Military High School Research Articles

Cross-Sectional Analysis of Penile Length in Males 13 to 15 Years Old According to Pubertal Development Stages

Genital development is affected by pubertal process to a great extent, and puberty is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by multiple factors resulting in individual differences. We studied penile length and its relationship to pubertal stage in boys 13 to 15 years old. Healthy boys who were candidates for military high school were evaluated between June and July 2011. Age, residence and body mass index were recorded. Stretched penile length was measured. Pubic hair was assessed according to Tanner and Marshall staging. Genital puberty stage was defined by measurement of testicular volume with Prader orchidometer. Relationship of penile length to age, residence, pubertal stages and body mass index was evaluated statistically. A total of 1,539 boys were included in the study. Mean ages and number of patients according to genital stage were as follows. Mean age was 14 years for genital stage 1 (5 patients), 13.9 years (range 13 to 15) for stage 2 (194), 14.07 years (13 to 15) for stage 3 (965) and 14.11 years (13 to 15) for stage 4 (375). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant effect of body mass index, genital stage and pubic hair stage on penile length (p <0.001) but no significant effect of age or residence. Mean penile length was significantly different among different age groups and among pubertal stages. However, mean penile lengths of different age groups within the same pubertal stage were similar. Penile length during puberty should be evaluated individually according to the current pubertal stage. Our study offers a reliable reference table of penile length for pubertal age group.

About the Authors

About the Authors

Self-development of cadets in the educational environment of military higher school

Self-development of cadets in the educational environment of military higher school

Professionally directed methodology of physical training of military higher school cadets with radio-electronic specialization

Professionally directed methodology of physical training of military higher school cadets with radio-electronic specialization

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНЫХ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ

The main mechanism that guarantees the quality of education in Republic of Belarus is based on the state educational standards. According to the current standards, the aim of professional training is to obtain an integrat-ed result: expert (professional) skills coupled with solid general education. This education is build upon the de-velopment of a common system of competences. Therefore, the quality of professional education is strongly con-nected with the problem of the specialist (who has to possess all necessary skills and competencies) formation method. The problem includes development and advancing of the system of competences in the conditions of the current educational process and elaboration of an evaluation methodology and techniques for this system. Taking into account, that the educational process of high school professional training in Belarus includes the studying of four cycles of disciplines (socially-humanitarian, natural-science, general professional and special professional), it is essential to investigate the influence of each of the cycles on the final system of competences formation. In the present article, the capability of the natural-science disciplines cycle for the handling of the pro-fessional system of competences development is discussed in reference to military specialties. It has been found that during the professional disciplines studying, the replacement (but not integration) of the knowledge received at the previous stage of the natural-science cycle is taking place. It interferes with prin-cipal understanding of natural sciences as a fundamental basis for the professional competence; it does not pro-mote the recognition of cultural and social importance of natural sciences; and, consequently, it does not support the formation of general orientation on continuous self-education in the field of natural sciences. And that is con-sidering that insufficiency of natural-science culture of graduates of military high schools can lead to possible serious economic consequences for the country and risks in the field of national safety. In the course of the experiment, the didactic conditions have been formulated and the model of the peda-gogical process, directed to the elaboration of a persistent natural-science system of competences, has been devel-oped and approved. The incorporation of the conditions and the process does not assume an essential transfor-mation of the volume and structure of class hours allocated to the studying of natural-science disciplines. Intro-duction of the course "Fundamentals of modern natural sciences » in syllabus of the internal security troops de-partment of military academy of Belarus is essentially new. The technique of examination of the integrative abilities of students with use of the methods of fuzzy mathematics was applied for the evaluation of the developed model efficiency. The interest to this method is caused by the possibility use this approach to deal with estimations of competences, which cannot be unequivo-cally structured in an algorithm presentation by definition. Key words: quality of education, educational process, science education, system of competences.

20. Yüzyıl Başlarında Osmanlı Askerî Mektepleri

Osmanlı Devleti'nin Batılılaşma sürecinde en gözde ve etkili okulları durumunda olan askerî mektepler, bu özelliğini 20. yüzyıl başlarında da sürdürmüştür. Bu tarihlerde askerî mekteplerin en başta gelenleri İstanbul'da yer almaktaydı. Bununla birlikte vilayetlerde Osmanlı ordusunun ihtiyacını karşılayan askerî idâdî ve rüşdiyeler de bulunmaktaydı.

Surveillance épidémiologique de la coqueluche dans les armées françaises en 2007

Objectives Pertussis surveillance in the French general population was stopped in 1986. Pertussis was added to the list of illnesses surveyed by the military epidemiological surveillance network ecause of outbreaks having occurred among French servicepersons and in military high schools. This study had for aim to report the results of the first year of surveillance. Design Pertussis declaration criteria were those recommended in 2006 by the French council for public hygiene. The data concerning active military servicepersons was collected by physicians of all military medical units. An anonymous declaration form was used for data collection. Results In 2007, 66 cases of pertussis were reported in the military forces, 10 of which were excluded after a negative biological test. The classification of the 56 included cases was: 46% biologically confirmed cases, 20% clinically confirmed cases, 14% suspected cases, and 6% epidemiologically confirmed cases. The incidence density rate was 16.3 cases for 100,000 servicepersons-years. Age under 20 was associated with a 4.6 fold higher risk to develop pertussis. Conclusions The high incidence rate observed in individuals under 20 years of age could reflect a shift of pertussis reservoir to young adults, as observed in industrialized countries after generalization of vaccination programs. However, several years of surveillance will be needed to confirm this hypothesis. Meanwhile, the military epidemiological network could constitute an important surveillance marker of pertussis among adults in France.

Experimental check of the skilled program on physical preparation and techniques of training with a developing and improving orientation of reserve officers of the senior age groups

In article the program of physical preparation with the developing and improving orientation, intended for reserve officers of the senior age groups leading teaching activity in military high schools is developed and experimentally proved. The lead pedagogical experiment has shown high efficiency of the given program.

Are Officers More Reticent of Games for Serious Training than Enlisted Soldiers?

Video games are continuing to draw attention as possible Human Performance Improvement technologies that young people will be drawn to. Roger Smith highlights how game technologies have already and are poised to disrupt the military simulation. Further, Smith identifies five forces behind the adoption of game technology by diverse industries. One of these forces is social acceptance. Through two case studies, this research considers the contribution of two video games toward improving human performance on two different tasks as well as within two different social-cultural groups – officers and enlisted. Data is collected and analyzed on control and experimental groups to evaluate the performance difference for these tasks between traditional training approaches and various implementations of video games. In addition, data on the use and expectations about video games is collected from two social cultural groups – college educated military officers and high school educated enlisted soldiers – and analyzed to identify differences in acceptance of video games as technology for serious Human Performance Improvement.

Health, Fitness and Nutritional Status at the Military High School in the United Arab Emirates

The mission of the Military High School is to develop the mind, body and soul of future officers for the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces. PURPOSE: To audit the health, nutritional and physical aspects of the school programme, allowing the identification of opportunities to optimise achievement of this mission. METHODS: Thirty males (age 16.5 ± 1.1 yr, body mass 83.2 ± 20.1 kg, height 1.68 ± 0.05 m) representing three school grades were investigated over a 10-day period. The students' body composition (deuterium dilution from doubly labelled water (DLW)), physical fitness (Multistage fitness test), diet (3-day weighed dietary analysis), cardiovascular strain (heart rate), energy expenditure (EE from DLW), core body temperature (telemetry pill) and hydration status (urine osmometry) were measured. RESULTS: The mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.2 ± 6.3 kg.m−2, with 15 students exceeding a BMI of 30 kg.m−2. Mean body fat was 31.2 ± 9.0% and estimated VO2 max was 34.9 ± 7.4 ml.kg−1.min−1. Absolute EE was 3495 ± 446 kcal.d−1 (range 2434-4261 kcal.d−1), while estimated physical activity level (PAL) equated to 1.71 ± 0.13. The mean daily energy intake was 2889 ± 702 kcal.d−1, suggesting that the students were in negative energy balance by ~600 kcal.d−1, under-eating or under-reporting. Carbohydrate, fat and protein contributed 54.3%, 29.6% and 15.4%, respectively, to this energy intake. The mean estimated urine osmolality remained relatively stable over the monitoring period, ranging from 752 ± 214 to 884 ± 205 mOsmol.kg−1. Only 22% of all samples were below the recommended osmolality suggested for euhydration (700 mOsmol.kg−1; ACSM Position Stand 1998: Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 975-991). The mean peak daily core temperature was 38.3 ± 0.4 °C and the highest temperature was 39.1 °C. The mean daily percentage heart rate reserve (%HRR) elicited by the students was 25 ± 4 %HRR. On the most physically demanding day the group managed only 21 ± 14 min of exercise above 60 %HRR. CONCLUSION: The anthropometry, nutrition and physiology data reported suggest that there is considerable scope to improve the health and fitness of these future officers. Intervention programmes are underway to address many of the issues identified. This work was sponsored by the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces.

Validity of Weighed Dietary Analysis in Teenage Emirate Males

Recall of dietary history and weighed dietary analysis carried out by the subject have been shown to under estimate energy intake when validated against total energy expenditure measured by doubly labelled water (Rothenberg et al., 1998: Eur J Clin Nut, 52, 832-838). PURPOSE: To compare weighed dietary analysis, performed by the investigator, with energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water in teenage Emirate males. METHODS: Thirty male students (age 16.5 ± 1.1 yrs, body mass 83.2 ± 20.1 kg, height 1.68 ± 0.05 m) from the Al Ain Military High school were monitored over 10 days. Total energy intake (EI) was measured using three-day weighed dietary analysis carried out by the investigator for each meal and both daily snacks. Furthermore, students were asked to report any additional food consumed. Energy expenditure (EE) was measured using the doubly labeled water method. RESULTS: Daily EE from the doubly labelled water was 3495 ± 446 kcal.d-1 (range 2434 - 4261 kcal.d-1) and estimated daily EI from the dietary analysis (n=27) was 2889 ± 702 kcal.d-1 (range 1599 - 4421 kcal). Breakfast, lunch and evening meal contributed 2206 ± 326 kcal.d-1 and the two snacks contributed the remaining 702 ± 123 kcal.d-1. There were no changes in the average body mass over the 10 day monitoring period (0.0 ± 0.8 kg). There was no relationship between energy deficit and body mass (r = 0.31, p=0.82) or age (r = 0.15, p=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: The EE and EI data may indicate that students were in energy deficit (568 ± 647 kcal.d-1) during the three-day dietary analysis period. However, maintenance of 10-day body mass suggests that the students were under-reporting or under-eating. Under-reporting was considered less likely as students were resident at the school for the entire study and all opportunities for obtaining food were monitored by the investigators. Weighed dietary analysis by the investigator may be the most accurate way to determine energy intake, although the results from this study suggest that changes to eating habits, whether conscious or not, can lead to a misrepresentation of dietary intake. This work was sponsored by the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces.

Pedagogical conditions of formation of the moral personality of the future officers in the educational process of military high school

Pedagogical conditions of formation of the moral personality of the future officers in the educational process of military high school

Place of leadership qualities in the personality structure and operations sergeant cadet units of the military high school

Place of leadership qualities in the personality structure and operations sergeant cadet units of the military high school

Recent Journal Articles

The bibliography is compiled by the systematic search of approximately four hundred periodicals, a check of several general journal bibliographies, and the welcomed contribution of interested subscribers. Many times older citations will be included simply because the compiler had not come across them earlier or, more frequently, because the periodicals are behind publication schedule. Those wishing to be assured of having their articles listed in this section are urged to notify the compiler. References should include the following: author(s), full title (including subtitle), name of periodical, volume number, issue date, and pagination. Address all contributions to Wendy Swik, Military Affairs Librarian, U.S.M.A. Library, West Point, NY 10996–1799. General Military Affairs Cimbala, Stephen J. "East Wind Deadly: Nuclear Proliferation in Asia." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 18 (December 2005): 535–58. Denfeld, D. Colt. "Marston Mat: American Military Mobility." Journal of America's Military Past 31 (Fall 2005): 43–56. Ender, Morten G. "Military Brats: Film Representation of Children from Military Families." Armed Forces & Society 32 (October 2005): 24–43. Hajjar, Remi M. "The Public Military High School." Armed Forces & Society 32 (October 2005): 44–62. Morgan, Matthew J. "An Evolving View of Warfare: War and Peace and the American Military Profession." Small Wars and Insurgencies 16 (June 2005): 147–69. Robertson, John K. "Has MUIA (Military Uniforms in America) Outlived Its Purpose?" Military Collector & Historian 58 (Spring 2006): 9–13. Stoler, Mark A. "War and Diplomacy: or, Clausewitz for Diplomatic Historians." Diplomatic History 29 (January 2005): 1–26. Ancient and Medieval Warfare Bradbury, Jim. "The Mysteries of Hastings." Military Illustrated No. 208 (September 2005): 48–55. De Reuck, Anthony. "Charcoal in the Firework Book: Interpreting a Translation." Journal of the Arms & Armour Society 18 (September 2005): 158–60, 177–78. Newark, Tim. "Fighting the Barbarians." Military Illustrated No. 208 (September 2005): 8–15. Turnbull, Stephen. "Solving the Mystery of the Mongol Secret Weapons." Military Illustrated No. 202 (March 2005): 24–31. [End Page 900] 1500–1815 Military Affairs Barker, Thomas M. and Jeffery Slade. "On the Eve of Burgoyne's Capitulation at Old Saratoga: Maps of the Emplacements of British, German, and Rebel American Forces." The Hessians: Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 8 (2005): 1–27. Buttery, David. "The Man Who Nearly Beat Wellington." Military Illustrated No. 202 (March 2005): 8–16. Dunkerly, Robert M. "The Battle of Camden and the Preservation of the Field." Journal of America's Military Past 30 (Winter 2004–5): 5–16. Flewett, W. E. "New Light on Leonardo's Wheellock Drawings." Journal of the Arms & Armour Society 18 (September 2005): 137–44. Gull, P. Kirby. "Hessians at Fort Frederick: A Story Revisited." The Hessians: Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 8 (2005): 45–50. Hagist, Don N., and Eric H. Schnitzer. "German Recruits in Lt. George Anson Nutt's Detachment of the 33rd Regiment of Foot on Burgoyne's Campaign." The Hessians: Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 8 (2005): 42–44. Harrison, Michael. "A Civil War Sword with a Royalist Badge." Journal of the Arms & Armour Society 18 (September 2005): 151–57. Kingsley, Ronald F., et al. "German Auxiliaries Project: The Incursion to Mount Independence. The Burgoyne Campaign, July 1777. An Investigation of the Landing and Encampment." The Hessians: Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 8 (2005): 28–41. Londahl-Smidt, Donald M. "Das Combinierte Bataillon—The Combined Battalion of Hessen-Cassel, 1776–1778. Part 2: July 1777–1778." The Hessians: Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 8 (2005): 67–71. McLay, K. A. J. "Combined Operations and the European Theatre During the Nine Years' War, 1688–97." Historical Research 78 (November 2005): 506–39. Retzer, Henry J. "Two Journeys to Pay and Clothe the Trenton Captives by Matthaeus Mueller. 1st Lt. & Quartermaster of the Knyphausen Regiment." The Hessians: Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 8 (2005): 59–66. Spencer, M. G., and O. E. Spencer. "A Florentine Wheellock." Journal of the Arms...

The Premorbid Personality in Military Students With Adjustment Disorder

The aim of this study was to examine the personality traits and mental health among Taiwanese military students with adjustment disorder. Among 641 students (M age = 17 years) from two military high schools, 43 had a diagnosis of adjustment disorder. Differences between students with adjustment disorder and those without adjustment disorder were statistically significant in terms of their premorbid personality and mental health. Based on structural equation modeling, different kinds of school discipline appear to be a precipitating factor for adjustment disorder; however, neurotic, introvert, and psychotic traits appear to be predisposing factors for adjustment disorder. This study provides evidence that the Chinese Health Questionnaire will help to screen for mental illness among military school students.

The Public Military High School

This article explores an innovative secondary educational institution: a public military academy. Data were collected through observations, interviews, paper content analyses, and surveys in an urban military high school. The data reveal how the school's unique military subculture develops students by enabling them to accrue various forms of social capital, including military capital, and by developing cadets’ civility, leadership skills and agency, discipline, and propensity for education. Therefore, the institutional product or academy graduate should possess enhanced life skills and increased chances to achieve upward mobility, making this school a potentially powerful educational institution for underprivileged urban-minority youth. Future research should explore how this school compares to other urban public schools, parochial schools, and private military schools and the life outcomes of the students from these different schools. The research has broad implications for the potential power of public military schools, especially in urban environs.

Des citoyens et des soldats. Histoire politique de l'obligation militaire en France de la Révolution au début de la Troisième République (1789-1872)

The liberal French Revolution of 1789 rejects all ideas of military service but, forced by the 1789 armed revolution and radicalisation that led to war, the French revolution is compelled to resort to enforcing enrolment before it established a military conscription and defining five classes of conscripts for the Republic. Making use of this conscription, Napoleon's government develops it further by enforcing recruitment which makes military enrolment rational recruitment. This is the kind of enforced recruitment that the French Restauration will put in place in 1818 under the name of appeal , having abolished the conscription for building up a professional army. But the same tensions are experienced as during the rising up of the French Revolution during the XIXth century. In opposition to those who want to identify citizens with soldiers, those who want to reduce the standing army which demonstrates too openly the military power of the State or those who want to turn the national guard into a national militia, those who want to bring together citizens and soldiers by turning the standing army into a national military high school, there are always those who want a distinct differenciation between the civil and military society of the State - it is them who defend the possibility of replacement and a long lasting military service. From the Monarchy of Juillet to the second French Empire, they were responsible for the failure of numerous projects of reform. In fact, we must wait for the emergence of Prussian power, and especially the disaster of 1870, to establish again the principle of personal service. Nevertheless the syncretism of 1872, for which the main point is the deletion of the replacement, does not identify symbolically the citizen with the soldier as was the case during the French Revolution, and furthermore, it does not see in each citizen an effective soldier. The professional army born under the French Restauration does not disappear, even if it has a new function : that of providing military training to new citizens. Finally the law of 1872 establishes two principles : obligation for every citizen to enrol during wartime - legitimated by patriotic duty - and a first military organisation of the nation (not in the form of this armed militia claimed since the French Revolution - an army merged in the nation - but in the form of an armed nation, with a military system geared to enrol its citizens during wartime.

Conflict in East Tennessee: Generals Law, Jenkins, and Longstreet

CONFLICT IN EAST TENNESSEE: GENERALS LAW, JENKINS, AND LONGSTREET Guy R. Swanson Timothy D. Johnson WARTIME RIVALRIES AMONG American military commanders are familiar. During the Revolutionary War Generals George Washington and Horatio Gates had their differences, while during World War II cliques surrounded Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur. The Civil War is no exception. Officers on both sides were often at odds, and this circumstance was especially unfortunate for the Confederate army. Throughout the war the Confederacy faced an enemy of superior numbers and strength, and internal disunity in its military forces undoubtedly contributed to defeat. The career of General Evander Mclvor Law, a capable and vigorous brigade commander, illustrates these difficulties faced by the Southern army. Law was born on August 7, 1836, in Darlington, South Carolina, attended public schools, and graduated from the South Carolina Military Academy in 1856. During the next five years Law was a teacher and helped found a military high school in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1860. After hostilities between North and South began in spring 1861, Law raised troops and served as colonel of the Fourth Alabama Regiment. He was wounded at First Manassas, but recovered to fight in the major battles through Sharpsburg. Promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1862, Law served with Lieutenant General John Bell Hood's division (in General James Longstreet's corps) at Gettysburg. In late summer 1863 Longstreet's corps was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia for service with General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee. Longstreet's corps participated in the September victory at Chickamauga and remained in and near East Tennessee until spring 1864. Strangely, the Army of Tennessee failed to capitalize on the Chickamauga victory and, as military advantages shifted to the Union army, tension developed between Bragg and Longstreet. In December 1863 the command disrupThe authors thank Professor Grady McWhiney of Texas Christian University and Pamela Franklin of The University of Alabama for their assistance during the preparation of this article. 102CIVIL WAR HISTORY tion, coupled with military setbacks, prompted Longstreet to bring charges against Law and two other subordinates.1 The dissention in East Tennessee began to take root in July 1863 during the Battle of Gettysburg. Early on July 2, General Robert E. Lee and his officers were discussing a battle plan with emphasis on the two Round Tops. The plan called for an oblique assault north of the Round Tops to ensure access to Cemetery Ridge from its lowest point, with the Confederates hoping to drive the Federals off the slope. Longstreet interrupted and suggested an alternative action. Lee tactfully dismissed the idea. Longstreet became angry and later that morning was slow in coordinating the troops he used in the attack. Lee chided Longstreet for the delay but knew that his subordinate was always well prepared for battle. Longstreet had also requested additional troop support and was waiting for General Law's brigade to arrive from the Pennsylvania countryside . Law received his marching orders at three o'clock that morning and his troops traveled twenty-eight miles before reaching the battlefield just after noon.2 As the battle raged, Law temporarily became division commander when Hood received a severe arm wound and was taken from the field. During the remainder of the Gettysburg campaign Law gained valuable command experience, and Hood's division fought superbly. Longstreet, however, criticized Law's efforts and remarked that Hood's "wellseasoned troops were not in need of a close guiding hand."3 After the Gettysburg defeat Confederate leaders reorganized their armies, sending Longstreet's corps to support Bragg's army in Tennessee. Longstreet wartted additional and capable troops to accompany him and arranged to transfer General Micah Jenkins's brigade, which had a reputation for aggressive fighting. As Longstreet conferred with President Jefferson Davis and Lee, the convalescing John Bell Hood volunteered to assume active division command and avert a potential struggle between Law and Jenkins. Law had commanded Hood's division at Get- 'For biographical sketches of Evander Mclvor Law and James Longstreet, see Ezra J. Warner, ed., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1959), 174-75, 192-93; Jon L...

More on Boxing

To the Editor.— I congratulate you for your strong stand against boxing and would like to add my own voice to the debate. I went to a military high school where I boxed in amateur tournaments for three years. During that time, I sustained a dental injury, as well as a fracture of the first metacarpal bone in my dominant hand. At the age of 43 years, I have a resultant basilar arthritis of the right thumb. What bothers me the most about my own injuries is that I was told recently by an ophthalmologist that I have a "retinal scar" that he believes is a result of fighting. For several years in early practice I did some moonlighting as a boxing doctor. I performed physical examinations and stood by for many of the local tournaments, as well as the Golden Glove Tournament of Champions in Chicago. It was during

In Memoriam: Albert Kenrick Fisher

DR. ALBERT KENRICK FISHER, a Founder and Past President of the American Ornithologists' Union and one of its best known Fellows for nearly 65 years, died in Washington, D.C. on June 12, 1948, after a brief illness from circulatory complications that developed as a result of advanced age. With his passing, the American Ornithologists' Union has lost one of its last links with that eminent group of bird students who founded this organization in the autumn of 1883. Dr. Fisher was born in Ossining (then called Sing Sing), New York on March 21, 1856, and thus had a life span of more than 92 years. He was the son of Hiram and Susan E. (Townsend) Fisher. His father operated an extensive mercantile business in New York City. Their home, on a beautiful hill overlooking a tidal section of the Hudson River, had spacious grounds and a surrounding countryside that undoubtedly stimulated his ardent interest in natural history. As a boy he spent much time in the tidal marshes along Croton Point, about two miles north of Ossining, and in the rugged hills of the adjacent region. While his principal interests centered around birds and plants, he also was a keen observer of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and many kinds of invertebrates. His early schooling was obtained at Holbrook's Military High School in Ossining. He trained for the medical profession and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in the class of 1879. He then married Alwilda Merritt of Ossining. Two sons and twin daughters were born to this union. One son, Harry T., died at an early age and a daughter, Mrs. Ethel M. White, died recently. The survivors are Walter K. Fisher and Mrs. Alberta M. Marble.