Milking Parlor Wastewater Research Articles

Parameters of the system for intrasoil application of manure-containing waste water when growing roses

One of the ways to utilize manure-containing milking parlor wastewater (MPW) from dairy farms is to use it as liquid fertilizer in greenhouses. Considering that there are no clear recommendations on the disposal of manure-containing milking parlor drains by application in greenhouses, the purpose of the research was to determine the main parameters of the system for subsurface application of manure-containing milking parlor drains - perforation diameter d (mm) and pipeline depth h(mm) when growing roses in the greenhouse. The main factors influencing the process of intrasoil application of manure-containing milking parlor wastewater in a greenhouse have been identified and presented in the form of an information model. A two-factor experiment was planned, the following factors were subject to variation: perforation diameter - from 2 mm to 4 mm, pipeline depth - from 50 mm to 150 mm. The length of each pipeline option is 1500 mm, the internal diameter is 16 mm, the perforation pitch is 100 mm, and a plug is installed at the end. The supply of manurecontaining milking parlor wastewater from the tank to the perforated pipeline was carried out through flexible pipes by gravity at a rate of 6.5 liters per square meter. It has been established that the studied parameters have little effect on the length of rose stems, but have a greater influence on the number of flowers, and the diameter of the perforation of the subsoil pipeline has the greatest influence than its depth. As a result of the research, a mathematical model of the influence of perforation diameter and pipeline depth was obtained, the number of roses q was obtained, and a three-dimensional response surface was constructed. The optimal parameters for introducing manure-containing milking parlor wastewater under these conditions were perforation diameter 2 mm and pipeline depth 111 mm.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЭФФЕКТ ОТ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ И УТИЛИЗАЦИИ НАВОЗОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ СТОКОВ ДОИЛЬНОГО ЗАЛА

The abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production is an important task of today. One solution is to reduce the generated amount of organic waste and the number of operations required for its transportation and application as they contribute to lower fuel consumption. A mitigation measure of carbon dioxide emissions is to cut down the quantity of manure-bearing wastewater from milking parlors and use it most effectively. The study aimed to assess the environmental effect of this measure. The carbon dioxide emissions were assessed by comparing two technologies. Technology 1 included the use of milking parlor wastewater in a greenhouse and the field application of manure. Technology 2, the basic one, featured the field introduction of milking parlor wastewater mixed with manure. A mathematical optimization model was applied to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions per ton of milk. The optimization problem solving showed that these emissions from the farm with 600-650 milking cows may differ by 4.9% depending on the technology option. The normative data and theoretical research results were used to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions from the fertilizer application units for a farm with 640 milking cows and a specific wastewater output of 7 l/cow/day. The planned milk productivity was 25 kg/cow/day. The MZHT-23 fertilizer application machine aggregated by T-150K tractor was employed. This machine unit transported the liquid organic fertilizers over a distance of 7 km and had a capacity of 22.9 t/h. The study established that the technology with manure management in the greenhouse (Technology 1) will reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the units transporting organic fertilizers to the fields by 11.1%, as compared with the basic technology.

The Adsorption of Ammonium Nitrogen from Milking Parlor Wastewater Using Pomegranate Peel Powder for Sustainable Water, Resources, and Waste Management

Agricultural wastewater poses serious risks to the environment due to how it is injudiciously used and managed. We investigated the use of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) to adsorb ammonium ions from milking parlor wastewater, which is applied as a nitrogen source for cropland fertilization despite its environmental ramifications. As a valueless by-product of juice and jam industries, PPP shows promising features and characteristics as a potential bio-adsorbent for ammonium nitrogen removal and recovery. The surface characterization of PPP was performed by zeta potential measurement and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis. The adsorption studies were carried out by batch experiments where the initial ammonium nitrogen (NH4–N) concentration of studied wastewater was 80 mg/L. The effects of different operational parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, stirring speed, and temperature, were investigated. From kinetic studies, the equilibrium time was found to be 120 min, achieving an 81.8% removal synonym of ~2.5 mg/g NH4–N uptake. The adsorption isotherm data fitted well with Langmuir model with correlation (R2) > 0.99. Meanwhile, the kinetics followed pseudo-second order model with correlation (R2) > 0.99.

Pilot Scale Solid State Anaerobic Co-digestion of Dairy Manure and Milking Parlor Wastewater

A pilot scale solid-state anaerobic co-digestion study was conducted to elucidate the feasibility of anaerobic digestion as an effective treatment method for dairy manure (DM) and milking parlor wastewater (MPW), and it focusing mainly on the stability of anaerobic digestion process and methane production potential. Dairy manure and milking parlor wastewater were co-digested (1/0.48, w/w) in 11m3 volume reactor for 63days at the mesophilic condition (36°C). In addition, pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia were periodically analyzed to monitor anaerobic digestion inhibitions. The results showed that the co-digestion of DM and MPW was successfully performed without any inhibition caused by ammonia and volatile fatty acids accumulation. The potential methane production (P) from a modified Gompertz model was about 130.5 mL g-VS-1, and approximately 80% of the methane production was obtained during the 40 days digestion test and the lag phase was 14 days. The pilot scale SSAD (solid-state anaerobic digestion) system showed about 1.3-fold higher methane production than lab-scale system. The results of solid-state anaerobic co-digestion of bedded pack barn dairy manure and milking parlor wastewater using pilot-scale anaerobic digester can be used as a reference for the design of farm-scale anaerobic digester. The pilot scale SSAD system showed about 1.3-fold higher methane production than lab-scale system. The potential methane production (P) was about 130.5 mL g-VS-1, and approximately 80% of the methane production was obtained during the 40 days digestion test and the lag phase was 14 days.

Economic Feasibility of Anaerobic Digestion To Produce Electricity on Florida Dairy Farms

This paper focuses on the economic feasibilities of using two digester designs suitable for Florida --
 covered lagoons and fixed-film digesters to generate electricity for on-farm use or sales.
 
 A grant from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) was used to employ the services of two consulting firms that were familiar with the design and operation of fixed-film and covered lagoon digesters. The consultants visited three dairy farms located in Florida in the winter of 2005, calculated wastewater flows (including flushed manure, milking parlor wastewater, and recycled flush water), and determined the size and other necessary aspects of the potential systems specific to each dairy farm. Estimates were developed for the quantities of biogas and electricity that would be generated by each system. The consulting firms also projected initial capital investment costs and operating and maintenance costs for each system.
 Retired from EDIS public website March 30, 2021.

The Medium- and Long-Term Mass Balance in the Multi-Stage Constructed Wetland Treating Milking Parlor Wastewater and the Effect of Vegetation

The Medium- and Long-Term Mass Balance in the Multi-Stage Constructed Wetland Treating Milking Parlor Wastewater and the Effect of Vegetation

Long-term nitrogen compound removal trends of a hybrid subsurface constructed wetland treating milking parlor wastewater throughout its 7 years of operation.

This study evaluated the nitrogen compound removal efficiency of a hybrid subsurface constructed wetland, which began treating milking parlor wastewater in Hokkaido, northern Japan, in 2006. The wetland's overall removal rates of total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium (NH4(+)-N) improved after the second year of operation, and its rate of organic nitrogen (Org-N) removal was stable at 90% efficiency. Only nitrate (NO3(-)-N) levels were increased following the treatment. Despite increased NO3(-)-N (maximum of 3 mg-N/L) levels, TN removal rates were only slightly affected. Removal rates of TN and Org-N were highest in the first vertical bed. NH4(+)-N removal rates were highest in the second vertical bed, presumably due to water recirculation and pH adjustment. Concentrations of NO3(-)-N appeared when total carbon (TC) levels were low, which suggests that low TC prevented complete denitrification in the second vertical bed and the final horizontal bed. In practice, the beds removed more nitrogen than the amount theoretically removed by denitrification, as calculated by the amount of carbon removed from the system. This carbon-nitrogen imbalance may be due to other nitrogen transformation mechanisms, which require less carbon.

Simultaneous removal of nutrients from milking parlor wastewater using an AO2 sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system

The feasibility of using a lab-scale, anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor ((AO)2 SBR) to simultaneously remove biological organics, nitrogen and phosphorus from dairy milking parlor wastewater was investigated in this study. Three hydraulic retention times (HRT = 2.1, 2.7, and 3.5 days) and three mixing-to-process time ratios (TM/TP = 0.43, 0.57, and 0.68) were evaluated as two controlling factors using a 3 × 3 experimental design to determine the optimal combination. Results showed that the HRT of 2.7 days with TM/TP = 0.57 was the best to achieve simultaneous nutrients removal for the influent with initial soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) of about 2000 mg L−1 (only 0.55 mg L−1 NH4-N, < 0.1 mg L−1 nitrate, and 0.14 mg L−1 soluble phosphorus in the effluent). Good correlations between pH and ORP, and ORP and DO, were also obtained with correlation coefficients all higher than or equal to 0.975. These relationships could be used to develop real-time control strategies to optimize the duration of each operating phase in the (AO)2 SBR system to save energy and enhance treatment efficiency.

Performance evaluation of hybrid treatment wetland for six years of operation in cold climate.

In Hokkaido, northern Japan, there are 12 hybrid subsurface constructed wetlands (HSCWs) and most of them are treating high concentrated organic wastewater. One of these systems is an HSCW situated in Embetsu, northern Hokkaido, and it has been in operation since November of 2006 to treat dairy milking parlor wastewater. The system is composed of two vertical flow beds and a horizontal flow bed. The influent and the effluent flow rates and pollutant concentrations and loads were extremely variable. Throughout its 6years of operation, most of the pollutant removals were decently high. Removal efficiencies for COD, BOD5, and SS were ranging in the 90%. Removal efficiencies for TN, NH4-N, and BOD5 were improving because of the development of the soil ecosystem and the Phragmites australis community. However, the removal efficiencies of TP were decreasing, presumably because of the declining adsorption ability. The accumulation of TP in the first and the second vertical beds had reached its plateau. Vertical beds had high removal efficiencies for TN, COD, BOD5, and SS. These high removal efficiencies of the first vertical bed may be caused from the efficient removal of solid material that is deposited as an organic layer of the first vertical bed. High NH4-N removal efficiencies exerted by the second vertical bed may be due to the recycling of wastewater. In conclusion, the HSCW was working excellently for its 6years of operation, and it could be concluded that it has not reached its life yet.

Seasonal efficiency of a hybrid sub-surface flow constructed wetland system in treating milking parlor wastewater at northern Hokkaido

This paper presents the effects of seasonal variations on the purification and removal efficiencies of a hybrid sub-surface CW system (VF-VF-HF) treating milking parlor wastewater at northern Hokkaido, Japan. VF(a) and VF(b) are gravel beds, each 160m2 in size whereas HF is sand bed and 336m2 in size. Daily mean air temperature at site showed a difference of 16°C between warm (May–October) and cold (November–April) periods. Average influent concentrations for cold and warm periods were: CODCr: 3749 and 4988mgL−1; BOD5: 1637 and 1395mgL−1; TSS: 661 and 862mgL−1; TN: 161 and 194mgL−1; TP: 23.9 and 31.9mgL−1 and total carbon: 1212 and 1715mgL−1. Average purification rates of BOD5, TSS, TP, PO4–P and total carbon fluctuated <2.5% between both periods. However purification rates of NH4–N and Organic-P decreased by 9.5% and 12% respectively during warm period. Average removal rates of TSS and BOD5 were unaffected between both periods, while that of CODCr, TN, total carbon increased by 3–4% during warm period. Hybrid sub-surface CW system achieved purification and removal rates of >95% for TSS and total coliform; >89% for CODCr and BOD5; >76% for TN and >72% for TP during both cold and warm periods.

Potential of hybrid constructed wetland system in treating milking parlor wastewater under cold climatic conditions in northern Hokkaido, Japan

A real scale hybrid constructed wetland (CW) system (656 m2), with a configuration of VFA-VFB-HF beds constructed in series is operating since November 2006 in northern Hokkaido, Japan. The system was experimented to assess its capability in purifying 4.5 m3d−1 of high strength milking parlor wastewater under colder climate. Annual mean air temperature at site was recorded as 6.4 oC (extremes vary as -22.8 oC at lowest and 30.6 oC at highest). From the monthly sampling from November 2006 to January 2010, average loading and removal rates of TSS, CODcr, BOD5, TN and TP were 5.4 g m−2 d−1 (98%), 30.3 g m−2 d−1 (88%), 11.5 g m 2 d−1 (89%), 1.2 g m−2 d−1 (76.4%) and 0.2 g m−2 d−1 (76%). System did not stop for a single day, efficiently worked even during snow covered periods and was tolerant to the load fluctuations.

Start-up Water Purification Performance of Multi-stage Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Milking Parlor Wastewater and Paddock Run-off

Start-up Water Purification Performance of Multi-stage Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Milking Parlor Wastewater and Paddock Run-off

Simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen from milking parlor wastewater by a magnetic activated sludge (MAS) process

The magnetic activated sludge (MAS) process is a modification of the conventional activated sludge process to improve the solid–liquid separation characteristics. It was developed to reduce the production of excess sludge and the time required for the conventional activated sludge process. In this study, actual milking parlor wastewater was treated with a MAS process and no sludge was removed. The effectiveness of continuous aeration and intermittent aeration in removing organic matter and nitrogen were compared. Both processes were highly efficient at removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) (averaged 91% removal) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) (averaged 99% removal). In marked contrast to the continuous aeration process, the 30-min aeration/90-min non-aeration cycle of the intermittent aeration process rapidly reduced the nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentration to near-zero. This result indicates that NO3-N was almost completely denitrified via nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) to nitrogen gas. Removal of organic material and nitrogen can be considered to have occurred simultaneously in the single tank of the MAS process.