSociodemographic factors, such as income, education, food insecurity, and employment influenced associations between APOE ε4 carrier status and MMSE scores among participants with HIV/HCV. Participants with APOE ε4 genotypes living with HCV had higher MMSE scores than non-APOE ε4 carriers.ConclusionThese results reinforce the need for future studies examining (1) the impact of APOE genotype on cognitive functioning while considering socioeconomic factors and (2) the influence of socioeconomic factors on cognitive scores among individuals living with HIV and or HCV.

A preliminary study of the reliability and validity of the Uyghur version of the NUCOG cognitive screening application

IntroductionTechnological advances and artificial intelligence now make it feasible to administer cognitive assessments on touch-screen devices. The aim of this study is to develop a Uyghur version of the NUCOG cognitive screening application and evaluate its reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff scores among Uyghur people with cognitive impairment.MethodsThe English version of the NUCOG app was translated and adapted into the Uyghur version (NUCOG-U). A total of 250 Uyghur people aged 55–80, including 90 normal controls, 91 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 69 dementia patients, were randomly selected and administered with NUCOG, MoCA-U, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and other neuropsychological batteries. ROC curves were generated to determine the optimal cutoff values.ResultsNUCOG-U version showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0. 826), inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.999), and test − retest reliability (r = 0.998, p < 0.001). NUCOG scores were significantly correlated with those of MoCA-U (r = 0.896, p < 0.001) and MMSE(r = 0.899, p < 0.001). NUCOG scores were significantly different among the three groups (p < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for MCI was 80.5, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 73%, and 70 for dementia, with a sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 100%.ConclusionThe NUCOG-U shows high reliability and validity and is suitable for screening cognitive function in the elderly Uyghur population. The optimal cutoff scores to detect mild cognitive impairment and dementia in the Uyghur people are 80.5 and 70, respectively.

Cognitive, affective and behavioral functioning in patients with olfactory groove meningiomas: a systematic review.

Olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs) are often linked to cognitive, affective, and behavioral deficits, yet these symptoms remain poorly understood. This systematic review synthesizes existing evidence on the prevalence, nature, and postoperative outcomes of these deficits in OGM patients, focusing on factors influencing neuropsychological recovery and guiding future treatment strategies. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect (up to December 2024). Studies reporting cognitive, affective, or behavioral symptoms in OGM patients were included, while non-original studies, non-English articles, and studies on other tumor types were excluded. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the JBI critical appraisal tool for case series. Data on patient demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical approaches, and neuropsychological outcomes were analyzed. Of 1180 studies identified, 38 met the inclusion criteria. Psychiatric symptoms were reported in 14-100% of patients, with memory and attention deficits as well as confusion and disorientation being the most common. Depression, apathy, and behavioral changes were frequently observed. Only five studies used standardized neuropsychological assessments, primarily the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Postoperative improvements in MMSE scores were noted, suggesting some cognitive recovery. Tumor size and surgical approach influenced outcomes, with larger tumors and bifrontal approaches linked to poorer cognitive recovery. However, the impact of peritumoral edema and extent of resection remains understudied. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral deficits are prevalent in OGM patients but are often underdiagnosed. Limited use of standardized assessments and small sample sizes highlight the need for more rigorous research. Future studies should prioritize multicenter collaborations, prospective designs, and validated tools to better understand these deficits and optimize treatment strategies.

Lecanemab in clinical practice: real-world outcomes in early Alzheimer’s disease

BackgroundLecanemab, a monoclonal antibody targeting amyloid beta, has recently been approved for treatment of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD), demonstrating amyloid plaque reduction and slowing of cognitive decline in clinical trials. However, real-world data on its efficacy and safety remain limited. The Cognitive Neurology Unit at Tel Aviv Medical Center (TLVMC) established an infrastructure to facilitate advanced treatments for AD, utilising a multidisciplinary approach to patient screening, diagnosis, treatment initiation and follow up.MethodsLecanemab administration at the TLVMC commenced in November 2023. Patients with biomarker-confirmed early-stage AD were screened via a structured referral system, including neurological evaluations, MRI, lumbar puncture or Amyloid-PET, genetic testing, and multidisciplinary team (MDT) consensus discussions. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline, six months, and twelve months. Safety monitoring included routine MRI scans for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA).ResultsBetween July 2023 and January 2025, 169 patients were screened and 86 initiated lecanemab treatment. By January 2025, 53 patients had reached the 6-month follow-up date. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, MMSE scores declined significantly over 6 months (F(1, 45.13) = 7.41, p =.009). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant decline in younger patients (n = 31; F(1, 24.67) = 8.06, p =.009), but not in older patients (n = 22; F(1, 19.25) = 0.67, p =.424). At 12 months, 31 patients had reached follow-up, with no significant change in MMSE scores observed (F(1, 17.18) = 2.49, p =.133). Age subgroup analysis was not performed at 12 months due to limited sample size. No significant correlations were found between baseline biomarkers and cognitive change. ARIA occurred in 18.6% of patients, mostly asymptomatic. One patient experienced symptomatic ARIA, required hospitalization with intravenous treatment, and discontinued therapy. A mixed-effects model showed no significant effect of ARIA on MMSE change (p =.264) and no interaction with time (p =.433). Infusion-related reactions occurred in 22.1%, all mild and transient. Treatment was discontinued in 19.8% of patients due to ARIA, financial barriers, comorbidities, or personal preference.ConclusionsThis real-world analysis demonstrates the feasibility and safety of Lecanemab administration for early-stage AD within a tertiary hospital setting. Establishing dedicated infrastructure enabled streamlined patient evaluations and treatment. The findings suggest a differential response across age groups, consistent with clinical trial data. Continued longitudinal follow-up is needed to assess long-term efficacy and safety.