Milk Intake Research Articles

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Association of milk consumption with the incidence of cholelithiasis disease in the US adult population

BackgroundCholelithiasis is a common digestive system disease that imposes major burden on patients and society. Investigating the relationship between dietary factors and cholelithiasis risk can provide a basis for disease prevention. Previous studies on milk intake and cholelithiasis incidence have been limited.Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the association between milk consumption and the incidence of cholelithiasis in males and females.MethodsWe selected 14,722 adults (≥ 18 years old) from National Center for Health Statistics (NHANSE) 2017–2020, and collected general characteristics of patients in the database, such as age, gender, race and body mass index (BMI), as well as dietary information (milk consumption). The occurrence of cholelithiasis was used as the outcome event, and the group was divided into cholelithiasis and non-cholelithiasis groups according to the outcome event. We used logistic regression models in generalized linear model (GLM) functions, controlling for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors, to estimate the association between milk intake and the incidence of cholelithiasis in males and females.ResultsA total of 14,722 adults were included. In the present study, the overall weighted prevalence of cholelithiasis was 10.96%, with 15.18% and 6.48% prevalence in females and males, respectively. Compared to infrequent milk intake, frequent milk intake (once a week or more) in females was associated with reduced cholelithiasis risk (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.90). Daily milk intake in males was also related to lower cholelithiasis risk (OR 0.69–0.82). As adjusted variables increased in the models, predictive performance was improved (AUC 0.711 in females, 0.730 in males).ConclusionsAppropriate milk intake may correlate with decreased cholelithiasis risk. Our study provides a basis for dietary interventions against gallstones, but prospective studies are needed to verify the results.

Sedentary Activities and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents in the Zhejiang Province of China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Sedentary behavior may affect the types of food consumed in children and adolescents' daily diets. Previous published studies are limited to local surveys. This study aimed to explore the relationship between sedentary behavior and food intake among children and adolescents. A stratified sampling technique was employed in the present cross-sectional study. Demographic characteristics, sedentary behavior, transportation modes, and food intake were investigated. We found that children and adolescents who watched movies or TV programs online or on their smartphones on weekends and who chatted online on weekends, including on QQ (an instant messaging software service) and WeChat (an instant messaging software service), increased their intake of instant noodles and fried pasta (Spearman's rho = 0.468, 0.575, 0.465, and 0.323; p < 0.05). Children and adolescents who chatted online on weekends, including on QQ and WeChat, increased their intake of tofu skin (Spearman's rho = 0.461; p < 0.05), and those who browsed online on weekdays increased their intake of whole-fat liquid milk (Spearman's rho = 0.455; p < 0.05). Children and adolescents who browsed and chatted online on weekends, including on QQ and WeChat, and who played computer or smartphone games, increased their intake of fried potato chips (French fries or other fried snacks) (Spearman's rho = 0.568, 0.270, and 0.412; p < 0.05). With respect to modes of transportation used to travel to and from school, children and adolescents who took buses and subways increased their intake of rice, instant noodles, sweet potatoes, soybean milk, tofu skin, processed meat products (sausage, ham sausage, or lunch meat), fish, shrimp, vegetables, nuts, and sweet cookies (buns, cakes, Dim sum, and moon cakes) (Spearman's rho = 0.394, 0.536, 0.630, 0.408, 0.485, 0.441,0.410, 0.424, 0.444, 0.541, and 0.366; p < 0.05). Sedentary behavior affects the types of food consumed in children and adolescents' daily diets. Children and adolescents who browsed online on weekdays increased their intake of whole-fat liquid milk, but also increased their intake of foods with high fat, high salt, and low nutrient density. Children and adolescents taking buses and subways increased their intake of low-nutrition quality products. Public awareness efforts should focus on reducing the consumption of low-nutrition quality products and nutritional education.

Postprandial metabolism and gut permeability in calves fed milk replacer with different macronutrient profiles or a whole milk powder

Significant differences exist in the composition of current milk replacers (MR) and bovine whole milk. This study investigated how the macronutrient profile of 3 different MR formulations containing varying amounts of fat, lactose, and protein, and a whole milk powder (WP), affect postprandial metabolism and gut permeability in male Holstein calves. Sixty-four calves (45.4 ± 4.19 kg [mean ± SD] and 1.8 ± 0.62 d of age) were blocked in order of arrival to the facility and within each block, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments included a high-fat MR (HF: 25.0% dry matter [DM] fat, 22.5% protein, 38.6% lactose; n = 14), a high-lactose MR (HL: 44.6% lactose, 22.5% protein, 18.0% fat; n = 17), a high-protein MR (HP: 26.0% protein, 18.0% fat, 41.5% lactose; n = 17), and WP (26.0% fat, 24.5% protein, 38.0% lactose; n = 16). Calves were fed 3.0 L (135 g/L) 3 times daily at 0600, 1200, and 1800 h with a teat bucket. Milk intake was recorded daily for the first 28 d after arrival, and blood sampling and body weight measurements were performed at arrival and on d 7, 14, 21, and 27. Gut permeability was estimated from fractional urinary excretion of indigestible markers (Cr-EDTA, lactulose, and d-mannitol) administered as a single dose on d 21 instead of the morning milk meal. Digestibility was determined simultaneously from a total collection of feces over 24 h. Postprandial dynamics were measured on d 28 by sequential blood sampling over 7.5 h. Dry matter intake of MR over 28 d was slightly greater in calves fed HL and HP than in WP. Recovery of Cr-EDTA and d-mannitol over a 24-h urine collection was greater in calves fed WP and HP than HL calves. Apparent total-tract digestibility of crude ash, protein, and fat did not differ among treatments; however, DM digestibility was lower in calves fed WP than in other treatment groups. In addition, abomasal emptying, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) for acetaminophen, was slower in calves fed WP than in calves fed HF and HL. The AUC for postprandial plasma glucose was lower in calves fed HL than WP and HF and lower in calves fed HP than WP. The AUC for postprandial serum insulin was greater in calves fed HP than WP and HF, whereas calves fed HL did not differ from the other treatments. Postprandial triglycerides were greater in calves fed WP, and postprandial adiponectin was higher in calves fed HL than other treatments. The high content of lactose and protein in MR had a major effect on postprandial metabolism. This raises the possibility of optimizing MR formulations to maintain metabolic homeostasis and influence development.

Relation between Serum and Dietary Zinc Levels and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Medical Students of Ain Shams University

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is one of the commonest gastrointestinal disorders and IBS symptoms control often involve food restrictions that may cause zinc deficiency which is in turn may contribute to pathophysiology of IBS. Objectives To measure the proportion of IBS and its subtypes in medical students and to correlate between serum zinc level and dietary zinc intake with IBS. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out among a sample of students at The Nutritional Assessment of Medical Students of Ain Shams University (NAMS/ASU). A total of 199 students were involved, all participants were subjected to direct interviews self-administered questionnaires including GIT clinical symptoms, 24 hours food recall and food frequency questionnaire. They were also subjected to serum zinc level measurement. In addition to calculation of dietary zinc intake daily using food composition analysis software according to the Egyptian Food Composition Tables. Results The number of medical students that had positive ROME IV criteria were 104 students, in a proportion of 8.5% of the students participated in NAMES/ASU, with IBS-C was the commonest type. Serum zinc level was significantly low in IBS students with positive significance correlation to dietary zinc intake. Dietary consumption of zinc rich food showed significant reduction of serum zinc level with milk and dairy products intake of less than 3 servings per week. Conclusion the proportion of IBS in NAMES/ASU project was about 8.5% with the IBS-C was the most common subtype. They had low serum zinc level and a positive significant correlation with dietary zinc intake.

Impact on Diet Quality and Burden of Care in Sapropterin Dihydrochloride Use in Children with Phenylketonuria: A 6 Month Follow-Up Report.

In phenylketonuria (PKU) changes in dietary patterns and behaviors in sapropterin-responsive populations have not been widely reported. We aimed to assess changes in food quality, mental health and burden of care in a paediatric PKU sapropterin-responsive cohort. In an observational, longitudinal study, patient questionnaires on food frequency, neophobia, anxiety and depression, impact on family and burden of care were applied at baseline, 3 and 6-months post successful sapropterin-responsiveness testing (defined as a 30% reduction in blood phenylalanine levels). 17 children (10.8 ± 4.2 years) completed 6-months follow-up. Patients body mass index (BMI) z-scores remained unchanged after sapropterin initiation. Blood phenylalanine was stable. Natural protein increased (p < 0.001) and protein substitute intake decreased (p = 0.002). There were increases in regular cow's milk (p = 0.001), meat/fish, eggs (p = 0.005), bread (p = 0.01) and pasta (p = 0.011) intakes but special low-protein foods intake decreased. Anxiety (p = 0.016) and depression (p = 0.022) decreased in caregivers. The impact-on-family, familial-social impact (p = 0.002) and personal strain (p = 0.001) lessened. After sapropterin, caregivers spent less time on PKU tasks, the majority ate meals outside the home more regularly and fewer caregivers had to deny food choices to their children. There were significant positive changes in food patterns, behaviors and burden of care in children with PKU and their families after 6-months on sapropterin treatment.

Roux-en-y gastric bypass reduces body parameters but does not alter diet quality during six months follow-up

Backgroung: the diet quality contributes for the success of weight loss treatment after bariatric surgery.&#x0D; Objective: to evaluate weight loss, body parameters and diet quality during the short-term (6 months) follow-up of subjects undergoing Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB).&#x0D; Methods: prospective and observational study, carried out with adult patients, of both sexes, submitted to RYGB. Weight, BMI, percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and diet quality were evaluated before (T0), and approximately in the second (T1) and sixth month (T2) after RYGB. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman’s test, with 5% significance level.&#x0D; Results: the final sample consisted of 18 patients, (89% female). %TWL was 16.2% at T1 and 26.7% at T2. There was a significant reduction in weight, BMI, WC, FM, FFM (p&lt;0.001), in total daily calorie intake (p=0.017), and in total fat consumption (p=0.009) over the course of the evaluated moments. The diet was classified as low quality, mainly due to the low intake of cereals, roots, tubers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, meat, eggs, milk and derivatives, not differing between the evaluated moments (p&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: in the present study, despite adequate weight loss and reduction of body parameters, subjects submitted to RYGB showed a low diet quality during the follow-up, indicating the maintenance of inadequate eating habits.

Breastfeeding and Inborn Errors of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism: A Spreadsheet to Calculate Optimal Intake of Human Milk and Disease-Specific Formulas.

Human milk (HM) offers important nutritional benefits. However, except for phenylketonuria (PKU), there are little data on optimal levels of consumption of HM and a special formula free of disease-related amino acids (SF-AA) in infants with inborn errors of metabolism of amino acids and proteins (IEM-AA-P). We designed a spreadsheet to calculate the amounts of SF-AA and HM required to cover amino acid, protein, and energy needs in patients with the nine main IEM-AA-P in infants aged under 6 months. Upon entering the infant's weight and the essential amino acid or intact protein requirements for the specific IEM, the spreadsheet calculates the corresponding required volume of HM based on the amino acid concentration in HM. Next, the theoretical daily fluid intake (typical range, 120-200 mL/kg/day) is entered, and the estimated daily fluid intake is calculated. The required daily volume of SF-AA is calculated as the difference between the total fluid intake value and the calculated volume of HM. The spreadsheet allows for the introduction of a range of requirements based on the patient's metabolic status, and includes the option to calculate the required volume of expressed HM, which may be necessary in certain conditions such as MMA/PA and UCD. In cases in which breastfeeding on demand is feasible, the spreadsheet determines the daily amount of SF-AA divided over 6-8 feeds, assuming that SF-AA is administered first, followed by HM as needed. Intake data calculated by the spreadsheet should be evaluated in conjunction with data from clinical and nutritional analyses, which provide a comprehensive understanding of the patient's nutritional status and help guide individualized dietary management for the specific IEM.

Microplastics in branded milk: Dietary exposure and risk assessment

In this study, 14 packaged milk of various brands sold in the Türkiye market was examined. The microplastics were physically characterised under the microscope. Their vibrational spectra were recorded with the ATF/FT-IR technique at the range of 650–4000 cm-1. The polymer types were determined by matching the obtained spectra with the reference spectra. Daily and life time microplastic exposure by milk intake was calculated using the deterministic model. Microplastics were found in milk samples in two different shapes (fiber and fragment), five different polymers (ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyurethane and nylon-6) and six different colors (black, red, green, blue, brown, and gray). The mean number of microplastic in milk samples analysed was 6 ± 5 particles/L. The mean dietary exposure for age 15 and over were 0.21 particles/mL/day and 5289 particles/mL/70-years. A total of 64 % of milk samples analysed have a moderate level of microplastic contamination based on the microplastic contamination factor values. All milk samples have an average microplastic polymer risk index of 255 ± 733, which indicates a medium level of risk. The result of this study shows that microplastics are common in milks analysed which will be directly consumed by human. The result of this study provide evidence that milks were being contaminated by microplastics mostly during production process rather than through package and suggest that to reduce microplastic contamination in milk, every step must be improved, starting with basic production.

Evaluation of the frequency of consumption of various groups of dairy products by students of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia

BACKGROUND: Milk and dairy products are an important component of a balanced diet. Milk and dairy products deficiency contributes to the violation of the main health indicators of various age groups of the population.&#x0D; AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of consumption of various groups of dairy products by students.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: 388 full-time students of the Medical Institute of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia took part in the cross-sectional study. Of all the participants, 185 were men and 203 were women; the average age was (20.42.2) and (21.91.7) years, respectively. Anthropometric measurements were performed according to the standard program. The frequency of consumption of various groups of dairy products was studied using a modified questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of products.&#x0D; RESULTS: analysis of the questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of products demonstrated that approximately 14% of the respondents did not consume milk over the past month, about a third cottage cheese, 21% natural sour-milk products and 16% sour-milk products with various fillers. Hard cheeses and pickled cheeses are absent from daily food rations of 7% and 20% of respondents, respectively. Daily consumption was recorded as follows: milk 24% of respondents; cottage cheese 5%; fermented milk products (natural and with flavored) 9% and 8%, respectively; hard cheese 18%. The study also revealed gender differences in the characteristics of consumer preferences: women are less likely to consume cream, sour cream, soft cheese and milk. Among female students, the prevalence of overweight individuals was higher and amounted to 25% (n=50), while among male students 19% (n=35). A modest inverse relationship was found between daily milk intake and body weight, as well as between milk intake and body mass index (r=0.61 and r=0.65, respectively).&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: our study revealed insufficient consumption of milk and dairy products among students. The relationship between the frequency of their consumption and indicators of physical development was noted.

Milk intake and hip fracture incidence in community-dwelling old Icelandic adults.

This study describes associations between milk intake and hip fracture risk in older Icelanders. The data indicate that no/low milk consumption is related to greater hip fracture risk. Hip fracture can have a severe effect on the life of older adults. Health authorities recommend milk intake for better bone health. However, previous studies addressing this association have been divergent. This prospective study included 4614 subjects (mean age 76years) recruited between 2002 and 2006 into the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik (AGES-Reykjavik) study. Information on hip fractures occurring between recruitment and end of follow-up in 2012 was extracted from hospital records. A total of 14% of participants reported milk intake < 0.5 times/day (the lowest category) and 22% of the participants consumed at least milk two times/day (highest category). Milk consumption was positively related to the volumetric bone mineral density at baseline with a sex- and age-adjusted difference of 8.95 ± 2.5mg/cm3 between the highest compared to lowest milk intake categories (P < 0.001). During the follow-up, 7.4% of participants had a hip fracture, and we observed a decreased risk of incident hip fractures in the highest compared to the lowest milk intake category with a hazard ratio of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.47-0.99) in adjusted model. Further analysis indicated a linear relationship between milk intake and fracture risk (P-value for linear trend < 0.001). Milk intake is associated with a lower risk of incident hip fracture in a linear way in Icelandic community-dwelling older adults.

Measurement of the Thermic Effect of Food in a Chinese Mixed Diet in Young People

ObjectiveTo determine the thermic effect of food (TEF) in a Chinese mixed diet in young people. MethodsDuring the study, the participants were weighed and examined for body composition every morning. The total energy expenditure (TEE) of the participants was measured by the doubly labelled water method for 7 days, and during this period, basal energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity energy expenditure was measured by an accelerometer. The value obtained by subtracting basal energy expenditure and physical activity energy expenditure from TEE was used to calculate TEF. ResultsTwenty healthy young students (18–30 years; 10 male) participated in the study. The energy intake of the participants was not significantly different from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intake of energy (P > 0.05). The percentage of energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate were all in the normal range. The intakes of fruits, milk and dietary fiber of the participants were significantly lower than those in the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the body weight of the participants during the experiment (P > 0.05). When adjusted for body weight, there was no significant difference in either TEE or basal energy expenditure between the male and female participants (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in physical activity energy expenditure and TEF between the male and female participants (P > 0.05). The percentage of TEF in TEE was 8.73%. ConclusionThe percentage of TEF in TEE in a Chinese mixed diet in young people was significantly lower than 10% (P < 0.001). A value of 10% is usually considered to be the TEF in mixed diets as a percentage of TEE.

No Associations between Dairy Intake and Markers of Gastrointestinal Inflammation in Healthy Adult Cohort.

Dairy products are a good source of essential nutrients and past reviews have shown associations of dairy consumption with decreased systemic inflammation. Links between dairy intake and gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation are under-investigated. Therefore, we examined associations between reported dairy intake and markers of GI inflammation in healthy adults in a cross-sectional observational study, hypothesizing a negative association with yogurt intake, suggesting a protective effect, and no associations with total dairy, fluid milk, and cheese intake. Participants completed 24-h dietary recalls and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess recent and habitual intake, respectively. Those who also provided a stool sample (n = 295), and plasma sample (n = 348) were included in analysis. Inflammation markers from stool, including calprotectin, neopterin, and myeloperoxidase, were measured along with LPS-binding protein (LBP) from plasma. Regression models tested associations between dairy intake variables and inflammation markers with covariates: age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). As yogurt is episodically consumed, we examined differences in inflammation levels between consumers (>0 cup equivalents/day reported in recalls) and non-consumers. We found no significant associations between dairy intake and markers of GI inflammation. In this cohort of healthy adults, dairy intake was not associated with GI inflammation.

Maternal taurine as a modulator of Cl- homeostasis as well as of glycine/GABAA receptors for neocortical development.

During brain and spinal cord development, GABA and glycine, the inhibitory neurotransmitters, cause depolarization instead of hyperpolarization in adults. Since glycine and GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are chloride (Cl-) ion channel receptor, the conversion of GABA/glycine actions during development is influenced by changes in the transmembrane Cl- gradient, which is regulated by Cl- transporters, NKCC1 (absorption) and KCC2 (expulsion). In immature neurons, inhibitory neurotransmitters are released in a non-vesicular/non-synaptic manner, transitioning to vesicular/synaptic release as the neuron matures. In other word, in immature neurons, neurotransmitters generally act tonically. Thus, the glycine/GABA system is a developmentally multimodal system that is required for neurogenesis, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. The endogenous agonists for these receptors are not fully understood, we address taurine. In this review, we will discuss about the properties and function of taurine during development of neocortex. Taurine cannot be synthesized by fetuses or neonates, and is transferred from maternal blood through the placenta or maternal milk ingestion. In developing neocortex, taurine level is higher than GABA level, and taurine tonically activates GABAARs to control radial migration as a stop signal. In the marginal zone (MZ) of the developing neocortex, endogenous taurine modulates the spread of excitatory synaptic transmission, activating glycine receptors (GlyRs) as an endogenous agonist. Thus, taurine affects information processing and crucial developmental processes such as axonal growth, cell migration, and lamination in the developing cerebral cortex. Additionally, we also refer to the possible mechanism of taurine-regulating Cl- homeostasis. External taurine is uptake by taurine transporter (TauT) and regulates NKCC1 and KCC2 mediated by intracellular signaling pathway, with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) and its subsequent kinases STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response kinase-1 (OSR1). Through the regulation of NKCC1 and KCC2, mediated by the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling pathway, taurine plays a role in maintaining Cl- homeostasis during normal brain development.

Second order probabilistic assessment of chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin M1 in Serbia.

Considering the genotoxic and cancerogenic nature of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), its presence in milk and dairy products may pose health risks for consumers. The chronic exposure was calculated using a two-dimensional (second order) Monte Carlo model. Results of 13 722 milk and dairy product samples analysed in the 2015-2022 period were used. Milk and dairy products intake information was collected with a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) validated by a 24-h recall-based method. Risk characterization was done by calculation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and by calculation of AFM1 induced number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. Mean AFM1 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was highest in children at 0.336 (CI: 0.294-0.385) ng kg-1 bw day-1, followed by adolescents with 0.183 (CI: 0.164-0.204), then adult females with 0.161 (CI: 0.146-0.179) and finally adult males with lowest EDI of 0.126 (CI: 0.115-0.139) ng kg-1 bw day-1. MOE values based on mean EDI for all population groups were above risk associated threshold and the number of possible HCC cases was in the range of 0.0002-0.0021 cases per year for 105 individuals. The results suggest low health risks due to AFM1 exposure for the whole population. Still, this risk is not non-existent, especially for children as they have a higher ratio of the population exposed to risk associated AFM1 levels, with MOE values below risk indicating threshold starting at 77.5th percentile.

Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Influences Impact the Associations between Diet and Resting-State Functional Connectivity: A Study from the UK Biobank.

Red wine and dairy products have been staples in human diets for a long period. However, the impact of red wine and dairy intake on brain network activity remains ambiguous and requires further investigation. This study investigated the associations between dairy and red wine consumption and seven neural networks' connectivity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a sub-cohort of the UK Biobank database. Linear mixed models were employed to regress dairy and red wine consumption against the intrinsic functional connectivity for each neural network. Interactions with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors, including apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype, TOMM40 genotype, and family history of AD, were also assessed. More red wine consumption was associated with enhanced connectivity in the central executive function network and posterior default mode network. Greater milk intake was correlated with more left executive function network connectivity, while higher cheese consumption was linked to reduced posterior default mode network connectivity. For participants without a family history of Alzheimer's disease (AD), increased red wine consumption was positively correlated with enhanced left executive function network connectivity. In contrast, participants with a family history of AD displayed diminished network connectivity in relation to their red wine consumption. The association between cheese consumption and neural network connectivity was influenced by APOE4 status, TOMM40 status, and family history, exhibiting contrasting patterns across different subgroups. The findings of this study indicate that family history modifies the relationship between red wine consumption and network strength. The interaction effects between cheese intake and network connectivity may vary depending on the presence of different genetic factors.

Diet, physical activity, and UV protection comprehensively influenced vitamin D status in college students: a cross-section study from China

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency is one of the most prevalent health problems worldwide in all age groups, whereas vitamin D status of Chinese college students was seldom studied in China. The purpose of this study was to explore the vitamin D status in Chinese college freshmen and its influencing factors, providing evidence for nutrition strategy application.MethodsInformation including demographic status, diet habit, physical activity, and ultraviolet ray (UV) protection was collected by online questionnaire. Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were measured using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to explore the comprehensive influence of diet, physical activity and UV protection on serum 25(OH)D3 levels.ResultsTotally 1667 freshmen from 26 provinces, autonomous districts or municipalities, were recruited, with a mean age of 18.6 ± 0.9 years. The mean serum 25(OH)D3 levels were 18.1 ± 6.3 ng/mL and the proportion of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was 67.5% and 27.8%, respectively. Multivariate linear regression indicated that higher intake of milk and yogurt, calcium or vitamin D supplementation, and longer time of outdoor activity were positively linked to higher serum 25(OH)D3, while higher intake of candy and higher UV protection index were negatively associated with serum 25(OH)D3, after adjusted for age, gender, region of original residence, latitudes, longitude and BMI.ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency is very common in Chinese college students. Milk and yogurt intake and outdoor activity should be encouraged while candy intake should be limited for preventing vitamin D deficiency. Public health policies should focus on these changeable lifestyles and consider well-balanced guidelines on UV protection and vitamin D supplementation.

Food Sources of Animal Protein in Relation to Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality-Causal Associations or Confounding? An Analysis of the EPIC-Heidelberg Cohort.

While prior prospective iso-caloric substitution studies show a robust association between higher intake of animal protein and risk of mortality, associations observed for mortality risk in relation to major food sources of animal protein have been generally more diverse. We used the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort to examine if confounding, notably, by smoking, adiposity, or alcohol intake, could cause inconsistencies in estimated mortality hazard ratios (HR) related to intake levels of different types of meat and dairy products. Higher intakes of red or processed meats, and lower intakes of milk or cheese, were observed among current heavy smokers, participants with obesity, or heavy alcohol drinkers. Adjusting for age, sex, and total energy intake, risk models showed increased all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality with higher red or processed meat intakes (HR ranging from 1.25 [95% confidence interval = 1.15-1.36] to 1.76 [1.46-2.12] comparing highest to lowest tertiles), but reduced risks for poultry, milk, or cheese (HR ranging from 0.55 [0.43-0.72] to 0.88 [0.81-0.95]). Adjusting further for smoking history, adiposity indices, alcohol consumption, and physical activity levels, the statistical significance of all these observed was erased, except for the association of processed meat intake with cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.36 [CI = 1.13-1.64]) and cheese intake with cancer mortality (HR = 0.86 [0.76-0.98]), which, however, were substantially attenuated. These findings suggest heavy confounding and provide little support for the hypothesis that animal protein, as a nutrient, is a major determinant of mortality risk.

Effect of maternal food habits in periconceptional life with the occurrence of birth defects

Background: Maternal periconceptional period can be defined as the critical window surrounding the period of conception. The periconceptional period consists of preconception, conception, implantation, placentation and embryo or organogenesis stages, and specific cellular events that occur during the distinct stages of embryogenesis. On the other hand, birth defects are structural changes present at birth that can affect almost any part of the body. They may affect how the body looks, works, or both. This study aimed to find maternal food habits in periconceptional life with the occurrence of birth defects. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in both the Pediatric Surgery and Medicine Department of Dhaka Shishu (children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2012 to December 2013. In total 280 ‘0-364 days old infants’ were included as the study subjects and divided into two equal groups in number, cases having a structural birth defect and controls without any birth defect. A pretested questionnaire was introduced after getting informed written consent from the mothers. Data were analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 16.0 version, by univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses and were presented by tables and graphs. Results: In this study, most of the defects were distributed to the gastrointestinal system (18%), genito urinary system (16%), CVS (14%), NTD (13%), defect of the face (13%) and skull (11%). The isolated defect was in 80% of patients, multiple defects in 17% of patients and 3% syndromes were present. In this study, mothers ‘who took no meat/week’, ‘who took no fish/week’, ‘who took no egg/week’, ‘who took no milk/week’, experienced BD more and the difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) between the groups. However, mothers who took vegetables less than once/week experienced BD more frequently, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: In maternal food habits; less intake of meat, fish, milk and egg is significantly correlated with the occurrence of birth defects but there is not any significant correlation with vegetable intake.

한국 청소년의 인터넷 사용 수준이 건강상태(BMI)에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purposes of this study were to investigate the socio-demographics, health and dietary factors, and health status (BMI) of Korean adolescents according to their internet usage level, using data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Additionally, the study aimed to examine the relationship between internet usage level and the risk of obesity.&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, the raw data from the 2019 KYRBS was analyzed, and a total of 57,302 individuals were selected as the study subjects. To analyze the differences in socio-demographics, health and dietary factors, and health status (BMI) according to the level of internet usage, Rao-Scott χ2 test was used, and logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk of obesity according to internet usage level.&#x0D; Results This study found that adolescents who overused the internet were more likely to be female, middle school students, and have lower parental education and economic status. They also showed unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors, including high alcohol consumption, low physical activity, irregular breakfast, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, inadequate milk and water intake, excessive consumption of sugary drinks and fast food, and rely on convenience food instead of regular meals. They had a higher risk of obesity compared to non-internet users.&#x0D; Conclusions This study was able to explain the association between internet usage level and obesity, and found that the group that overused the internet had a higher risk of obesity compared to the group that non-internet users.

The cow’s milk allergy that wasn’t: allergy to supplemental oral lactase enzyme

BackgroundAllergy to supplemental lactase is sparsely reported in the literature with only one prior case of anaphylaxis documented [2]. Reactions to this agent can occur following cow’s milk ingestion which could lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy in the absence of another explanation.Case presentationOur patient, a 48-year-old male with eczema, exercise-induced asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, presented with four episodes of systemic reactions characterized by mucosal swelling and asthma symptoms following ice-cream exposure. It was later recognized that he had been taking a lactase enzyme supplement just prior to all of his reactions. Epicutaneous testing was strongly positive to a saline slurry of the lactase supplement he had been using. The patient has been avoiding supplemental lactase since with no subsequent reactions.DiscussionOur patient was diagnosed with an allergy to supplemental lactase enzyme on the basis of convincing Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated symptoms and positive skin testing. He continued to eat cow’s milk products, ruling out an IgE-mediated allergy to cow’s milk. In the literature, there is one prior case of anaphylaxis documented. Another case of localized oropharyngeal symptoms described in the literature was thought to be a form of oral allergy syndrome as the patient had positive epicutaneous testing to Aspergillus oryzae-derived lactase as well as Aspergillus species. Occupational sensitization, rhinitis/asthma, and protein contact dermatitis have also been detailed in the literature. Although rare, this case highlights the importance of a thorough history of over-the-counter supplements when assessing a patient with features of anaphylaxis.