Millimeter Wave Phased Array Antenna Research Articles

Retracted: Research on Quantization Error Influence of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna

Retracted: Research on Quantization Error Influence of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna

Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Integrated With the Industry Design in 5G/B5G Smartphones

In this communication, a dual-polarized millimeter-wave (mmWave) phased array antenna is proposed for the fifth-generation (5G)/B5G smartphones. The configuration of the antenna array is highly integrated with the up-to-date industry design (ID) of ultranarrow side frame, 3-D curved display, and covers, which are widely adopted in flagship smartphones and popular among consumers. The proposed antenna contains a minor portion of slotted metal frame and a cavity-backed antenna module. The air cavity and the multiple slots are employed to enhance the bandwidth. A strip bump is established on the metal frame to meet the ID requirement, which also improves the impedance matching simultaneously. A prototype of the proposed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 phased array assembled in a smartphone’s metal frame is fabricated and measured. The antenna array achieves a −10 dB impedance bandwidth from 23.2 to 29.7 GHz. At 27.0 GHz, the measured peak gain is greater than 11.2 dBi and the 3 dB scanning angle is larger than 77° for the two polarizations. Finally, the blockage issue of the curved cover is studied. In virtue of high integration with ID, compact size, wide bandwidth, good spatial coverage, and easy assembling, the proposed antenna scheme is promising for 5G/B5G smartphone designs.

Design and Measurements of Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Using Time Delay Transmission Lines

Design and Measurements of Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Using Time Delay Transmission Lines

On the Impact of Frequency Discrepancy on Beamforming Performance in Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Systems

Multiple-input&#x2013;multiple-output (MIMO) is a key technology used to meet the requirements of 5G systems. In millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands, directional beamforming is applied at both the transmitter and the receiver to establish an efficient radio link. The mmWave bands specified in 5G specifications range from 24.25 to 40.0 GHz. Accordingly, different countries may allocate different bands to support 5G services because of the availability of the spectrum and the countries&#x2019; radio management policies. For international roaming, user equipment (UE) must support multiband operations based on a fixed antenna hardware structure that is designed to target a specific operating band. Hence, the frequency discrepancy that results from using different operating bands causes distortion in the achieved beamforming pattern. In this article, we investigate the impact of frequency discrepancy on beamforming performance in mmWave phased array antenna systems at the UE side, considering the resultant beam pattern and interference. In this effort, we studied three major side effects&#x2014;deviation of the beamforming direction, change in the effective array length, and change in the normalized interelement spacing. The numerical results indicate that a large frequency discrepancy causes severe distortion in the resultant beamforming pattern and introduces more interference into the system.

Research on Quantization Error Influence of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna

The millimeter-wave phased array antenna is a higher integration system that is composed of different subarray modules, and in actual engineering, the existing amplitude, phase errors, and structural errors will change the performance of the array antenna. This paper studies the influence of the random amplitude and phase errors of the antenna array in the actual assembly process and the actual position errors between the subarrays on the electrical performance of the antenna. Based on the planar rectangular antenna array-electromagnetic coupling model, we propose a method of verifying the effect of random errors on the phased array antenna. The simulation result shows that the method could obtain the critical value of the error generated by the antenna subarray during processing and assembly. To reduce the error factor, it is necessary to ensure that the random phase and amplitude error should not exceed 10 ° , 0.5 dB . The error in the X-direction during assembly should be ≤ 0.05 λ , and the error in the Y-direction should be ≤ 0.1 λ . When symmetrical deformation occurs, the maximum deformation should be less than 0.05 λ .

Array of Arrays: Optimizing Phased Array Tiles

This letter discusses some of the challenges for realizing large millimeter-wave phased array antennas using multiple scalable arrays (tiles). The letter uses the radiation pattern multiplication and the array of arrays concepts to analyze the effect of the tiling gap on the large array radiation pattern. Different techniques to mitigate the performance deterioration due to the tiling gap are proposed and analyzed. The proposed methods use either the elements’ spacing, or the amplitude excitation to minimize the tiling impact on the array performance.

Fully-Planar Ultrawideband Tightly-Coupled Array (FPU-TCA) With Integrated Feed for Wide-Scanning Millimeter-Wave Applications

We present a linearly polarized ultrawideband design for millimeter-wave phased array antennas over 17–42 GHz. The design comprises tightly coupled dipoles, integrated with a specific feeding mechanism. The proposed antenna provides a relative bandwidth of 2.7:1 and 2.47:1 with VSWR $8\times 4$ arrays are fabricated using standard PCB technology. The measurement results of the array prototypes show a good agreement with the simulations in terms of VSWR, radiation pattern, and realized gain.

Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antennas in Cellular Handsets

This letter discusses the usage of high-gain steerable antenna arrays operating at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies for future cellular networks (5G). Based on the probable outline of the 5G networks, a method for characterizing phased array antennas in cellular handsets has been introduced. For analyzing the performance, the total scan pattern of the array configuration together with its respective coverage efficiency are essential to consider in order to compare different antenna designs and topology approaches with each other. Two design approaches and subarray schemes of these have been considered in order to illustrate the relevance of such a characterization method. The results show the importance of evaluating potential array antennas in such manners. The method can be applied to much more complex system models, where polarization diversity, hand and body effect, and statistical modeling of the channel may be included.

A Tutorial on Optical Feeding of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antennas for Communication Applications

Given the interference avoidance capacity, high gain, and dynamical reconfigurability, phased array antennas (PAAs) have emerged as a key enabling technology for future broadband mobile applications. This is especially important at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies, where the high power consumption and significant path loss impose serious range constraints. However, at mm-wave frequencies the phase and amplitude control of the feeding currents of the PAA elements is not a trivial issue because electrical beamforming requires bulky devices and exhibits relatively narrow bandwidth. In order to overcome these limitations, different optical beamforming architectures have been presented. In this paper we review the basic principles of phased arrays and identify the main challenges, that is, integration of high-speed photodetectors with antenna elements and the efficient optical control of both amplitude and phase of the feeding current. After presenting the most important solutions found in the literature, we analyze the impact of the different noise sources on the PAA performance, giving some guidelines for the design of optically fed PAAs.

Low-insertion loss phase shifter for millimeter-wave phased array antennas

This paper proposes a compact, low-loss, and low-cost phase shifter for millimeter-wave/sub-THz applications. The basic idea is to perturb the propagation constant of a high resistivity silicon image guide by high-dielectric constant barium lanthanide tetratitanates (BLT) ceramic loading. Three different BLT ceramic samples have been tested. The measured maximum phase-shift variation reaches 150° at 100 GHz with an average insertion loss of 2.85 dB and an insertion loss variation &lt;0.7 dB for a sample of a 5-mm length. The proposed phase shifter has a bandwidth from 95 to 105 GHz. A low-cost fabrication technology has been developed and used to realize this phase shifter.