Military Implications Research Articles

The chariot rite at Onchestos:Homeric Hymn to Apollo229-38

AbstractThe Onchestos passage in theHomeric Hymn to Apollo(229-38) has been discussed extensively, most usefully by A. Schachter (BICS23 (1976) 102-14) and G. Roux (REG 77(1964) 1-22). Further consideration of the disputed verbal forms in lines 235 and 236 and the plurals of 233-6 suggests that the plurals do indeed indicate a two-horse chariot team but that the presence of a team is not incompatible with the test of a single colt, and that if a chariot is wrecked by the unguided horses, it is righted and leftin situ(with the horses removed) while prayers of supplication are made to Poseidon. The events referred to are interpreted as elements of a religious ritual with explicit military implications, dating from the Mycenaean period. It is, however, noted that a Babylonian ritual parallel might suggest a Near Eastern (and possibly non-military) origin.

Reply to “Comment on “Tracing the origins of the Lamont Observatory”rdquo; An added perspective on the development of the “B.T.”

Columbus Iselin indeed was the first person convinced that the temperature must have an effect on sound propagation that would have military implications. He had organized experiments for a number of intensity range runs made in the Caribbean between U.S.S. Semmes and Atlantis in 1938 under many conditions. He also had temperature‐depth‐salinity measurements recorded simultaneously at each location. The interpretation of the results was unclear.

Towards an Ideal Weapon? Military and Political Implications of the Airborne and Space-based Lasers

(2001). Towards an Ideal Weapon? Military and Political Implications of the Airborne and Space-based Lasers. Defense Analysis: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 73-87.

Towards an Ideal Weapon? Military and Political Implications of the Airborne and Space-based Lasers

Towards an Ideal Weapon? Military and Political Implications of the Airborne and Space-based Lasers

THE UNION AND THE MILITARY, 1801–c.1830

AbstractWHEN writing his monumental history of the British army, Sir John Fortescue devoted just two paragraphs to the military implications of the Union. He noted that Union greatly simplified British military affairs in general and that this was an excellent thing for historians, driven to distraction by the confusing archival situation produced by the pre-Union military relationship of the two countries. The Irish military historian, Sir Henry McAnally, was equally succinct, merely remarking that `military matters had not bulked largely in the Union debates'. In ways they were both right. Although none of the eight articles of the Union refer to the army, it was understood that the assimilation principle, which regulated other branches of the public service and the church, would apply to the army. Yet, beneath and perhaps because of the delusive brevity of these bare facts, lies a seriously under-researched subject with wider ramifications, both in the short and longer term. Before these issues can be developed, it is first necessary to set the context by describing the pre-Union military background Ireland and then outlining the formal changes wrought by the Union.

The US military profession into the twenty-first century: war, peace and politics

Part 1: The U.S. Military in a Fragmented World 1. War, Peace, Politics 2. The Military Profession Part 2: American Society and the Military 3. Politics and the Military: A Historical Introduction 4. Civil-Military Relations 5. Civilian and Military Cultures 6. The National Security System Part 3: The New World Order and the Utility of Military Force 7. The New World Order: Military Implications 8. US Strategy and National Interests 9. From Old War to New War 10. Military Force and Operational Parameters 11. Force Structure and Doctrine: Mainstream Military and Special Operations Forces Part 4: Conclusions 12. The President: Civilian and Military Cultures 13. Constructive Political Engagement 14. Into the Twenty-First Century

The Real Military Revolution

military implications of new organizational sciences that examine internetted, nonhierarchical versus hierarchical management models are yet to be fully understood. TRADOC Pam 525-5, Force XXI Operations [1] Digitization of the battlefield is producing a in military affairs, but not the one the architects of the military future have in mind. It is occurring because the American military, more than any other, has seized on the digital information and is adapting it for combat as rapidly as possible. Using a carefully networked array of sensors, shooters, and automated information systems, the US armed forces expect to dominate 21st-century battlefields. Farther down the road, beyond 2010, the Army expects to marry these knowledge-rich attributes to new speed and agility, and to the increased range and lethality of new weapons. [2] These innovations are to become not merely part of, but the basis for, day-to-day military operations. What is likely to happen, however, is more than just a new way to conduct old business. The work of complexity theorists (notably Andrew Ilachinski, Margaret Wheatley, and J. M. Epstein) suggests that something wholly new is going on. [3] In this case, revolution is not just a metaphor for rapid change. It really is a in the basic sense, a new order of things that is sweeping away the old order whether we want it to or not. The implications of these new electronic networks for the structure of human institutions, including armies, are far more profound and far-reaching than most commentators seem to recognize. Dr. Wheatley, a behavioral theorist, put it this way: They [the US Army] have the technology to move information down to the lowest level so that it is possible for the men inside tanks to have as much information as their commanders have.... But once you give that information to tank crews, and they start working for their own safety, their own victory, how are they going to respond to commands from above? And what happens to battle strategy? Is it in the head of the commander, or do you just train the crews and let them figure it out for themselves as the situation demands? [4] Dr. Wheatley focuses on the decisionmaking questions posed by widespread use of automated information systems on the battlefield. This is a serious question, but it becomes urgent when the expected speed, agility, and lethality of the 21st-century Army is added to the equation. The urgency is generated not only by the ongoing digitizing of headquarters or large crewed vehicles such as tanks, but also by the effort to ensure that even individual soldiers are wired into the digital battlefield. [5] One important outcome of this may be the destruction of the long-standing, traditional military hierarchy. If so, one of the important instruments of this destruction could be the Land Warrior system, a set of personal information components designed to make individual soldiers an integral part of the digital battlefield by connecting them with Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below--the computer system and software at the heart of the Army's digitization effort. [6] The Land Warrior system in its test and evaluation version includes a helmet eyepiece that folds down, presenting a computer screen or the display from a combination sighting system and video camera on the soldier's rifle. A personal computer and two radio systems are worn underneath the rucksack. On the chest strap of the soldier's ballistic protection vest is a folding handgrip that acts as a computer mouse, allowing him to operate the radios and manipulate his computer. Land Warrior's capabilities are impressive, but they are directed toward traditional battlefield functions such as quicker response times, better reconnaissance, faster communications, more accurate artillery, and so forth. [7] All this will undoubtedly happen, but it won't happen in isolation. …

Disease and security: The effect of emerging and re‐emerging diseases

This article examines the role of emerging new and re‐emerging diseases in the failure of the ‘Health for All by 2000’ concept. The gap between infection and control has widened instead of closing, which has definite military and security implications. It is argued that there is a direct link between disease and the social order, and that the traditional view of development first, followed by an increase in health status, must change. However, the political will and the necessary resources to combat emerging and re‐emerging diseases are still lacking in many countries. Through the improper use of treatments and dosages, most notably antibiotics, new strains of previously eradicated diseases are appearing. Added to this are new patterns of relationships between man, his environment and the occurrence of disease leading to new diseases making their appearance. There is a direct relationship between war and disease, making disease something with political, military and security relevance. The aspect of intelligence which has the task of predicting the future, now has to take note of the occurrence of disease and its effects.

Development of a Civil Military Interface in Europe for Galileo

Satellite navigation has demonstrated its ability to enhance the safety and efficiency of multi-modal transport systems and act as a stimulant to economic growth and commercial development. The decision of the Transport Ministers to proceed with the definition stage of Galileo currently being funded by the European Commission and the ESA GalileoSat programme will include the complex question of security and defence considerations. Initial studies were completed over the past year in a Civil Military Interface study and by the GNSS Forum for Security and Defence Considerations. This paper presents the findings of the Civil Military Interface study undertaken for the European Commission, DGVII, that identified the security and military implications of a civil operated and controlled satellite navigation service for Europe.

You Can't Be Serious!

Jim Cotter frames this paper in the form of a one-sided conversation with Michael Vasey about two particular phrases that Vasey was responsible for in the current Anglican liturgy. The first comes from the baptismal rite and talks of the candidate submitting themselves to Christ as Lord. By reference to marriage and other liturgical contexts, Cotter asks whether this is an appropriate image for the twenty-first century, especially in the light of the debate about sexual abuse. The second phrase is taken from the Easter liturgy and talks of light invading the darkness. Once again Cotter challenges the military implications of this language and the negative associations that such a phrase gives to ‘darkness’ Cotter makes a call for far more careful reflection on the use of language in worship and offers a number of alternative suggestions of his own.

THE CHOPPY TAIWAN STRAIT: CHANGING POLITICAL AND MILITARY ISSUES

Abstract Analysis of the Taiwan Strait is not merely geographic. It can also be studied from a purely political and military perspective, a political perspective with military implications, or a military perspective with political implications. This paper analyzes important issues, such as who owns the Taiwan Strait since August 1945? Can we treat the strait as the high seas? Is there a median line or equidistance line in the strait? Was the middle line broken in March 1996 during the strait crisis? Can the strait be closed, for example, by building artificial islands or a bridge? Can either Beijing or Taipei set up military zones in the strait? Does the strait help or impede Chinese reunification? What is the difference between “innocent passage” and “transit passage” by naval or merchant ships in the strait? Does the Review of Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Cooperation (RGJUDC) include the Taiwan Strait? This paper suggests an alternative of “Strait for Peace” with Chinese reunification in mind by prop...

A common security and NOD regime for the Asia‐pacific?

This article falls into two parts: First, a theoretical introduction to common (or cooperative) security and its military implications, i.e. ‘non‐offensive defence’ (NOD). Secondly, an analysis of the implications for the Asia‐Pacific ‘region’, subdivided into three ‘security complexes’: North‐East Asia (NEA), South‐East Asia (SEA) and the Pacific (PAC). Even though the region as a whole (with the partial exception of NEA) is not found to be excessively militarized, some destabilizing trends are identified. Presumably, a switch to NOD would help keep the Asia‐Pacific pacific. To this end, a number of concrete suggestions are advanced, pertaining both to the political relations among states and to their military postures, nuclear as well as conventional.

Small is beautiful: The case against the enlargement of NATO

NATO enlargement is the topic of the moment, the apparently obvious key to settling Europe's post‐Cold War security dilemmas. But with Russia voicing increasingly strong concerns over Western expansion in to what it sees as still its sphere of influence in the near abroad’, Sir John Killick argues that those advocating enlargement have not thought through the consequences or weighed up the risks sufficiently. Both the political and military implications of drawing in disparate and ill‐prepared new nations are, he asserts, far more dramatic and potentially harmful than is being acknowledged, creating a new dividing line in Europe. In positing the alternative of regional and bilateral security ties outside NATO, he argues for flexibility with stability to reconcile the many competing and contradictory factors. He concludes that damaging the existing Alliance by precipitate expansion will guarantee security to no‐one.

The struggle for sovereignty: relations between Great Britain and Jordan, 1946-1951

Part I: The Way to Independence Anglo-Transjordan Relations 1920-1946. Creating Transjordan. The First Years of the Principality. Suppressed Ambitions. Problems in Palestine. The Second World War. Abdullah's Efforts to Accomplish Greater Syria and Transjordanian Independence. The Implications of the Second World War on British Policy in the Middle East. TransJordanian Independence and the Anglo-Transjordan Treaty of 1946. Part II: From Independence to War 1946-1948. 1. Britain's Post-War Policy and its Influence on Transjordan. Britain Abandons Position in the Mediterranean. Britain's Decision to Leave Palestine. Abdullah's Regional Policies. 2. The Path to the 1948 War. Abdullah's Plan to Intervene in Palestine and to Expand Transjordan. The 1948 War's Prelude Abdullah Clears the Way to Expand Transjordan. The Bevin-Abulhuda Meeting. The Anglo-Transjordan Treaty of 1948. Final Political Preparations Before the War. Part III: War in Palestine. 1. Britain and the Arab Legion Before the 1948 War. Reorganization Before and During the Second World War. The Arrival of New British Officers. The Arab Legion Before the 1948 War. British Arms Supply to the Legion. 2. The Role of British Officers in the Arab Legion During the 1948 War. The Arab Legion Enters Palestine. The Battle of Jerusalem. The Withdrawal of British Officers and the British Embargo on Arms. The Ten Days Fighting. The British Officers' Conduct of War. Conceptions and Misperceptions. Part IV: The End of the War. 1. British Military Assistance to Transjordan in Case of an Israeli Attack. The Question of Implementing the Anglo-Transjordan Treaty. Debating the Question of British Military Assistance to Transjordan. Britain Prepares Military Assistance to Transjordan. The Negev and Aqaba. The Last Accord. 2. The Negotiations Between Transjordan and Israel as a Test. Case of Transjordan's Sovereignty. Renewal of Negotiations: June-November 1948. Towards and Armistice Agreement: November 1948 - April 1949. Abdullah Attempts to Achieve Legitimacy in Arab Palestine. Britain Changes its Policy: November-December 1948. Negotiations and Ultimatum: December 1948. Renewal of Direct Meetings Between the King and the Israelis. The Border in Samaria. Part V: End of an Era, 1949-1951. 1. Annexation of the West Bank and Post-War Political, Military, and Economical Implications. Timing the Annexation the British Perspective. Military Implications of Annexation in Light of the Anglo-Transjordan Treaty. The Annexation of the West Bank. Political Implications of the Annexation to the Anglo-Jordanian Relations. Jordan's Economic Problem. Greater Syria. Union with Iraq. 2. The British Assistance to the Legion. British Military Plans for the Reorganization of the Arab Legion. The British Subsidy for 1949/50 and the Question of Expanding or Reducing the Size of the Arab Legion. Renewal of Arms Deliveries. (Part Contents).

China: The Next Economic Superpower. By William H. Overholt. [London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993. 293 pp. £18.95. ISBN 0–297–82165–2.] - China Changes Shape: Regionalism and Foreign Policy. By Gerald Segal. [London: Brasseys for the International Institute of Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper 287. 72 pp. £10.50, $17.00. ISSN 05567–932X. ISSN 1–85753–1.] - China in Transition: Changing Conditions and Implications for U.S.

China: The Next Economic Superpower. By William H. Overholt. [London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993. 293 pp. £18.95. ISBN 0–297–82165–2.] - China Changes Shape: Regionalism and Foreign Policy. By Gerald Segal. [London: Brasseys for the International Institute of Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper 287. 72 pp. £10.50, $17.00. ISSN 05567–932X. ISSN 1–85753–1.] - China in Transition: Changing Conditions and Implications for U.S.

The Politics of Global Marginalization

This paper examines the impact of Western foreign policy on African states in the post-containment era. Section I provides a general overview of Western foreign policy in Africa towards the end of the Cold War. Section II explores the political and economic consequences of perestroika on African states. Section III discusses the political, military and economic implications of the demise of communism in Eastern Europe on both national and regional politics in the subcontinent. Section IV argues that the consolidation of power by the industrialized countries of the North, and the deepening economic crises in Africa has marginalized African states in the new world order. With specific emphasis on Africa, the final section critically examines the structural framework and philosophical basis of this new order.

The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms

The main interlacustrine kingdoms have been presented, on the evidence of their royal genealogies recalling up to thirty reigns, as stretching back to a ‘Chwezi’ period some five centuries ago. This view was promoted especially in the Kitara zone, comprising Bunyoro and regions to its south and, as a close linguistic grouping, extending to Nkore, Karagwe and Buhaya. Rwanda to the south-west and Buganda to the east, though each rather distinct, share some of the same cultural and traditional features. In the central Kitara zone it has been further argued that the ‘Chwezi’ period is represented by various impressive archaeological sites – hilltop shrines, notably at Mubende, with special and archaic objects; complex earthwork enclosures at Bigo and elsewhere; and the concentrated settlement nearby at Ntusi. Certain of these have been claimed as Chwezi royal capitals of ancient Kitara, and specific features have been compared with royal abodes of recent centuries. Such literal interpretation, let alone royalist manipulation, of oral traditions is now considered too simplistic; not only are the Chwezi generally regarded as gods or mythical heroes, but also the role of archaeology is now seen as something more positive than the mere verification of verbal evidence.Renewed archaeological research indicates that Ntusi was occupied from about the eleventh to the fifteenth centuriesa.d.and that the earthworks, including Bigo, and the settlement on Mubende hill fall into the latter half of that span. This cultural grouping thrived on a combination of cattle-keeping and grain cultivation, as is especially clear at Ntusi on fertile ground in the midst of the Bwera grasslands. It may have been the growing strains of a delicately balanced economy as competition increased for cattle and the pastures which led to its eventual breakdown. During the last half-millennium Bwera has been a peripheral and lightly populated district between Bunyoro, Nkore and Buganda. It is difficult to imagine these later kingdoms developing directly out of a supposed ‘Chwezi’ one based at Ntusi and the Bigo constructions.Two periods of marked change are discernible therefore, one around the middle of this millennium, the other at its beginning. That earlier, mid-Iron Age, revolution witnessed the introduction of cattle on a large scale and the first intensive exploitation of the interlacustrine grasslands. Cattle becoming then an economic asset, it may be inferred that ownership of stock and defence of the pastures became sources of prestige and patronage, with obvious social, political and military implications. This situation opened opportunities for other specializations, including the production of salt for distant distribution. Traditions concerning gods and heroes, and the continuing popularchwezicults, illustrate the changes and may also echo the cultural and economic importance of iron and its working among agricultural populations from before the pastoral revolution.

Marine Sciences in the Coming Decades

Immense progress has been made in understanding the sea since 1945. However, because during this time much of the research has had military implications, oceanography science is particularly vulnerable to shifts in national priorities away from the military. The Ocean Studies Board of the National Research Council recently published a review and discussion of the state of marine science. Concerns about the future lie in several directions. Basic research is no longer the primary thrust of government agencies, many of who must respond to short term applications and regulatory requirements. Federal and nonfederal organization structures are not as effective as they once were and lack effective coordination. Flat budgets, an increasing number of marine scientists, increasing costs of maintaining state of the art including the interaction with space technology, and problems not defined in broad enough terms are also concerns. The article poses questions and points out the critical importance of finding a new mechanism for maintaining quality of marine science. 1 ref., 2 figs.

On disarmament: the role of conventional arms control in national security strategy

Abstract : Disarmament, Conventional Arms Control, Negotiations on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBM), Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), Armored Combat Vehicles, tanks, artillery, combat aviation, personnel ceilings, sub-zones, NATO, Warsaw pact, Neutral and nonaligned. In this textbook the authors address significant conventional arms control history; development of U.S. and NATO objectives for the talks; pertinent issues which had to be resolved; the role of partial disarmament in National Security Strategy; and conclude with a full discussion of CFE and CSBM proposals, data, and the military implications of a successful agreement. The authors provide answers to the important questions: How close are we to an agreement? Can conventional arms reductions be verified? What does the post arms reduction world look like? What is the future of the alliances in Europe? Will we have to change national security strategy? Is arms control still relevant, considering the changes in Eastern Europe? How can we agree on answers before events change them? This book is somewhat unique since it incorporates the work of practitioners, academics, and actual members of our U.S. conventional arms control negotiating teams. (EG)

Military conversion and economic reform: Implications for the Post‐Soviet Era

The republics of the former Soviet Union are now faced with the mammoth task of reconstructing their economies. Cutting military spending and converting defence industries to civilian production is one of the main ways these countries have set about the task. But conversion alone cannot be the panacea for post‐Soviet economic ills. Unless these moves are accompanied by other radical measures, the situation may only be worsened. Professor Kramer here explores the issues arising from this dilemma, and the military, political and economic implications of post‐Soviet conversion.