Individual Mindfulness Research Articles

A Template Thematic Analysis of Self‐Concept and Self‐Compassion in People Living With Endometriosis: Analysis of Qualitative Survey Responses

ABSTRACTAimsTo explore the influence of endometriosis on an individual's self‐concept and the potential applicability of self‐compassion in addressing alterations to self‐concept.DesignQualitative deductive template analysis study.MethodsWritten reflections completed by women (n = 157) with a self‐reported diagnosis of endometriosis were reviewed using a deductive template approach to gain an understanding of how people living with endometriosis view themselves in the face of the diagnosis.ResultsUtilising Neff's (2003) definition of self‐compassion, a series of themes emerged, with a higher number of reflections noted for each of the negative components of self‐compassion (self‐judgement, isolation, overidentification). Themes associated with negative changes to self‐concept centred around reflections of inadequacy, self‐blame, loneliness, withdrawal and avoidance, feeling misunderstood and judged by others, feeling like a burden and emotional suppression and numbing.ConclusionsEndometriosis influences three core domains of self‐concept for the person (personal, social and physical). These findings indicate that the components of self‐compassion therapy may be of relevance for healthcare providers in addressing the alterations to self‐concept experience by individuals living with endometriosis.Implications for Patient CareThis study supports the need for access to timely diagnosis and interdisciplinary care to buffer against the negative consequences for self‐concept. Nurses and allied healthcare professionals can use these findings to provide compassion‐focused care, with an emphasis on self‐kindness, common humanity and mindfulness for individuals with endometriosis.ImpactThis lived experience research highlights the influence of endometriosis on the personal, social and physical components of self‐concept, indicating a critical need to address self‐concept as part of endometriosis‐related treatment. Alterations to self‐concept may emphasise negative perpetuating cognitions and reinforce isolation, suppression of personal needs and self‐silencing.Patient or Public ContributionNo patient or public contribution.

Psychometric assessment of a Chinese version of a mindfulness practice quality measurement tool

BackgroundMindfulness training is increasingly popular in China. The challenge of evaluating mindfulness practice objectively and accurately has attracted research attention. However, previous studies in China focused primarily on the quantity rather than the quality of mindfulness training. The Practice Quality - Mindfulness (PQ-M) can provide a solution. Consequently, the present study aimed to validate and assess the internal consistency and construct validity of the Chinese version of the Practice Quality - Mindfulness (Ch-PQ-M) in a non-clinical sample.MethodsOne hundred and sixty participants (female:81) were recruited to practice 20 min of mindfulness training daily for four consecutive days and to complete the Ch-PQ-M, the State Anxiety Inventory, and the Peace of Mind Scale immediately after each mindfulness practice. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale were administered pre- and post- 4-day treatment. Construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), internal consistency, test–retest reliability, predictive validity and construct validity were examined.ResultsCh-PQ-M demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the established two-factor model (perseverance and receptivity). The Ch-PQ-M attention score was significantly associated with changes of trait anxiety. It improved with short-term mindfulness practice. The perseverance score consistently correlates with scores on peace of mind, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and observe and nonreactivity. The receptivity score remains consistently correlated with the nonjudging. These findings suggest that Ch-PQ-M is a valid instrument for evaluating individual mindfulness quality for a single-session practice.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Ch-PQ-M (especially for the Ch-PQ-M perseverance score) has acceptable psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing mindfulness practice quality in the Chinese cultural context.

Neuromodulation and mindfulness as therapeutic treatment in detoxified patients with alcohol use disorder

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) poses a significant global health challenge. Traditional management strategies often face high relapse rates, leading to a need for innovative approaches. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) has emerged as a promising intervention to enhance cognitive control, reduce cue-related craving and improve interoceptive processing. Neuroimaging studies suggest that mindfulness training can modulate brain networks associated with these factors, potentially improving treatment outcomes for AUD. Neuroimaging studies suggest that mindfulness training can modulate brain networks linked to these brain functions, potentially improving treatment outcomes for AUD. However, it is unclear how MBRP links to neurophysiological measures such as frontal midline theta oscillations (FMΘ) and whether the beneficial effects of MBRP can be increased by enhancing FMΘ. Here, we will use two different forms of neuromodulation to target and enhance these oscillations, and evaluate their impact on the effectiveness of MBRP.MethodsThis study will employ a four-arm randomized controlled trial to evaluate the synergistic effects of MBRP augmented with transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) or closed-loop amplitude-modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (CLAM-tACS) on cognitive control, cue reactivity and interoceptive processing in AUD patients. Participants will undergo six weekly group MBRP sessions and daily individual mindfulness practices. Assessments will include an inhibition task, cue-induced craving task, and heartbeat discrimination task, alongside heart rate variability and 32-channel EEG recordings. Participants will be assessed pre and post treatment, with a three-month follow-up to evaluate long-term effects on abstinence and alcohol consumption.DiscussionThis study will not only elucidate the causal link between FMΘ and efficacy of MBRP, but contribute to a better understanding of how combined psychological and neuromodulation interventions can improve treatment outcomes for AUD, potentially leading to more effective therapeutic strategies. This study also seeks to explore individual differences in response to treatment, which could inform future approaches to AUD management.Trial registrationThis study received approval by the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institutional Review Board (EA1/030/23, 10.11.2023). It was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06308484).

Digital Intervention for behaviouR changE and Chronic disease prevenTION (DIRECTION): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a web-based platform integrating nutrition, physical activity, and mindfulness for individuals with obesity

Excess body weight, suboptimal diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, sleep disruption, and elevated stress are modifiable risk factors associated with the development of chronic diseases. Digital behavioural interventions targeting these factors have shown promise in improving health and reducing chronic disease risk. The Digital Intervention for behaviouR changE and Chronic disease prevenTION (DIRECTION) study is a parallel group, two-arm, randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of adding healthcare professional guidance and peer support via group-based sessions to a web-based wellness platform (experimental group, n = 90) compared to a self-guided use of the platform (active control group, n = 90) among individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 to <35 kg/m2 and aged 40–65 years. Obesity is defined by a high BMI. The web-based wellness platform employed in this study is My Viva Plan (MVP)®, which holistically integrates nutrition, physical activity, and mindfulness programs. Over 16 weeks, the experimental group uses the web-based wellness platform daily and engages in weekly online support group sessions. The active control group exclusively uses the web-based wellness platform daily. Assessments are conducted at baseline and weeks 8 and 16. The primary outcome is between-group difference in weight loss (kg) at week 16, and secondary outcomes are BMI, percent weight change, proportion of participants achieving 5% or more weight loss, dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, sleep, and stress across the study. A web-based wellness platform may be a scalable approach to promote behavioural changes that positively impact health. This study will inform the development and implementation of interventions using web-based wellness platforms and personalized digital interventions to improve health outcomes and reduce chronic disease risk among individuals with obesity.

Reduced Stress among COVID-Symptomatic Undergraduates: Act With Awareness, Nonjudgment, and Nonreactivity as Key Facets of Mindfulness

Objective: Associations between mindfulness and improved physical and psychological health have been established, but COVID-19 presents a novel context. This study examined the relationship between individual mindfulness facets and general stress among college students experiencing at least one symptom of acute COVID-19 infection in the context of the pandemic. Methods: Five hundred sixteen university students experiencing at least one CDC-identified COVID-19 symptom completed measures of general stress, mindfulness, and somatic symptoms in 2020-2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic following IRB approval and informed consent. Results: The act with awareness, nonjudgment, and nonreactivity facets of mindfulness were associated with general stress. In total, the model accounted for over half of the variance in general stress (R2 = 0.51, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Mindfulness may be particularly important in explaining general stress among college students reporting a symptom of COVID-19. Mindfulness may benefit college students as the pandemic continues to unfold, and monitoring one’s physical health remains a primary mitigation strategy. These results may also inform understanding and responses to future public health emergencies in which monitoring somatic symptoms is encouraged by public health officials to contain the spread.

Multilevel Mindfulness: Which Organizational Factors Stimulate Mindfulness in the Workplace?

This study aimed to examine which factors in the organizational context stimulate and/or hinder employee mindfulness. Methods: Two methods were used: 1) scientific literature review, and 2) qualitative interviews with scientists, trainers, and managers. Results: The individual and the work environment interact with each other when it comes to mindfulness in the workplace. Factors at the task, team, supervisor, organizational, and context level stimulate employee mindfulness. Conclusions: Mindfulness is effective in dealing with stress but also positively impacts work-related outcomes such as engagement, concentration, and productivity. A multilevel approach can strengthen the positive effects of individual mindfulness training in the workplace, ultimately contributing to healthy workplaces.

Mindfulness and creative process engagement: the mediating role of workplace relational systems

PurposeDespite widespread recognition of the importance of mindfulness in organizational science literature, little is known about how mindfulness motivates individuals to configure information processing and team member exchange relationships to increase creative process engagement. Drawing on motivated information processing theory, this study conceptualizes and empirically examines whether and how mindfulness motivates individuals toward creative process engagement.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data through an online survey from 311 respondents working in the Research and Development (R&D) departments of organizations in multiple industries in Pakistan. For analytical purposes, the authors have applied the structural equation modeling technique.FindingsThis study advances a different view of individual mindfulness on the creative process engagement in the following ways. First, mindfulness enables individuals to self-regulate in specific situations and become effective in fostering creative process engagement. Second, this study extends research on relational information processing by linking it to mindfulness and creative process engagement. Relational information processing partially mediates the relationship between mindfulness and creative process engagement. Third, this study highlights that mindfulness motivates individuals to focus more on developing quality working relationships, but they seem less willing to participate in idea generation and problem-solving solutions.Originality/valueThe study findings provide implications for research on mindfulness, creativity and motivated information processing to enhance individuals’ creative process engagements. The authors also discuss the implications for executives on the relational and creative benefits of mindfulness.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for social anxiety symptoms in people living with alopecia areata: a single-group case-series design.

Alopecia areata (AA) is an immunological disorder characterised by hair loss. Individuals with AA report high levels of social anxiety. One intervention that holds potential for reducing social anxiety in individuals with AA is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Our key aim was to investigate whether MBCT reduces social anxiety in individuals with AA. The study also investigated whether MBCT reduces depression, general anxiety, and increases quality of life and increases trait mindfulness in individuals with AA. Five participants with AA took part in an 8-session in-person MBCT intervention. A multiple-baseline single-group case series design was adopted. Idiographic measures of social anxiety were measured each day from baseline, through intervention, to follow-up. Standardised questionnaires of trait mindfulness, social anxiety, depression, anxiety, and quality of life were completed at baseline, post-intervention, and at 4-week follow-up. All participants completed the MBCT course, but one participant was excluded from the idiographic analysis due to a high amount of missing data. The remaining four participants demonstrated reductions in idiographic measures of social anxiety from baseline to follow-up. These effects were larger between baseline and follow-up, than between baseline and post-intervention. Two participants demonstrated significant improvement in standardised measures of wellbeing from baseline to follow-up - they also practised mindfulness most regularly at home between sessions. MBCT may be effective in reducing social anxiety and improving wellbeing in individuals with AA, although this might be dependent on the extent to which participants regularly practise mindfulness exercises.

The Differential Effect of Oxytocin on Mindfulness in People with Different Resilience Level

ObjectivesMindfulness skills have been shown to be an important attribute for mental and general well-being. The neurohormone oxytocin and resilience are established biological and psychological factors that are associated with mindfulness. This study aimed to elucidate the interaction of resilience and oxytocin levels as independent variables to predict mindfulness facets in university students.MethodParticipants (n = 96) were university students in Hong Kong who previously participated in a resilience study with no history of mental health disorders or substance abuse. Mindfulness and resilience were measured using the Chinese versions of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, respectively. Saliva samples were collected to measure oxytocin levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. A moderator analysis was conducted to assess the associations between oxytocin levels (predictor) and the five facets of mindfulness (outcomes) under the moderation effect of resilience (moderator).ResultsThe interaction between oxytocin and resilience levels predicted the nonreactivity facet of mindfulness. Specifically, oxytocin levels significantly and positively predicted nonreactivity in participants with low or moderate resilience levels, but not in those with high resilience.ConclusionThis study showed the influence of oxytocin levels on mindfulness was significant only in participants with low or moderate resilience, suggesting that oxytocin might act on other factors instead of influencing mindfulness in individuals with high levels of resilience.Pre-registrationThis study is not pre-registered.

A randomized controlled trial on the effects and acceptability of individual mindfulness techniques – meditation and yoga – on anxiety and depression in people with Parkinson’s disease: a study protocol

BackgroundBetween 40 and 50% of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience anxiety and depression, associated with impaired physical function, high care dependency and mortality. Recently, the United States National Institutes of Health has urged the implementation of mindfulness practices in chronic illness care. Most research to date has examined the effects on chronically ill patients of complex interventions using a combination of mindfulness techniques. In PD patients, however, such complex modalities appear to hinder the technique mastery. Hence, the aim of this trial is to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of individual mindfulness techniques among PD patients, as well as exploring participants’ experience in using individual mindfulness techniques as a lifestyle intervention for stress and symptom management.MethodsWe will conduct an assessor-blind three-arm randomized waitlist-controlled trial with a descriptive qualitative evaluation. Up to 168 PD patients will be recruited from community settings and out-patient clinics, and randomized to meditation, yoga, or usual care group. Meditation and yoga sessions of 90-minute are held weekly for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes include anxiety and depression. Secondary outcomes include PD-related motor and non-motor symptoms and quality-of-life; and level of mindfulness and biomarkers of stress and inflammatory responses will be measured as mediating variables. All outcome evaluations will be assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks. Following the intention-to-treat principle, generalized estimating equation models and path analysis will be used to identify the treatment effects and the mediating mechanisms. A subsample of 30 participants from each intervention group will be invited for qualitative interviews.DiscussionThe study would also generate important insights to enhance the patients’ adaptation to debilitating disease. More specifically, symptom management and stress adaptation are highly prioritized healthcare agenda in managing PD. The research evidence will further inform the development of community-based, nurse-led compassionate care models for neurodegenerative conditions, which is complementary to existing health services.Trial registrationWHO Primary Registry – Chinese Clinical Trials Registry number: ChiCTR2100045939; registered on 2021/04/29 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=125878).

Information Management in Times of Crisis: the Role of Mindfulness and Digital Resilience for Individuals and Organisations

Information Management in Times of Crisis: the Role of Mindfulness and Digital Resilience for Individuals and Organisations

Effects of mindfulness training on decision-making in critical and high-demand situations: A pilot study in combat aviation

The current study investigated the effects of a mindfulness-based training program (Attentional Regulation Optimization) on decision-making in an elite population operating in a highly-demanding context, namely the actions of fighter pilots in critical flight situations that lead to ejection. Our hypothesis was that both mindfulness skills and decision-making performance would improve in pilots who participated in the ARO program (n = 7), compared to a control group (n = 8). Mindfulness skills were measured with the FFMQ-15. Decision-making performance was evaluated in two tests that were implemented in scenarios in a full flight simulator. Five dependent variables were assessed, corresponding to the phases of the decision-making process when faced with an in-flight failure: reaction time after the first failure input, correctness of the first action, emergency procedure score, ejection procedure score, and quality of ejection. Adherence to the ARO program was assessed with the number of out-of-class individual mindfulness sessions and the number of out-of-class body-mind scans.No statistically significant improvement in mindfulness skills for the ARO group compared to the control group were found. Reaction time was significantly shortened for the ARO group compared to the control group—but only for complex failures. A positive effect on the correctness of the first action was also found. On the other hand, ARO training had no significant effect on the downstream phases of decision-making (emergency procedure score, ejection procedure score and quality of ejection).Given the small sample size, these results must be considered with caution. However, they open up interesting avenues for future work, notably with regard to the benefits of mindfulness training on perceptual and attentional skills (to detect flight failure cues) and cognitive control skills (to diagnose and select appropriate procedures). From an operational perspective, the program appears to have beneficial effects on safety and performance in elite populations who must face critical situations.

How consumer networks contribute to sustainable mindful consumption and well‐being

AbstractSustainable mindful consumption has positive impacts on the environment and on people's health and well‐being. However, consumption circumstances and social contexts make it difficult for consumers to engage in sustainable mindful behavior. To explore the role of consumer networks in fostering mindful consumption, sustainable behavior, and health and well‐being, interviews and focus groups with consumers, producers, and experts were conducted and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Specifically, this paper contributes in three ways. First, it broadens the focus from individual mindfulness to collective mindfulness in consumption behavior. Second, it explores consumer networks as a way to overcome existing barriers to sustainable consumption and promote mindful consumption. Third, it explores the long‐term benefits of consumer‐producer collaboration to bring about top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to sustainable consumption change, beyond short‐term mindfulness interventions at the individual level.

What aspects of mindfulness and emotion regulation underpin self-harm in individuals with borderline personality disorder?

Background Self-harm presents significant risk for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Both self-harm and BPD are associated with deficits in mindfulness and emotion dysregulation. Previous research suggests that thought suppression and emotional inexpressivity may underpin self-harm in people with BPD, suggesting potential links to self-harm functions common for those with BPD. More research is needed to strengthen our understanding of this relationship. Aims This study examines how BPD symptoms, mindfulness, emotion dysregulation and self-harm functions are related. Methods Australian community outpatients diagnosed with BPD (N = 110) completed measures of mindfulness, emotion dysregulation and self-harm functions. Serial mediation analyses were conducted to examine relationships between variables. Results BPD symptoms, chronic emptiness, mindfulness skills, describing and non-reacting, emotion dysregulation areas of emotion regulation strategies and poor emotional clarity were associated with recent self-harm. Various combinations of describing, strategies and clarity mediated the path between emptiness and self-harm functions more likely to be endorsed by individuals with a diagnosis of BPD. Describing was associated with all but anti-suicide function, while strategies was associated with all but anti-dissociation. Conclusion The study highlights how individuals with BPD experiencing chronic emptiness may benefit from treatment targeting describing skills and adaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Mindfulness and Care Experience in Family Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia.

Greater mindfulness, the practice of awareness and living in the moment without judgement, has been linked to positive caregiving outcomes in dementia caregivers and its impact attributed to greater decentering and emotion regulation abilities. Whether the impact of these mindfulness-based processes varies across caregiver subgroups is unclear. Analyze cross-sectional associations between mindfulness and caregiver psychosocial outcomes, considering different caregiver and patient characteristics. A total of 128 family caregivers of persons living with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders were assessed on several mindfulness measures (i.e., global; decentering, positive emotion regulation, negative emotion regulation) and provided self-reported appraisals of caregiving experience; care preparedness; confidence, burden, and depression/anxiety. Bivariate relationships between mindfulness and caregiver outcomes were assessed with Pearson's correlations and stratified by caregiver (women versus men; spouse versus adult child) and patient (mild cognitive impairment (MCI) versus Dementia; AD versus dementia with Lewy bodies; low versus high symptom severity) characteristics. Greater mindfulness was associated with positive outcomes and inversely associated with negative outcomes. Stratification identified specific patterns of associations across caregiver groups. Significant correlations were found between all mindfulness measures and caregiving outcomes in male and MCI caregivers while the individual mindfulness component of positive emotion regulation was significantly correlated to outcomes in most caregiver groups. Our findings support a link between caregiver mindfulness and improved caregiving outcomes and suggest directions of inquiry into whether the effectiveness of dementia caregiver-support interventions may be improved by targeting specific mindfulness processes or offering a more inclusive all-scope approach depending on individual caregiver or patient characteristics.

Impact of vegetarian versus non-vegetarian diet on health outcomes in male individuals: A comparative study

BackgroundVegetarianism versus non-vegetarianism is a perfect example of an opposing view of a healthy diet. Vegetarians consume plant-based foods whereas non-vegetarians consume animal-based foods. Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets on different health outcomes such as anthropometric measurements, sleep quality, and mindfulness in male individuals of ages 16–25 years. Materials and methodsSixty subjects were recruited from two different hostels. The total subjects were divided into two groups i.e., vegetarian group (n = 30) was fed a vegetarian diet and non-vegetarian group (n = 30) was fed a non-vegetarian diet for 3 months. The subjects were assessed for anthropometry, PSQI scoring, and mindfulness at baseline and after three months. ResultsOn comparison of variables between the two groups, a significant difference has been observed. In the comparison of anthropometric data, there was a significant difference in BMI (p < 0.001) between the groups. PSQI scores showed a significant difference between the groups with mean global scores: group 1: 3.03 ± 2.5; group 2: 5.14 ± 2.23. Mindful eating among vegetarians was significant (p < 0.001). ConclusionA vegetarian diet had a positive impact on health outcomes compared to a non-vegetarian diet.

The Relationship between Ego Strength, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Mindfulness in Individuals with Depression

The Relationship between Ego Strength, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Mindfulness in Individuals with Depression

A Mediation Model among Individual Mindfulness, Work Engagement and Collective Mindfulness of Employees in Lima-Peru

A Mediation Model among Individual Mindfulness, Work Engagement and Collective Mindfulness of Employees in Lima-Peru

The Effectiveness of a Four-Week Online Mindfulness Training Course on Individual Mindfulness Skills and Personal Perception of Stress in Company Employees Working from Home

Working from home comes with many benefits. However, employees are often exposed to various stressors when working outside of the traditional workplace environment. The subjective experience of these stressors is related to one's perception of the situation and the perceived resources available. As working from home has become the new normal for many during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is in the interest of companies to provide employees with tools to cope with these stressors. One such tool is online mindfulness training. This study investigates how a four-week online mindfulness training influences an individual's mindfulness skills, subjective perception, and processing of stressors. Forty participants working from home at the time of the study were examined in a pre-test using a pre-post design in which the experimental group participated in a four-week online training course in mindfulness. Since the results showed a significantly reduced subjective perception of stress in the experimental group after mindfulness training, a long-term study was conducted including 40 additional participants. The study revealed a training success of at least three months. It thus introduces new possibilities for effective stress management in all workplace settings.

The Effectiveness of Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Structured Matrix Treatment on Quit Addiction Self-efficacy, Distress Tolerance, and Mindfulness in Individuals with Stimulant Drug Abuse

Background: Drug abuse causes irreversible damage to human health at both micro and macro levels among the aggravating problems of human society. Objectives: This research aimed to evaluate the role of group dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and structured matrix treatment (SMT) on quit addiction self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and mindfulness in individuals with stimulant drug abuse. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was based on a pretest-posttest design with test and control groups. The population included drug abusers referring to the centers of addiction rehabilitation affiliated with the Social Welfare Department, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2021. A total of 75 individuals were selected using convenience sampling and allocated to one control group and two experimental groups. Participants in all three groups completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Quit Addiction Self-efficacy Questionnaire. The first experimental groups underwent eight sessions (90-minute sessions per week) of group DBT. The SMT was performed on the second experimental group for fourteen 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any training. Then, the data were analyzed statistically using the multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: DBT and SMT groups increased quit addiction self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and mindfulness in the experimental group compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.001). There was a significant difference between DBT and SMT groups regarding distress tolerance in the individuals with stimulant drug abuse (P = 0.020). Conclusions: Based on the results, DBT and SMT were effective in quitting addiction self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and mindfulness among drug abusers, improved psychological states, and reduced drug abuse in individuals.