Sheep Milk Research Articles

Low prevalence of bacteria harbouring the main transferable genes coding for β-lactams resistance in ovine bulk tank milk produced in Central Italy

Sheep farming for milk production is an important sector of the Italian agricultural industry. Italy has a significant annual sheep milk production, which amounted to 477.000 ton in 2021 and almost exclusively employed for cheeses production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of beta-lactams-resistant bacteria (methicillin-resistant staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria) in bulk tank ovine milk collected from 97 farms located in central Italy (Tuscany and Lazio). Samples were screened for the presence of resistant microorganisms employing selective media, bacteria were identified by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and tested for susceptibility for different beta-lactams (penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins, as well as beta lactams association with beta-lactamase inhibitors). Resistant microorganisms were subjected to PCR for the detection of the main transferable gene coding for beta-lactams resistance mechanisms spread among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A low prevalence of methicillin resistant staphylococci (4%) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1%) in bulk tank milk from sheep herds raised in Central Italy was highlighted. This resistance was related to the presence of mecA gene in S. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci. All the tested samples resulted negative for the presence of bacteria able to produce carbapenemases or ESBLs due to the presence of some of the main mobile genetic determinants in their genomes and targeted in this study. Most of the phenotypic resistance observed were instead related to the common presence of psychrotrophic bacteria in bulk tank milk belonging to Stenothrophomonas spp. which harboured L1 and L2 genes coding for inducible β-lactamases located on the bacterial chromosome. In conclusion, a low prevalence of bacteria resistant to β-lactams due to the presence of horizontally transferable genes was detected, suggesting a low selective pressure for resistant microrganisms whitin this farming system.

Traditional smoking of Wallachian cheeses and sausages in Polish and Slovak parts of the Carpathian Mountains

AbstractWallachian expansion brought to the Carpathian Mountains a system of shepherd economy—farming, production of Wallachian cheeses, animals adapted to life in difficult mountain conditions—mainly sheep of the Cakiel breed group. Mountain sheep's milk is used to produce traditional cheeses: bundz, bryndza podhalańska, oscypek, redykołka—on the Polish side and Slovenská bryndza, Slovenská parenica, Slovenský oštiepok, Ovčí hrudkový syr salašnícky—on the Slovak side. Also sausages are made from sheep meat. These cheeses and sausages are salted and then traditionally smoked. The source of heat and smoke is hard wood with appropriate humidity, burned in the hearth located in the shepherd's hut, over which the cheeses are placed under the roof. Among several hundred smoke components, there are also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which, on the one hand, give the smoked product its taste and aroma, and on the other hand have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Sausages and cheeses from Poland and Slovakia, made from milk and meat of native sheep breeds, preserved by traditional smoking, were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content. The analyzed cheeses were characterized by a trace or low content of benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and chrysene. In cheeses from outer Eastern Carpathians subprovince (Bieszczady), the high content of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene and phenanthrene is noteworthy. Polish lamb sausages were characterized by a higher content of benzo(a)pyrene and the sum of benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and chrysene. The differences result from the method of smoking (warm or cold in the south of the Carpathians—hot in the north) and the type of wood used for smoking.

Multi-omics analysis of kidney tissue metabolome and proteome reveals the protective effect of sheep milk against adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in mice.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by impaired renal function and is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Sheep milk contains several bioactive molecules with protective effects against inflammation and oxidative stress. In the current study, we investigated the potential renoprotective effects of sheep milk and the associated mechanisms of action in an adenine-induced CKD murine model. Sheep milk delayed renal chronic inflammation (e.g., significant reduction in levels of inflammatory factors Vcam1, Icam1, Il6, and Tnfa), fibrosis (significant reduction in levels of fibrosis factors Col1a1, Fn1, and Tgfb), oxidative stress (significant increase in levels of antioxidants and decrease in oxidative markers), mineral disorders, and renal injury in adenine-treated mice (e.g. reduced levels of kidney injury markers NGAL and KIM-1). The combined proteomics and metabolomics analyses showed that sheep milk may affect the metabolic processes of several compounds, including proteins, lipids, minerals, and hormones in mice with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease. In addition, it may regulate the expression of fibrosis-related factors and inflammatory factors through the JAK1/STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway, thus exerting its renoprotective effects. Therefore, sheep milk may be beneficial for patients with CKD and should be evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.

Состояние молочного овцеводства и перспективы применения геномных методов для улучшения продуктивности овец и состава молока

The world production of sheep milk has more than doubled in the last 50 years. However, sheep milk and sheep milk products have not yet become a traditional consumer product in Russia. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of specialised dairy breeds of sheep and insufficient use of modern breeding methods, including marker-assisted selection. The article considers the main candidate genes of sheep dairy productivity, shows their influence on milk yield, fat and protein content, resistance to mastitis.

Biochemical composition of sheep milk of different breeds during the summer lactation period.

The article presents the results of the study of biochemical composition of sheep milk in the summer lactation period for 4 sheep breeds. According to research results, 18 amino acids were found in sheep milk. During the summer lactation period, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both the Ordabasy breed and the South Kazakh merino exhibit higher levels (ranging from 6349 to 6989) compared to the Kazakh fine-fleeced and meat Merino breeds (ranging from 5835 to 5500). When analyzing sheep milk, a tendency towards a higher content of vitamin A (59.91 μg/100 g) and B6 (73.0 μg/100 g) was noted. The highest calcium content was found in the milk of the Kazakh fine-fleeced sheep, while the lowest was observed in the South Kazakh merino breed. Better milk productivity, along with increased fat and protein content, has been noted in sheep of the Ordabasy and South Kazakh merino breeds.

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Cow, Goat, Donkey, Buffalo, Sheep, Camel and Human Milk

Breast milk is a very important factor in regulating gastrointestinal function, improving the immune system and preventing acute illnesses (e.g. acute otitis media), especially during breastfeeding. Breast milk allows beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species to colonise the newborn intestin*e instead of potential enteropathogenic bacteria such as streptococci and escherichia coli. The aim of the study was to compare the antibiotic resistance of Lactic acid bacteria members isolated from different milk samples. Six milk samples were collected from each of seven different milk sources (donkey, goat, cow, buffalo, sheep, camel and human). The MRS and M-17 medium were used with the double layer sandwich method for isolation of LAB members selected from typic colonies, gram-positive, catalase-negative used in the study. The isolated 42 LAB species were determined antibiotic susceptibility with 9 standart antibiotic discs such as tetracycline, penicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, rifampin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin by agar disc diffusion assay test. The 18 LAB isolate were resistant to penicillin, 16 isolate to kanamycin, 14 isolate to gentamicin. LAB isolates such as H1, H4, H5 from Human milk and LAB isolate such as D1 from donkey milk was considered as MDR isolates because they were resistant to at least four of the tested drugs. Among the milks, sheep, camel, buffalo and goat milks were found to be more sensitive to antibiotics on average in the group.

Financial model for solving environmental problems in agriculture

Adverse impact on the environment and humans is one of the important tasks of modernizing agriculture and ensuring state security, rational use of resources to preserve the ecological environment. Improving the profitability of agriculture on the condition of reducing the use of fertilizers and biocides to solve ecological problem. The availability of resources (agricultural land) changes in conditions of scarcity. In this article, we consider factors for assessing the rational use of land resources, crop production technologies in achieving the goals of developing a “green” economy. The factors of analysis in this study determine the prospects for farming, in terms of results. A linear programming model shown to analyze alternative rural development systems. The result of our research helps to develop ecological policies aimed at updating agricultural practices. The availability of resources such as agricultural land, water is decreasing, among other things, due to environmental problems faced by the state. Rapid economic development and rising living standards lead to an increase in demand for more luxurious and varied food. In particular, the demand for animal products such as goat and sheep meat, beef and milk is growing rapidly, while the efficiency of using resources (especially land and water) for food production in livestock production is much lower than in crop production.

Assessment of risk for antibiotic residues in milk of dairy livestock: A meta-analysis over the last decade

Nowadays, different types of antibiotics are being widely used in livestock for therapeutic purposes to treat infections. Significant quantities of them are excreted and remain in produced food items, including milk. This indicates improper use of antibiotics which may have serious consequences for human health. This comprehensive review was conducted with the aim to summarize existing knowledge about evaluation of antibiotic residues in milk of different livestock animals. This review involves 35 articles retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases published from 2010 to 2023 and compares on the group of antibiotics identified, type of milk selected and various methods that were applied to undertake the research. Results showed that cow milk is the most intensively examined milk type (88.6%), whereas others, namely goat, camel, buffalo and sheep are less investigated on antibiotic residues. Among the techniques, chromatographic is revealed to be the most common due to its significant advantages over other methods. In addition, it was concluded that tetracyclines with the share of 85.6% are the group of antibiotics that is the most frequently studied in research articles.

A study on fatty acid profiling of sirohi goat and malpura sheep milk

A study on fatty acid profiling of sirohi goat and malpura sheep milk

Research on Marketing Strategy of Sheep Milk Powder Based on Consumer Behavior Data Analysis—A Case Study of Meiling Dairy

Research on Marketing Strategy of Sheep Milk Powder Based on Consumer Behavior Data Analysis—A Case Study of Meiling Dairy

PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS OF BUKOVINIAN TYPE EWES OF ASCANIAN MEAT-WOOL BREED WITH CROSS-BRED WOOL IN CONDITION OF BUKOVINA

Objective. Presentation of indicators Bukovinian type ewes of Ascanian meat-wool breed with cross-bred wool are given. As a result of research, it was established, that the animals are of a strong constitution, well adapted to conditions of Bukovinian humid climate. Ewes with high reproductive capacity: fertilization made 93.5%, multiple fertility – 131.5, yield of lambs per 100 ewes – 124 heads, with their high viability. The lambs are born of strong constitution, large enough, with high live weight. Live weight at birth is influenced by the sex of the animal. It is established, that the rams live weight is higher than that of ewe-lambs by 7.8%. Ewes have high milk productivity. From a single ewe for the milking period (137 days) 116.6 kg of milk was obtained, with average daily milk yield 0.883 kg, from which 25 kg of solid cottage cheese (brynza) was produced. In gross income, a part of sheep milk products makes about 60%, meat in live mass – 45%, when that of wool – only 3.0%. Conclusions. As the research result, we established, that the Bukovinian type sheep of Ascanian meat-wool breed with cross-bred wool have high indicators of a reproductive capacity and of a combined productivity. However, further Bukovinian type improvement and the increase of milk, meat, and wool productivity indicators requires effective selection methods. The research methods: zootechnical, economic, and biometric.

Comparative Study of Aflatoxin M1 Carry-Over from Feed to Raw ‎Milk in Cow, Buffalo, Sheep, and Goats in Different Areas of ‎Baghdad Province

Mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a threat to food safety and human health because it is present in animal feed and is metabolized into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a more toxic form, during lactation. The aim of this study was to quantify AFM1 concentrations in raw milk of buffalos, cows, sheep, and goats sampled randomly from four regions within Baghdad ‎Province, Iraq, and to compare these levels with the maximum allowable levels set forth by the ‎European Commission (EC), the Iraqi Standard Specification (IQS), and the food and Drug Administration (FDA). The carry-over of AFB1 from feed to AFM1 in milk were also calculated for each of the ‎studied species. A total of 200 random samples, including 50 each from cows, buffaloes, ‎sheep, and goats, were collected from farms located in Zu'afraniya, Nahrawan, Abu Ghraib, and ‎Fedhalia regions. AFM1 and AFB1 concentrations were determined using the ‎enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Raw milk samples from cows, sheep, buffaloes, and goats were all found to have AFM1 concentrations that were below the limits set by the EC, IQS, and FDA. Animal feed samples, on the other hand, had AFB1 concentrations of 10.08, 5.95, 4.27, and 7.10 ppb for ‎buffaloes, cows, sheep, and goats, respectively. The observed carry-over rates ranged from 0.36% ‎in goats to 0.78% in buffaloes to 0.66% in cows. Multiple factors, including animal species, ‎are considered, and it is determined that a universal carry-over equation cannot be applied to all cases. ‎Therefore, it is essential to regularly monitor AFM1 levels in milk from various animal species in order to ‎lessen potential health risks. Furthermore, the study suggests enhancing agricultural and veterinary ‎practices to better regulate feed quality for dairy animals‎‎‎‎.

Association between Food-Specific Immunoglobulin G4 Antibodies in Adults with Self-Reported Signs and Symptoms Attributed to Adverse Reactions to Foodstuffs.

Signs and symptoms attributed to adverse reactions to foodstuffs (ARFS) need tools for research and evaluation in clinical practice. The objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate the most frequent self-reported signs and symptoms attributed to ARFS in Spanish adults, (b) to determine the prevalence of food-specific IgG4 antibody reactions (AbRs), and (c) to investigate the association between self-reported ARFS symptomatology and food-specific IgG4 AbRs. Food-specific IgG4 AbRs against 57 common food and beverages (AESKUCARE-T2FA® in vitro point-of-care test kit, Aesku.Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) were determined in capillary blood samples of 205 volunteers living in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The most frequent self-reported signs and symptoms were related to skin (43%), digestive (41%), and nervous system (NS, 33%) problems. The prevalence of food-specific IgG4 AbRs was cow's milk (73%), sheep's milk (70%), casein (66%), and goat's milk (56.10%). Positive IgG4 AbRs against tomato had a profile consisting of 3/4 of skin problems, more than half of digestive, and 2/5 of NS self-reported signs and symptoms. In conclusion, at least 1/3 of the studied sample reported skin, digestive, and NS signs and symptoms. The most frequent food-specific IgG4 AbRs were related to dairy. Skin problems were more frequent in positive tomato IgG4 AbRs.

The Potential of Sheep or Camel Milk Constituents to Contribute to Novel Dressings for Diabetic Wounds.

Impaired wound healing is a complication of diabetes, which constitutes a serious problem in clinical practice. Currently, there is a high demand on the market for local treatment options for difficult-to-heal wounds caused by diabetes. The development of dressings that accelerate wound healing has recently been the subject of much research. Sheep and camel milk is gaining importance due to the content of many bioactive substances with health-promoting effects, such as insulin, LF, proline, or CLA. Sheep and camel milk proteins are a promising source of insulin, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive peptides. Numerous studies show that local administration of insulin has a significant impact on the healing of diabetic wounds. Sheep and camel milk, due to the highest LF content among ruminants, reduces autoimmune inflammatory processes and protects against bacterial and viral infections in the wound environment. Sheep's milk has the highest content of proline and CLA, and their addition to a hydrogel dressing can help in the development of an effective dressing material. The production of hydrogel dressings containing sheep and camel milk, which are naturally rich in the bioactive substances presented in this review, may be a promising step in the market of specialized dressings for difficult-to-heal diabetic wounds.

Influence of Salting and Ripening Conditions on the Characteristics of a Reduced-Fat, Semi-Hard, Sheep Milk Cheese.

This study aimed to assess the effect of salting and ripening conditions on the features of sheep milk, reduced-fat, semi-hard cheese. Eight groups of cheese, with an average fat content of ≅10.5%, moisture on non-fat substances (MNFS) ≅ 56%, a protein-to-fat ratio of 2.9 and pH 5.1, were manufactured and analyzed throughout ripening. The experimental factors were the salting method (brine- or dry-salting), the salt content (control- and reduced-salt) and the ripening temperature sequence (11 or 18 °C at the 3rd and 4th week). Brine-salted cheese exhibited significantly more adequate (p < 0.05) textural and organoleptic characteristics compared to its dry-salted counterpart, i.e., lower hardness, gumminess and adhesiveness, with higher lightness and flavor scores. The mean salt reduction from 2.1 to 1.6% exhibited significant effects (p < 0.05), i.e., increased moisture and MNFS, decreased hardness, gumminess, chewiness and adhesiveness, and increased lightness and meltability of cheese without affecting the microbiological stability or impairing the organoleptic parameters. Ripening at 18 °C at weeks 3-4 significantly increased (p < 0.05) proteolysis and concentrations of lactic and citric acid without affecting meltability, textural or organoleptic features. In conclusion, brine-salting, salt reduction by 20% and the elevation of temperature at a particular ripening period improved the characteristics of this type of reduced-fat sheep milk cheese.

Comparative lipidomics analysis of different-sized fat globules in sheep and cow milks

The effect of milk fat globule (MFG) size and species (sheep versus cow) on the lipid and protein compositions of sheep and cow milks was studied. The MFGs in raw cow and sheep milks were separated into six significantly different-sized (1.5–5.5 μm) groups by a gravity-based separation method, and their fatty acids, their lipidomes and the protein compositions of their MFG membranes were determined. The proportions of polar lipids increased but glycoproteins decreased with decreasing MFG size in both sheep milk and cow milk; the fatty acid composition showed few differences among the MFG groups. The average size of each MFG group was comparable between sheep milk and cow milk. Sheep milk contained higher proportions of short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids and sphingomyelin than cow milk in all MFG groups. The proportion of glycoproteins was higher in cow MFG membrane than in sheep MFG membrane. The results suggested that the lipid and protein compositions were markedly species and size dependent.

A First Investigation into the Use of Differential Somatic Cell Count as a Predictor of Udder Health in Sheep.

Differential somatic cell count (DSCC), the percentage of somatic cell count (SCC) due to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and lymphocytes (LYMs), is a promising effective diagnostic marker for dairy animals with infected mammary glands. Well-explored in dairy cows, DSCC is also potentially valid in sheep, where clinical and subclinical mastitis outbreaks are among the principal causes of culling. We pioneered the application of DSCC in dairy ewes by applying receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to define the most accurate thresholds to facilitate early discrimination of sheep with potential intramammary infection (IMI) from healthy animals. We tested four predefined SCC cut-offs established in previous research. Specifically, we applied SCC cut-offs of 265 × 103 cells/mL, 500 × 103 cells/mL, 645 × 103 cells/mL, and 1000 × 103 cells/mL. The performance of DSCC as a diagnostic test was assessed by examining sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under curve (AUC) analyses. The designated threshold value for DSCC in the detection of subclinical mastitis is established at 79.8%. This threshold exhibits Se and Sp of 0.84 and 0.81, accompanied by an AUC of 0.88. This study represents the inaugural exploration of the potential use of DSCC in sheep's milk as an early indicator of udder inflammation.

Antilisterial activity of raw sheep milk from two native Epirus breeds: Culture-dependent identification, bacteriocin gene detection and primary safety evaluation of the antagonistic LAB biota

Raw milk from native small ruminant breeds in Epirus, Greece, is a valuable natural source of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with superior biotechnological properties. In this study, two bulk milks (RM1, RM2) from two local sheep yards, intended for traditional Kefalotyri cheese production, were preselected for bacteriocin-like antilisterial activity by in vitro tests. Their antagonistic LAB biota was quantified followed by polyphasic (16S rRNA gene sequencing; IGS for Enterococcus; a multiplex-PCR for Leuconostoc) identification of 42 LAB (RM1/18; RM2/24) isolates further evaluated for bacteriocin encoding genes and primary safety traits. Representative isolates of the numerically dominant mesophilic LAB were Leuconostoc mesenteroides (10) in both RMs, Streptococcus parauberis (7) in RM2, and Lactococcus lactis (1) in RM1; the subdominant thermophilic LAB isolates were Enterococcus durans (8), E. faecium (6), E. faecalis (3), E. hirae (1), E. hermanniensis (1), Streptococcus lutetiensis (2), S. equinus (1) and S. gallolyticus (1). Based on their rpoB, araA, dsr and sorA profiles, six Ln. mesenteroides strains (8 isolates) were atypical lying between the subspecies mesenteroides and dextranicum, whereas two strains profiled with Ln. mesenteroides subsp. jonggajibkimchii that is first-time reported in Greek dairy food. Two RM1 E. faecium strain biotypes (3 isolates) showed strong, enterocin-mediated antilisterial activity due to entA/entB/entP possession. One E. durans from RM1 possessed entA and entP, while additional nine RM2 isolates of the E. faecium/durans group processed entA or entP singly. All showed direct (cell-associated) antilisterial activity only, as also both S. lutetiensis strains from RM2 did strongly. Desirably, no LAB isolate was β-hemolyrtic, or cytolysin-positive, or possessed vanA, vanB for vancomycin resistance, or agg, espA, hyl, and IS16 virulence genes. However, all three E. faecalis from RM2 possessed gelE and/or ace virulence genes. In conclusion, all Ln. mesenteroides strains, the two safe, enterocin A-B-P-producing E. faecium strains, and the two antilisterial S. lutetiensis strains should be validated further as potential costarter or adjunct cultures in Kefalotyri cheese. The prevalence of α-hemolytic pyogenic streptococci in raw milk, mainly S. parauberis in RM2, requires consideration in respect to subclinical mastitis in sheep and the farm hygiene overall.

Анализ и перспективы развития отрасли сыроделия: региональный аспект

Cheese is a unique product of animal origin. The history of cheese-making dates back millennia, and every nation has its own traditional cheese formulations. Recent decades have seen a growing public interest in craft cheese-making and national cheese-making. As a multinational country, Russia boasts a wide range of traditional cheeses. However, the domestic cheese market belongs mainly to such popular foreign cheese sorts as Mozzarella, Camembert, Tilsit, Brie, etc. The steady increase in consumer demand for cheese products encourages cheese-makers to expand their product range, and, in their search for new formulations, they often appeal to traditional cheeses, e.g., those produced in the Altai Region. Despite this trend, the average annual per capita consumption of cheese in Russia remains at 6.5 kg while in some other developed countries this criterion is as high as 16 kg. The present development assessment of the Russian cheese-making industry showed a severe shortage in domestic direct-application starter cultures. Russian cheese-makers prefer imported recombinant milk-clotting enzymes, which significantly hampers industrial development. A new domestic production could provide enough raw materials to satisfy the growing demand for rennet products. At present, the raw milk production capabilities cannot meet the ever-increasing needs. The domestic market of dairy raw materials is dominated by cow milk while goat milk and sheep milk are associated mainly with soft cheeses, and buffalo milk occupies a very narrow sector of craft cheese-making.

The Potential Amoebicidal Effect of Some Milk forms as an Inhibitor for Entamoeba histolytica Viability Isolated from Diarrhea

Milk includes numerous compounds such as lacto-peroxidase, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin G, secretory immunoglobulin A, and Lysozymes The invasive trophozoites of E. histolytica are capable to inhabit host tissues and provoke diseases such as intestinal colitis. The objective of the study was to compare different forms of milk’s effect on E. histolytica trophopzoite by measuring protein concentration in vitro using a spectrophotometer and number of trophozoite by microscopy. For this purpose, E. histolytica trophozoites were exposed to several types of milk (human, sheep, cattle, goats, and formula) at concentrations of 6, 12, 18, and 24% for each type after 8, 16, and 24 hours of incubation. According to the findings, sheep and goat milk had lower total protein concentrations after 8 hours than other types of milk when compared to the control group. After 16 hours of incubation, raise the milk concentration to 24% leading to a reduction in the formula milk's total protein concentration to 5g/l. after 8 and 16 hours of incubation, sheep milk and cattle have significantly lower total protein concentrations (24% vs. 8%), respectively. The action of formula and human milk is increased by 24-hour incubation. Increase the trophozoite inhibition percentage compared to metronidazole in human milk, which was followed by sheep and cattle milk with respective values of 60.9%, 56.1%, and 46.3% respectively. Human milk, goat and formula milk had the greatest inhibitory activity after incubation 24hrs. at 24%.the extent of amoebicidal activity of milk was shown to depend on incubation period and concentration of milk.