Miller Coding Research Articles

Space-Time-Multiplexed Multi-Image Visible Light Positioning System Exploiting Pseudo-Miller-Coding for Smart Phones

Visible light communication-based schemes utilizing LED identifiers are among the most popular candidate solutions for indoor localization applications. In this paper, we design a comprehensive imaging visible light positioning system, which exploits off-the-shelf LED lamps and commercial user equipment employing a rolling shutter aided CMOS image sensor. More specifically, we first introduce an asynchronous oversampled multi-image detection scheme inspired by the rationale of Miller coding, which efficiently solves the synchronization problem in transmissions of LED identifiers. Then, a discrete Fourier transform aided LED flicker frequency detection algorithm is detailed for robust single-image detection. Furthermore, we extend the proposed method to a space-time-multiplexing framework, which improves the overall transmission rate and solves the problem of detecting the user’s moving direction. The notable advantages of the new solution are demonstrated through both practical measurements and computer simulations, exhibiting a robust transmit distance beyond three meters for continuous frames.

Improved dispersion tolerance of Miller coding by integrating duobinary coding

A Miller–Duobinary coding scheme is proposed to increase optical transmission distance by compressing the optical spectrum compared with that of Miller coding and thereby demonstrating much larger tolerance against fiber dispersion. In this modulation scheme we investigate the dispersion tolerance of this code and found it to be nearly twice that of Miller coding only by employing single photodetector at 1 dB power penalty. The transmission reach can further be extended for higher power penalty. The circuit complexity of the proposed scheme is comparable to traditional Duobinary coding. The dispersion tolerance of Miller–Duobinary code obtained at 3 dB power penalty is \(-971\) to \(+964\) ps/nm.

Dispersion tolerance of Miller signal in optical domain

An optical Miller coding scheme is proposed with the help of high speed electrical logic gates. With both Miller and Manchester being from the same family of code, i.e., 1B/2B, the former has less electrical spectrum compared with that of Manchester coding and thereby demonstrates a relatively higher tolerance against fiber dispersion within a certain range of distance. The applicability of this code in optical communication has not been explored adequately by the researchers until now, despite its advantages. Here we have investigated the dispersion tolerance of this code and found it to be nearly 1.2 times that of Manchester coding. The dispersion tolerance of Miller code obtained is from −306.4 to +263.9 ps/nm at 1 dB power penalty.

Synchronizability of a General Class of PCM Formats, Including NRZ, Manchester, and Miller Coding

This paper deals with a general class of PCM formats, which includes the well-known NRZ, Manchester, and Miller coding. We show that the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the mean-square error, resulting from a synchronizer which estimates the delay of a noisy PCM waveform, is inversely proportional to a quantity which depends on the PCM format only. This quantity is termed the of the PCM format. For the general class of PCM formats we consider in this paper, we obtain as a simple result that the synchronizability equals four times the mean number of zero-crossings of the PCM waveform during one symbol period. Numerical results are presented for NRZ, Manchester, and Miller coding.