Military Treaties Research Articles

Software Methodologies and War Strategies

Innovation is permanent in all fields of human activity. Strategy and tactics adopted by one discipline may be used to communicate through disciplines or may be transposed and adapted in other fields. The contemporary activity of software development brought to emerging different methodologies that exercise their influence to other fields and may be applied in other disciplines. On the other hand, as people showed the highest inventiveness in attacking and conquering others, the basic military notions are used across disciplines. Adapting the attacking and war strategies to different fields resulted naturally. The article will examine the trans-disciplinary communication through the Agile incremental methodology and similarities between its application in software development and adopting it in different fields. We'll analyze how to transpose to other fields Agile concepts as adding business value and getting to the business goals, conducting the work the incremental and non-incremental way, and how the basic concepts from Agile are used beyond their original creation, through other disciplines. The article also analyzes war strategies and the possibility to apply them to other disciplines, with extended references to one of the most renowned military treaties, Sun Tzu's The Art of War. We'll investigate what things as initial estimations, attack by stratagem, tactical dispositions, energy, weak points, and strong points, maneuvering, variation in tactics, the army on the march, terrain, arriving on unknown ground, concrete situations on the ground, the use of spies or the attack by fire may mean to communicate across disciplines.

Agile Methodology and War Strategies

The history of humankind offers lots of remarkable ideas and innovations in strategy and tactics. There is no area where people have shown more inventiveness than defending themselves or attacking and conquering others. On the other hand, the Agile methodology emerged from software development, where it tried to provide support for the successful organization of delivery projects, that have to fight and conquer the complexity. This article evidences similarities between the Agile methodology and attacking and war strategies, making extended references to one of the most renowned military treaties: Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Making inter-disciplinary analogies, comparing and contrasting the concepts from different disciplines are at the core of this article. We'll investigate what things as initial estimations, attack by stratagem, tactical dispositions, energy, weak points, and strong points, maneuvering, variation in tactics, the army on the march, terrain, arriving on unknown ground, concrete situations on the ground, the use of spies, or what the attack by fire may mean in software development. We'll analyze how these war strategy concepts transpose to Agile concepts like adding business value, getting to the business goals, managing complexity, conducting the work the incremental and non-incremental way.

Commentary

Commentary

The Burden, the Craving, the Tool. The Provisioning of the 10th Century Byzantine Army in the Light of Leo’s Tactica and Sylloge Tacticorum

It seems obvious that 10th century was a period in which the Byzantine polemology flourished once again, before it collapsed one hundred years later. During that period numerous authors of Byzantine military treaties instructed imperial commanders how to wage war. Among many issues organization of the campaign was always an important aspect. In this paper I will try to clarify selected problems. First, I will try to specify what the soldiers ate on a daily basis. Next, I will determine to what extent the provisioning system met the expectations and needs of the Byzantines fighting for the empire. With the help of Tactica and Sylloge Tacticorum, I will try to explain how the rations were gathered, transported and protected. Finally, I will specify how the supplies were utilized not only as a means of nourishment, but also as a tool of war. The following research was carried out on the basis of military treaties from the 10th century, since this time was the peak of Byzantine military revival. Although I mainly base my research on the work of Leon the Wise and the anonymous treaty known as Sylloge Tacticorum, I also occasionally refer to other works, such as Peri Strategias, De velitatione and Praecepta Militaria.

History of Hellenic-Serbian (Yugoslav) alliances from Karageorge to the Balkan Pact 1817-1954

The paper provides a review of efforts to make Serbian-Hellenic alliances and formal agreements since the last years of Karageorge?s life within the context of the relations between Serbia and Greece, and later between Yugoslavia and Greece. The circumstances that led to the signing of six formal alliances have been analysed including their content and scope. Out of the six alliances, four were bilateral, and two were Balkan (1934, 1953/54). All of them have been reviewed both in the bilateral and Balkan context. The following agreements have been analysed: The Treaty of Alliance and the Military Treaty from 1867/68, The Treaty of Alliance of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Hellenic Kingdom and the Military Convention of June 1, 1913, The Pact of Friendship, Conciliation and Judicial Settlement between Yugoslavia and Greece of 1929, the Balkan Pact (the Balkan Entente) of 1934, The Treaty on the Balkan Union between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Hellenic Kingdom of January 1942, the Balkan Pact of 1953/54. The issues related to the struggle of Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria about Macedonia and the question of the Serbian Free Zone of Salonica have also been discussed, as well as mutual relations during the Great War and at the beginning of the Cold War.

A Perspetiva Polemológica Quinhentista da Arenga Militar

Na Antiguidade, os grandes generais viram na exortação das tropas um poderoso aliado contra o inimigo, como o comprovam os tratados militares de Onassandro ou Vegécio. Pelas suas qualidades impressivas, os historiógrafos greco-romanos inseriram a arenga militar nos seus relatos, reelaborando-a retoricamente, num tempo em que a historiografia se aproximou da retórica. Em pleno século do Renascimento, tempo marcado pela pirobalística e pela crescente profissionalização dos exércitos, os tratados militares coevos continuam a propor aos comandos militares o recurso à exortação e à motivação das tropas. Se assinalar este facto já seria importante, a verdade é que a perspetiva polemológica militar quinhentista da arenga militar surge enriquecida com os contextos de pronunciação e os topoi retóricos consagrados pela tradição literária clássica. Assim, neste artigo e de forma transversal, identificamos os tópicos retóricos que os tratados militares escritos por Maquiavel, Fernando Oliveira e Scarion de Pavia prescrevem aos generais antes ou durante uma batalha, inserindo-os na respetiva filiação retórico-historiográfica. Procuraremos demonstrar que a arenga militar, nestes tratados, estará, nos tópicos e nos contextos de pronunciação, mais comprometida com a historiografia clássica do que com a coeva tratadística antiga. Originária do meio castrense, reelaborada retoricamente no silêncio do gabinete do historiógrafo, regressa, no século XVI, ao seu ambiente original, enriquecida e adaptada a diferentes contextos bélicos. É um estudo inédito da importância que a arte militar do século XVI conferia ainda à pronunciação de uma arenga militar, como forma de galvanização dos soldados para a guerra.

Armia rzymska… ale jaka? O wiarygodności uwag Polybiosa z Megalopolis na temat organizacji exercitus Romanus

In the common opinion of the classicists Polybios’ Historiae are considered to be an extremely reliable source for the reconstruction of the Republican Roman army organization. The problem is he did not have the declared military experience, but also did not always describe what he actually saw. In the sixth book of Historiae there are some ideal-type suggestions which are the legacy of a specific literary genre called tactica. Polybios was one of the authors of this kind of military treaties. What is more, in the other fragments of his work he committed an archaization, presenting the image of the Roman armed forces probably from the fourth century BC. All this makes that uncritical taking of his arguments may lead to distortions in the image of the studied subject.

BRANDUOLINIO GINKLO NENAUDOJIMO NORMA IR ATGRASYMAS: KONCEPCIJŲ SĄVEIKA JAV ATVEJU

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos branduolinio ginklo nenaudojimo normos ir branduolinio atgrasymo strategijos (ne)suderinamumo galimybės. Siekiant išgryninti teorinius koncepcijų sąveikos variantus, pirmojoje straipsnio daly­je atliekama teorinė konstruktyvistinės normų bei realistinei srovei priskiria­mos atgrasymo teorijos analizė. Išskiriant galimo koncepcijų suderinamumo ir ryškiausios priešpriešos taškus, konstruojamas tam tikras teorinis rėmas empirinei JAV atvejo analizei, kuri pateikiama antrojoje straipsnio dalyje. Tyrimas, grindžiamas kokybine turinio analize, atskleidė, kad nagrinėjamu 2009–2015 metų laikotarpiu JAV branduolinio ginklo nenaudojimo norma dėl dinamikos įgijo tradicijos formą. Ši normos forma palieka nedidelę bran­duolinio ginklo panaudojimo galimybę, kuri yra būtina atgrasymui. Taip bent teoriškai išsprendžiamas koncepcijų suderinamumo klausimas. Tačiau dėl tokio nenatūralaus nenaudojimo normos ir atgrasymo derinimo labiausiai nukenčia atgrasymo patikimumo elementas, o tai JAV branduolinę laikyseną paverčia neaiškia ir ateityje gali kelti tam tikrą grėsmę.

Dependent Militarization And Africa’s Security: Analysis Of Nigeria And United States Relations.

International politics are characterized by global military capitalism, a situation which inspires hegemons to determine the direction of the militarization programme of peripheral countries. In this study we examine the military pact between Nigeria and the United States of America. Using empirical indicators such as U.S trade and investment in Nigeria; U.S. military aid to Nigeria; incapacity of the Nigerian state to enforce international law; incapacity of the Nigerian government to mediate conflict between international actors and host communities. The study posits that Nigeria and United States government military treaty undermines the Nigeria’s government capacity to enforce the liability of U.S. Corporations for the violations of international law in Nigeria.

Eljas Oksanen. Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066–1216.

In Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066–1216, Eljas Oksanen adopts a transnational approach, paying particular attention to cultural and military practices, economic interactions, the movement of peoples, and diplomatic interactions. He argues that Flanders was a linchpin between France, Germany, and the Anglo-Norman regnum. The book is organized topically in seven chapters: “Power and Politics in Flanders and the Anglo-Norman Regnum,” “Military Treaties and Diplomatic Culture,” “Anglo-Flemish Diplomacy,” “Tournaments in Anglo-Flemish Society,” “The Politics of Cross-Channel Commerce,” “Flemish Immigration to England,” and “Social Identity and the Image of Flemings in England.” The first chapter is an excellent summary of English-Flemish-French politics from the ninth through the early thirteenth century. Oksanen demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the secondary literature and provides a nice overview of the political history. This chapter sets the stage for the heart of this book, chapters two through four. Oksanen argues that the Anglo-Norman-Flemish treaties were primarily military agreements that provided the Anglo-Norman kings stipendiaries (paid military men rather than vassals) who were drawn primarily from Artois and southern Flanders. The annual money fief paid by the Anglo-Norman king was the equivalent of the daily wage for the stipulated number of stipendiaries the Flemish count promised to provide. Three themes—fidelity, friendship alliance, and an inequality of power—dominate these military-diplomatic agreements of the twelfth century, which started out as pragmatic and flexible and became more symbolic over time. The treaties themselves were the formal outcomes of extended discussions conducted by trusted envoys who carried gifts and messages between the two rulers. These envoys were noble men and women who had land and family ties in each region. An important argument in this chapter is that the money fiefs provided the recurring gain that sustained political friendship and were “the principal diplomatic mechanism by which the kings of England attempted to consolidate their influence in the southern Low Countries, among the comital rulers and baronial aristocracy alike” (p. 92).

Treaty Law Through a Military Lens: A 'Full Spectrum' Insight into US Treaty Practice

Article VI of the U.S. Constitution indicates that treaties ratified by the United States shall be supreme law of the land, giving this category of international law binding effect identical to that of statutes enacted by Congress. Unlike statutes, however, treaty law involves a distinct process of formation, ratifications, implementation, and interpretation. And, because treaties involve committing the nation to international obligations, it is self-evident they have a significant impact on the authority of the nation to pursue national security objectives abroad.One area of U.S. policy especially impacted by treaty law is military affairs. Indeed, the only treaties currently ratified by every nation in the world are devoted to limiting the harmful consequences of armed hostilities: the four Geneva Conventions of 1949. Because treaties have such a ubiquitous relationship with military affairs, this component of national power provides a useful lens through which to explore U.S. treaty practice. This article provides this exploration, using the context of military affairs to illuminate various aspects of U.S. treaty practice. Because military related treaties implicate every aspect of treaty practice, this treatment provides a comprehensive survey of this practice with the consistent context of one area of U.S. national security policy. This not only explains the treaty making and implementation process, but also illustrates how treaty law impacts even the most vital national security policies of the nation.

DIE REHOBOTH-BASTERS EN DIE VESTIGING VAN DUITSE GESAG IN DUITSSUIDWES- AFRIKA, 1884-1905

A coherent group of people of mixed European and native ancestry left the Northwestern Cape Colony in 1868 and in 1870 settled in Rehoboth and its environment in the territory which later became known as German South- West Africa. By virtue of the German-Baster Friendship and Protection Treaty of Septeber 1885, the already acquired freedom and rights of these Basters were to a large extent confirmed. The Basters were however increasingly used by the Germans to assist them in subjugating the indigenous inhabitants. The Basters were furthermore, by means of the Military Treaty of 26 July 1895, bound to do military service. During the period 1893 to 1905 the Rehoboth Basters rendered valuable military assistance to the Germans in establishing their colonial rule.

The Wages of Affluence: The High-Rise Housewife in Japanese Sex Films

This essay considers how ideas about liberation flourished in Japanese sex films in the 1970s by exploring the genre of the housewife film as it traverses industrial contexts. Liberation was abandoned by melancholic male intellectuals after the 1970 failure to halt Japan's military treaty with the US and the crisis of a 1972 hostage incident. These early 1970s events were seen by denizens of mass media as well as intellectuals to signal the end of radical politics. However, treatments of liberation viewed through the lenses of gender, sexuality, and complicity thrived in sex films, especially films that featured the popular trope of the housewife. Both low-budget “pink films” and more lushly produced, experimental roman poruno narrative films by Nikkatsu, Japan's oldest studio, put the housewife at the center of their stories and used the housewife's dwelling in modernist architecture to advance their critique of “managed life” during postwar economic growth. My readings focus on films by pink auteur Wakamatsu Kōji as well as roman poruno directors that feature residents of danchi — Japanese high-rise apartment complexes built to solve the postwar housing shortage. Wakamatsu maps the danchi landscape as something that regiments and confines human life and conceals illicit activities despite its pretensions to rationalization. In contrast, the Nikkatsu productions depict a critique of managed life that includes both sexes and implicates the built environment through dependence and complicity, not rebellion or resistance. Both, however, use the danchi wife to frame their broader social critiques. This essay argues that far from being the end of politics, sex films see liberation in intimate formal relation to postwar political and economic realities. Finally, I argue that sex films display surprising common ground with radical feminist discourses and discourses on landscape that emerged in an era otherwise known for political fatigue.

Le vocabulaire du commandement dans les traités militaires

The vocabulary of command is analyzed in four different military treaties : On the cavalry commander by Xenophon, Poliorketica by Aeneas Tacticus, Tactics by Asclepiodotus and The General by Onasander. The terms which best define three of the aspects of command – i. e. to command (status and position of the one who commands), to order and to be obeyed – are purified from their original polysemy between the fourth century BC and the first century AD and thanks to quasi-technical specialized meanings, gradually highlight the orders and their execution more than the status of the one who commands.

International security and the United States: an encyclopedia

Shaped by often very dramatic events, international security and the international system have changed significantly in recent years. The conclusion of the Cold War, the emergence of new political systems, the growth of significant threats such as terrorism, and the development of new security doctrines have driven global transformation. These volumes provide detailed information on countries from every geographic region and continent on the globe, evaluating their relationship with the United States and measuring the potential security threats posed by each. The contributors consider factors such as geography and history; the political systems of each state; their human rights records; the ability to maintain law and order and provide security within their own borders; the impact of current administrations, rulers, or regimes on a nation's foreign policy; and the regional factors that often dictate local politics, in order to make their assessments. All of the entries in this set follow a standardized outline and present a concise, but detailed assessment of each country. Each entry begins with a discussion of geography through which the contributors identify the state's natural resources, environmental issues, and the extent of its territorial jurisdiction. The focus then shifts to social and political organizations. Populations are broken down by not only numbers, but by ethnic and religious affilitations, access to health care, education, housing, and income. All of those aspects are often a reflection of the system of government in place. Like the United States, those governments are comprised of different parties or leaders with various interests. The contributors assess those entities and interests within each country. They measure the ways in which factors of religion, nationalism, and globalism impact and shape not only domestic policies but also foreign policy, and, ultimately, the country's relationship to the United States. Other areas, such as military organizations and activities, records on human rights and justice (recognition of and adherence to international conventions), and national attitudes towards security are also considered. Every entry also includes an assessment of current and potential security issues and an analysis of current terrorist threats that may already be in place or that are beginning to develop in various nations. Each entry concludes with a summary of current relationships with the United States. Those relationships are defined by the indentification and brief analysis of formal trade, aid, or military treaties in place between the United States and other nations, the general attitude of a nation's citizenry and its government towards the U.S., and, finally, indentifying any social and cultural links between nations and the U.S. (migration patterns, language, economies). Finally, possible changes and trends that will impact security issues are identified by the contributors. Taken in their entirety, these encyclopedias contain a wealth of information in a concise format that will serve as a valuable reference guide not only for specialists, but general readers as well.

Diplomacia y guerra en el Mediterráneo medieval. La liga véneto-aragonesa contra Génova de 1351

In January 1351, the Crown of Aragon and Venice signed a military treaty against the Republic of Genova. This essay analyses the chapters of this alliance, together with two Offices that the Crown of Aragon sent to the Court of Venice a propos of the renegotiation of a series of aspects that had not been sufficiently contemplated in the treaties of 1351. This analysis will be dealt with in the context of the political and commercial relations that characterised the Great Powers in the Mediterranean area during the XIV century.

Children of the stones: The Intifada and the mythic creation of the Palestinian state

This essay explores the rhetorical significance of the 1987–1993 Palestinian uprising known as the “Intifada.” Eschewing traditional notions of nationalism that focus on military conquest or diplomatic treaties, the authors argue that the “children of the stones” use mythic tales as a way of creating a collective identity, a historical tradition, and a Palestinian nation. Building on the work of other communication scholars, the essay claims that symbolic constructions were an important part of the persuasive efforts of Palestinians who sought to mobilize support for the Intifada.

The Soviet Union and the pacific century

As a country that embraces much territory in Asia, Russia's interest in the Pacific goes a long way back into history, and it has recently been revived under Gorbachev. Yet a number of obstacles threaten to prevent the Soviet Union from playing its potential role, concerning the country's relationships with and attitudes towards other states in the region: the United States, a rival power in the Pacific as well as in Europe, whose evident attempts to establish military treaties in the Pacific cause concern in Moscow; China, whose reforms threaten to challenge the USSR as a socialist model; Japan, now a highly influential economic superpower in the Pacific; and the smaller states, including the USSR's allies in Indo‐China and the far east. Given the complexities of the various bilateral relationships, the Soviet Union cannot easily match its actions and policies to its aspirations to perform as a Pacific great power.