Milled Samples Research Articles

Rapid analysis of chemical composition in intact and milled rice cookies using near infrared spectroscopy

This study has investigated the potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict the content of moisture, protein, fat and gluten in rice cookies in different sample forms (intact and milled samples). Gluten-free (n = 48) and gluten (n = 48) rice cookies were formulated with brown and white rice flours in which butter was substituted with fat replacer at 0, 15, 30 and 45%. With regard to gluten cookies, rice flour was substituted with wheat gluten at 1, 3 and 5%. Partial least squares regression modeling produced models with coefficient of determination (R2) values greater than 0.88 from NIR spectra of intact samples and greater than 0.92 for milled samples. These models were able to predict the four components with a ratio of prediction to deviation greater than 2.7 and 3.8 in intact and milled samples, respectively. The results suggest that the models obtained from the intact samples can be successfully applied for chemical composition of rice cookies and are reliable enough use for potential quality control programs.

Preliminary investigation on development of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with solid lubricant via ball milling and spark plasma sintering

Functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide belongs to a hybrid Functionally Graded Materials family. However synthesis of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide is a great challenge due to possibility of “Co migration” and CaF2 vaporization during liquid phase sintering. Hence the present work deals with the development of nanocrystalline materials using ball milling and consolidation of milled material by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) for the preparation of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide. The effects of ball milling and contents of Co, CaF2 and WC on WC/Co/CaF2 powder mixture were analyzed. Grain morphology, particle size, micro-strain, crystallite size, etc. of milled samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction techniques. In addition to that, density, microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and residual stress of consolidated sample are also reported. These tests confirm the formation of nanocrystalline particles and sub-sequent consolidation of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with solid lubricant. Hence ball milling with SPS is a prominent and viable process combination for the preparation of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide.

Thermal stability analysis of Cu-11.8 wt%Al milled samples by TEM and HT-XRD

In this work, the thermal stability of two samples of Cu-11.8wt%Al obtained by different milling processes is analyzed. Several TEM techniques were used and HT-XRD experiments performed to determine the crystal structure and the morphological microstructure of the samples obtained during different heat treatments. The heat treatments were: quenching from 850°C to room temperature and two consecutive calorimetric runs at 5°C/min. After the quenching,α2 is the major phase observed, reaching 95mass%. The remaining 5mass% consisted of martensitic phases: one sample had γ′, a hexagonal structure, and the other β1′, a rhombohedral structure. During the first calorimetric run, the sample containing the γ′ phase exhibited a calorimetric event and the sample containing the β1′ phase did not. The calorimetric event is attributed to the austenitic transformation γ′→β1. The lack of calorimetric event in the sample containing the β1′ is associated with the inhibition of the transformation β1′→β1 because of the precipitation of the γ2 phase. Finally, the absence of a calorimetric event in the second run with the first sample is associated with the retransformation to β1′ instead to γ′ phase during cooling of the first calorimetric run. These studies determined that the first sample is a better candidate than the second sample to produce a shape memory alloy after thermo-mechanical treatments of the milled powders.

Characterization and x-ray absorption spectroscopy of ilmenite nanoparticles derived from natural ilmenite ore via acid-assisted mechanical ball-milling process**Invited talk at 5th Thailand International Nanotechnology Conference (Nano Thailand-2016), 27–29 November 2016, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.

In this work activated ilmenite nanoparticles were prepared by chemical-assisted in mechanical ball-milling process from ilmenite ore as starting raw material. The effect of milling process on their phase composition, particle size, surface morphology and local structure were investigated. Phase identification and crystalline structure of ilmenite mineral, milled samples and subsequent leached residues were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Meanwhile, the distorted octahedral structure and the oxidation state of relevant elements in ilmenite ore and activated ilmenite obtained by different process conditions were analyzed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Particle size and morphologies of the samples were monitored by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Three dominant peaks of TiO2 rutile, FeTiO3, and Fe2TiO4 are obviously adulterated in XRD patterns after mechanical milling with water and acid solution when comparing to precursor mineral. However, the contaminated phase of FeTiO3 and Fe2TiO4 was readily decreased by acid-assisted mechanical ball-milling. The enhancement in leaching process of ilmenite residue after milling can be obtained with sulfuric acid. This result suggests that iron contaminated phase could be leached from the sample resulting to the decrease in Fe environment around Ti atom.

Synthesis by High-Energy Ball Milling of MgH<sub>2</sub>-TiFe Composites for Hydrogen Storage

The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of some processes variables on the microstructure and hydrogen absorption kinetics of MgH2 - X wt.% TiFe composites. Samples were synthesized by high-energy ball milling in a planetary (X = 40, 50, 60) and shaker mill (X = 40) under high-purity argon atmosphere. Commercial MgH2 instead of Mg powder was used in order to reduce adherence on the vial and balls. TiFe powder was previously produced by ball milling a mixture of TiH2 and Fe powders followed by a reaction synthesis at 600oC. Milled composites samples were characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. Milling time was preliminary investigated (X = 40) in the planetary ball mill (6 to 36h). TiFe particle size reduction was shown to be difficult since they are surrounded by MgH2 matrix. Strong particle reduction was obtained by using a shaker mill only for 2 hours and adding cyclohexane as process control agent. No reaction between MgH2 and TiFe compound was observed in any milled sample. Hydrogen absorption kinetics measurements of the as-milled samples were conducted on an Sieverts' type apparatus at room temperature after hydrogen desorption at 350oC under vacuum. The best hydrogen kinetics (3 wt% at the first hour) was attained by the planetary milled sample (36 h). Higher hydrogen capacity was observed for the sample milled in the shaker mill (4.0 wt.%), but only after 13h.

Effects of milling on the extraction efficiency of incurred pesticides in cereals

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of particle size and milling temperature on the extraction efficiencies of pesticide residues from cereal flour. Samples of cereal grains (barley, oat, rye and wheat) were milled using a centrifugal mill with four different sieves (0.2, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mm) or a knife mill both at room temperature and after freezing of the grain at –80°C overnight. The incurred pesticides in the test materials were extracted by the QuEChERS method and analysed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The particle size distribution for the milled samples was determined using a vibratory sieve shaker. Based on the pesticide levels recovered from each of the different millings and the corresponding particle size distributions, it was confirmed that smaller average particle sizes increase the extraction efficiency up to 31%, with all other factors equal. The cereals milled at room temperature produced lower pesticide extraction efficiencies compared with cereals milled when still frozen, especially for heat-sensitive pesticides. Furthermore, milling frozen grains was easier and resulted in more homogeneous samples with smaller relative particle sizes.

Controls on pore types and pore-size distribution in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China: Implications for pore-evolution models of lacustrine mudrocks

Our main objectives are to (1) learn if pore-evolution models developed from marine mudrocks can be directly applied to lacustrine mudrocks, (2) investigate what controls the different pore types and sizes of Chang 7 organic matter (OM)-rich argillaceous mudstones of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, and (3) describe the texture, fabric, mineralogy, and thermal maturity variation in the Chang 7 mudstones. Lacustrine mudstones from nine cored wells along a depositional dip in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China, were investigated. Helium porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy of Ar-ion milled samples were applied. Measured average total porosity of samples from a proximal to distal transect ([Formula: see text]) is higher than those from the two adjacent cored wells ([Formula: see text]). This difference in porosity partly caused by differences in the clay mineral content implies that in the fluvial-deltaic-lacustrine depositional environment, reservoir quality can vary significantly in a short distance. Owing to the uneven distribution of the sample set from proximal to distal area, we mainly evaluate variations in the proximal setting. Results from nitrogen-gas adsorption experiments show that there are four distinct patterns of pore-size distribution within the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation with no particular correlation with mineralogical composition and thermal maturity. The pore network within Chang 7 mudstones is dominated by OM-hosted pores, with a lesser abundance of interparticle and intraparticle pores. The size distribution of mineral-hosted pores within these mudstones is found to be closely related to the rock texture (sorting and grain size) and fabric. Mudstones with well-sorted grains and a higher percentage of coarser grains have more abundant mineral pores. The sizes of OM-hosted pores in these compaction-dominated lacustrine mudstones were one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those in the marine mudstones that display abundant early cementation.

Exchange bias in barium ferrite/magnetite nanocomposites

Exchange bias which accompanies a magnetic hysteresis loop shift along field axis or increase in coercivity, occurs due to exchange interactions between ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) or in ferrimagnetic nanoparticles/nanolayers systems. Mixture of barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) and graphite was mechanically milled for different times. Phase analysis, particles morphology, magnetic properties at room temperature and magnetic properties after field cooling at 4 k were measured via XRD, HRTEM, VSM and SQUID, respectively. A nanocomposite of BaFe12O19/Fe3O4 forms after 20 and 40 h of milling. HRTEM images revealed that the nanocomposite consists of crystallites of both phases in intimate contact with crystallite sizes below 20 nm after 20 h milling. Field cooling of the 20- and 40-h milled samples up to 4 k resulted in exchange bias phenomenon. The shift in hysteresis loop for 20- and 40-h milled samples was 204 and 254 Oe, respectively. In spite of the mostly observed exchange coupling systems being ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic systems, in this research the exchange coupling occurred between ferrimagnetic phases. The large difference between coercivity values at 300 and 4 k revealed that superparamagnetic particles constitute a large volume fraction of the milled nanocomposites.

Sprak plasma sintering behavior of hydroxyapatite–titanium nano-composite

Among various materials that have been used for fabrication of implants, hydroxyapatite and titanium, due to its bioactivity and good mechanical properties, respectively, have been widely noted by researchers. However, hydroxyapatite has inferior mechanical properties, and also, titanium does not form an interfacial bond with surrounding tissue. Since in this paper, hydroxyapatite (HAp)–Ti nano-composite was fabricated for achieving both bioactivity of hydroxyapatite and mechanical properties of titanium, HAp powder synthesized by a solution route with various contents of Ti powders was milled in a planetary ball mill. Then, milled samples were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The hardness, bending strength, fracture toughness, and phase changes of composites were studied. Results showed that the crystallite size of HAp was around 20 nm after 1-h milling. HAp–Ti nano-composite was fabricated after sintering process successfully. By increasing the amount of Ti from 5 to 20 wt%, mechanical properties were decreased in samples sintered at 650 °C and enhanced these properties in samples sintered at 750 °C.

Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline Co-Fe-Nb-Ta-B alloy

In this research work, structural and magnetic evolution of Co57Fe13Nb8Ta4B18 alloy, during mechanical alloying process, have been investigated by using, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and also vibrating sample magnetometer. It is observed that at 120 milling time, the crystallite size reaches to about 7.8nm. Structural analyses show that, the solid solution of the initial powder mixture occurs at160h milling time. The coercivity behavior demonstrates a rise, up to 70h followed by decreasing tendency up to final stage of milling process. Thermal analysis of 160h milling time sample reveals two endothermic peaks. The characterization of annealed milled sample for 160h milling time at 427°C shows crystallite size growth accompanied by increasing in saturation magnetization.

Composite magnetic powder of Ni3Fe/Fe3O4 type obtained from Fe/NiO/Fe2O3 mixtures by mechanosynthesis and annealing

Fe3O4/Ni3Fe composite powder has been synthetized, starting from Fe, NiO and α-Fe2O3 precursors via mechanosynthesis and annealing, varying the alloy/ferrite ratio. The formation of Fe3O4 is noticed for the composite with low alloy content in the case of the samples milled for 10 h. Formation of Ni3Fe and Fe3O4 does not fully occur after milling for 10 h, in either of the cases and as a consequence, the presence of several intermediate phases can be observed. Annealing at 500 °C for 4 h led to an incomplete reaction between the precursors for the un-milled sample. For the milled and subsequently annealed samples, the complete formation of the composite Fe3O4/Ni3Fe occurs at the milling time of 10 h. The DSC measurements reveal a decrease of the temperature required for the Fe3O4 complete formation upon increasing milling time. The first magnetisation curves reveal a decrease of the magnetisation upon increasing milling time. The value of magnetisation after annealing is higher than the magnetisation value of the milled samples as a result of the complete formation of the ferrite phase and Ni3Fe intermetallic compound.

Extraction, Processing, and Storage Effects on Curcuminoids and Oleoresin Yields from Curcuma longa L. Grown in Jamaica.

Aromatic diarylheptanoid compounds from Curcuma longa Linn grown in Jamaica were quantified by UV–vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses. The oleoresin yields from ethanolic extracts were quantified and evaluated with regard to the effects of the type of postharvesting process and the type of extraction method conducted on the plant material. Fresh samples that were hot solvent extracted provided the highest oleoresin yields of 15.7% ± 0.4 (n = 3), and the lowest oleoresin yields of 7.8% ± 0.2 (n = 3) were from the dried milled samples that were cold solvent extracted. Data from the ASTA spectrophotometer assay confirmed that dried samples contained the highest curcuminoid content of 55.5% ± 2.2 (n = 6) at the fifth month of storage, and the fresh samples showed a curcuminoid content of 47.1% ± 6.4 (n = 6) at the third month of storage. A modified HPLC analysis was used to quantify curcumin content. Data from the HPLC analysis confirmed that the dried treated, ho...

Enhancement of magnetic properties of Co2MnSi Heusler alloy prepared by mechanical alloying method

Ferromagnetic Heusler alloys of Co2MnSi were synthesized by mechanical alloying method at low temperature. The effect of milling time and annealing process on structural and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic alloy samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and vibration sample magnetometer methods, respectively. Structural characteristics such as crystallite size, phase percentage, and lattice parameter determined using the Rietveld method. The values of these parameters were obtained 362.9nm, 5.699Å and 98.7%, respectively for annealed sample. Magnetization studies show that the Co2MnSi phase is formed at 15h of milling and is optimized after 20h of milling. VSM results showed that saturation magnetization (Ms) of milled samples reduces from 112 to 75 (emu/g) with increasing milling time and then increased gradually to 95emu/g. The effect of post-annealing on the structural and magnetic properties of milled samples was also investigated. The saturation magnetization of annealed sample (120emu/g) is higher than the optimum milled sample (95emu/g) due to increasing preferential ordered L21 structure.

Recycling of rare earths from lamp phosphor waste: Enhanced dissolution of LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ by mechanical activation

With the promoted use of compact fluorescent lamps and the increasing amount of stockpiled compact fluorescent lamp waste, lamp phosphors are becoming an interesting secondary source for critical metals (yttrium, europium and terbium). This paper explores on the mechanism of a new potential hydrometallurgical route to improve the recovery efficiency of rare-earth elements from the green phosphor LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ using mechanical activation as a pretreatment step prior to leaching. By applying an intense frictional action, the leaching yields of rare-earth elements were enhanced from 0.9% to 81% at room temperature, as a consequence of the change in activation energy. The shrinking core model was employed for modelling the leaching kinetics of the rare-earth elements and to calculate the decreasing apparent activation energy of the unmilled and milled samples (from 68 kJ mol−1 to 1.4 kJ mol−1). This difference can be explained by the physicochemical changes, including structural decomposition, specific surface area increase and particle size reduction, which were related to the corresponding leaching pattern. The optimized mechanical activation procedure was successfully applied to lamp phosphor waste, containing a mix of different phosphors. After sequential removal of the halophosphate phosphor and the red YOX phosphor, 99.0%, 87.3% and 86.3% of La, Ce and Tb present in the LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphor could be dissolved. These observations provide more insight in the mechanical activation process and may contribute to a more sustainable alternative route to the rare-earth element recycling industry.

Use of tube flow fractionation in wood powder characterisation

The size and shape of powdered wood particles are important properties when considering their use in wood burning or the production of biofuels, biocomposites and biochemicals. Different measurement techniques can be used to measure particle size, but unfortunately these do not provide information about the shape of the wood particles. In this study, a fast and reliable tube flow fractionation method (analysing time 3min; particle size range 1 μm-2000 μm; analysed particles per sample 30,000–200,000) is used to separate water-diluted wood powders which varies by size and shape. 30 different milled wood powder samples are analysed (average particle size from 20 μm to 300 μm and average aspect ratio from 3 to 10). The major benefit in tube flow fractionation method is that the concealment of the finest particles in CCD imaging is avoided by applying the imaging unit after the fractionation of wood particles. Wood powder can easily be separated into different fractions by leading the water-diluted sample flow into different beakers for certain time periods. The transmittance signal after tube flow fractionating yields information about the particle size, and optical imaging provides information about the morphology of the particles. It was found in this study that rotor impact milling to a finer size range produces small but elongated particles. Additionally there were only small differences in the particle size distributions between jet milled and oscillatory ball milled samples, but it was noticed that oscillatory ball milled powders have a significantly lower aspect ratio than jet milled samples.

Dielectric and electrical characteristics of mechanically synthesized Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles

Abstract Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized via mechanical activation of Zn, NiO and Fe2O3 powders in a high energy planetary ball mill. The 30 h-milled samples in argon, oxygen and air atmospheres were pressed in pellet and toroid shape form and were sintered from 500 °C to 900 °C with 100 °C increments. The X-ray diffraction patterns results indicated a single phase Ni-Zn ferrite formation with a cubic-spinel structure in all the samples sintered at 500 °C. The milling atmosphere had a key role in the synthesis, microstructure and properties of the samples in such a way that this effect sustained even after the completion of sintering process. Thus, the main goal of this study is to scrutinize the effect of sintering temperature in the 30-h-milled samples in different atmospheres on DC electrical resistivity and dielectric behavior of Ni-Zn ferrite samples. The results indicated that although electrical resistivity decreased, dielectric behaviors, i.e. constant, loss and tan δ increased with increase in sintering temperature. The milled samples in argon had the highest resistivity of 1.2 × 106 Ωcm at 500 °C, and lowest dielectric constant and loss ( ∼ 4.67 × 102 and 1.7 at 300 K and frequency 106 MHz, respectively) compared to other samples owing to more homogeneity and smaller average crystallite size, making them a good candidate for high frequency applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of metal ions in their proper valence in the Ni-Zn ferrite crystal structure. Noticeably, a variation in the binding energy for the milled samples in different atmospheres is attributed to the changes in surroundings of Fe3+ and Zn2+/or Ni2+, due to non-equilibrium distribution of cations in tetrahedral and octahedral sites, which is further confirmed by the XRD patterns.

Electrical conductivity and magnetic field dependent current-voltage characteristics of nanocrystalline nickel ferrite

We have studied the grain size dependent electrical conductivity, dielectric relaxation and magnetic field dependent current voltage (I−V) characteristics of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4). The material has been synthesized by sol-gel self-combustion technique, followed by ball milling at room temperature in air environment to control the grain size. The material has been characterized using X-ray diffraction (refined with MAUD software analysis) and Transmission electron microscopy. Impedance spectroscopy and I−V characteristics in the presence of variable magnetic fields have confirmed the increase of resistivity for the fine powdered samples (grain size 5.17±0.6nm), resulted from ball milling of the chemical routed sample. Activation energy of the material for electrical charge hopping process has increased with the decrease of grain size by mechanical milling of chemical routed sample. The I−V curves showed many highly non-linear and irreversible electrical features, e.g., I−V loop and bi-stable electronic states (low resistance state-LRS and high resistance state-HRS) on cycling the electrical bias voltage direction during I-V curve measurement. The electrical dc resistance for the chemically routed (without milled) sample in HRS (∼3.4876×104Ω) at 20V in presence of magnetic field 10kOe has enhanced to ∼3.4152×105Ω for the 10h milled sample. The samples exhibited an unusual negative differential resistance (NDR) effect that gradually decreased on decreasing the grain size of the material. The magneto-resistance of the samples at room temperature has been found substantially large (∼25–65%). The control of electrical charge transport properties under magnetic field, as observed in the present ferrimagnetic material, indicate the magneto-electric coupling in the materials and the results could be useful in spintronics applications.

Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long‐Grain Hybrid, Long‐Grain Pureline, and Medium‐Grain Rice Cultivars

The objective for this study was to investigate the effectiveness of scaled‐up infrared (IR) heating followed by tempering steps to dry freshly harvested rough rice. An industrial‐type, pilot‐scale, IR heating system designed to dry rough rice was used in this study. The heating zone of the equipment had catalytic IR emitters that provided heat energy to the sample as it was conveyed on a vibrating belt. The sample comprised freshly harvested rough rice of long‐grain pureline (Cheniere), long‐grain hybrid (6XP 756), and medium‐grain (CL 271) cultivars at initial moisture contents of 23, 23.5, and 24% wb, respectively. Samples at a loading rate of 1.61 kg/m2 were heated with IR of radiation intensity 5.55 kW/m2 for 30, 50, 90, and 180 s followed by tempering at 60°C for 4 h, at a product‐to‐emitter‐gap size of 450 mm, in one‐ and two‐pass drying operations. Control samples were gently natural air dried in an equilibrium moisture content chamber set at relative humidity of 65% and temperature of 26°C to moisture content of 12.5% wb. The effects of IR treatments followed by tempering on percentage points of moisture removed, head rice yield, energy use, rice color, and pasting characteristics were evaluated. For all cultivars, percentage point moisture removed increased with increase in IR drying duration. For all rice cultivars, one‐pass IR treatments for 180 s resulted in head rice yield significantly lower than that of rice dried with natural air in the controlled‐environment conditions (P < 0.05). Energy required to dry rice increased with increase in drying duration. Viscosity values of all the experimental samples were significantly greater (P value < 0.05) than that of the control samples for all the cultivars, except those treated with IR for 180 s. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the color index (ΔE) of treated milled samples and the controls. In conclusion, the study provided information crucial to understanding the effects of scaled‐up radiant heating and tempering of rough rice on drying rates and rice quality for long‐grain pureline, long‐grain hybrid, and medium‐grain rice cultivars.

Surface integrity and fatigue behaviour of electric discharged machined and milled austenitic stainless steel

Machining of austenitic stainless steels can result in different surface integrities and different machining process parameters will have a great impact on the component fatigue life. Understanding how machining processes affect the cyclic behaviour and microstructure are of outmost importance in order to improve existing and new life estimation models. Milling and electrical discharge machining (EDM) have been used to manufacture rectangular four-point bend fatigue test samples; subjected to high cycle fatigue. Before fatigue testing, surface integrity characterisation of the two surface conditions was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness, residual stress profiles, and hardness profiles. Differences in cyclic behaviour were observed between the two surface conditions by the fatigue testing. The milled samples exhibited a fatigue limit. EDM samples did not show the same behaviour due to ratcheting. Recrystallized nano sized grains were identified at the severely plastically deformed surface of the milled samples. Large amounts of bent mechanical twins were observed ~5μm below the surface. Grain shearing and subsequent grain rotation from milling bent the mechanical twins. EDM samples showed much less plastic deformation at the surface. Surface tensile residual stresses of ~500MPa and ~200MPa for the milled and EDM samples respectively were measured.

Synthesized and characterization of YBa2Cu3Oy, Y3Ba5Cu8Oy, and Y7Ba11Cu18Oy superconductors by planetary high-energy ball-milling

The bulk samples of milled and unmilled synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. The powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement software program characterized crystal structure. The elementary mapping technique was used EDXS. For the onset critical temperature (Tconset) and offset critical temperature (Tcoffset) the four-probes measurement method was utilized. The superconducting compound and non-superconducting compound were incorporated in the samples. The Y123 was highest superconducting compound and lowest the non-superconducting compound. The c lattice parameter of milled samples was longer than unmilled samples. The anisotropy parameter of the milled samples had a lower value than the unmilled samples. The mapping technique showed that the without any impurity and composite of Y, Ba, Cu, and O. The critical temperature of milled, Y358, and Y7-11-18 were higher than unmilled. Conversely, the critical temperatures of milled and unmilled Y123 were closed to Y358 and Y7-11-18.