Military Drivers Research Articles

Does the riskier driving of drivers with ADHD generalise to professional drivers that are monitored by their supervisors?

ABSTRACT Drivers with ADHD are at greater risk for road accidents and are more prone to traffic violations and risky driving than drivers without ADHD. However, no study has tested if the greater risk of drivers with ADHD generalises to a population of professional drivers that are monitored by their supervisors. We investigated the driving behaviour of transport military drivers with and without ADHD (25 and 146, respectively) based on the reports from an Advanced Driving Assistance System. Results indicated that safety events were significantly more frequent for drivers with ADHD than for drivers without ADHD. Notably, the most significant difference was for speeding violations with a Relative Risk (RR) of 2.13 (113% increase). We conclude that the riskier driving of drivers with ADHD remains even among professional drivers that are monitored by their supervisors. Perhaps drivers with ADHD might benefit from customised intervention programmes. CCS CONCEPTS • Applied computing → Operations research → Transportation • Computer systems organisation → Real-time systems.

The expert value of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in military drivers

The expert value of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in military drivers

The Development of the Assistant Driving and Monitoring and Assessment System for Missile Weapon Special Vehicles

Based on the analysis and study of the characteristics of missile weapon special vehicles, combined with the problems existing in the driving operation training process of the military drivers, an assistant driving and monitoring and assessment system for missile weapon special vehicles is developed. The design ideas of the hardware modules of the system and the realization methods of the software design of each subsystem are introduced in detail. Finally, the application effect of the system in the training of equipment formations of National Day parade is illustrated.

The Impact of Adherence to Treatment for ADHD on the Quality of Military Service - The Israeli Military Experience.

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is prevalent in 5.9-7.1% of children and adolescents, and 5% of adults. It results in poor academic, occupational, and social functioning. Pharmacotherapy improves core symptoms; however, average adherence levels are low and decrease at 16-17 years of age, just before the recruitment age to Israel Defense Forces (IDF). This study evaluated the effect of adherence to ADHD pharmacotherapy on occupational performance among soldiers. Retrospective data were collected for the study cohort, which included all soldiers serving in the IDF from 2008 through 2012 (n > 500,000). Each soldier in the cohort was categorized based on adherence to treatment, as measured by prescriptions filled monthly: (1) no treatment, (2) low adherence (<2/year), (3) medium adherence (2-6/year), and (4) high adherence (>6/year). Occupational performance was evaluated by 3 indicative parameters: (1) number of sick days, (2) number of exemptions from daily activities, and (3) military profession disqualification, including sub-analysis to military profession groups. ADHD pharmacotherapy adherence correlated inversely with occupational performance, as exhibited by more sick days and exemptions from daily activities. All soldiers pharmacologically treated for ADHD had higher professional disqualification rates compared with soldiers who did not require ADHD treatment. In contrast to the general trend, in the military drivers group, higher rates of ADHD adherence correlated with lower professional disqualification rates. Our hypothesis that greater adherence would correlate positively with better occupational performance was refuted. We speculate that increased adherence levels are indicative of more severe ADHD and thus, accompanied by lower occupational performance. The correlation between increased adherence and improved driving ability could be attributed to the nature of driving professions, which require a high level of concentration. Due to the importance of driving in both military and civilian settings, interventions designed to enhance adherence to treatment for ADHD among drivers could have a broad effect on driving consequences, and should be considered by policymakers.

FUZZY DELPHI APPROACH TO DEFINING A CYCLE FOR ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF MILITARY DRIVERS

This paper presents the Fuzzy Delphi approach to defining a cycle for assessing the performance of military drivers. This approach is based on the Delphi decision-making process under uncertainty. These uncertainties are described by linguistic terms modeled with triangular fuzzy numbers. The approach is modeled to take into the account the importance - weight of each decision-maker and the homogeneity of their individual fuzzy preferences. The vertex method calculates the distance between the aggregated Fuzzy estimation and the triangular fuzzy numbers in which the linguistic terms which experts had chosen are modeled. Defuzzification of the fuzzy preference of the experts was carried out by a Graded Mean Integration Representation.

Personal resilience, discipline and safety of military drivers

ObjectivesThe research was aimed to examine associations between discipline violations, traffic violations, level of drivers’ education, level of drivers’ personal resilience and road accidents. We assumed that road accidents of military drivers that participated in this research will be related to their traffic violations as well as to their level of discipline. We further assumed that military drivers with low education will commit more discipline violations, more traffic violation and therefore will be involved in more road accidents. MethodDrivers’ records and crash data, usually collected as a routine by the army, were obtained from a unique linked database for 300 professional drivers in the Israeli military services enlisted in 2005 and 2006. The data related to drivers were randomly sampled from the data base. Our dependent variables were involvement in accidents and traffic offences while our independent variables were traffic offences, quality group (QG) and discipline offences as a measure for general behavior. Statistical analyzes were performed on the data in order to test the hypotheses. ResultsIn the group of high QG drivers that committed more discipline offences were more probable to make an accident. However, for the low QG drivers this association has been found as mediated by traffic violations. On the whole, drivers with low QG were involved in more accidents. ConclusionsThe quality of a person in terms education, psychometric tests and personality tests (as defined by the army) is associated with more traffic accidents. Additionally, in the group of high quality, discipline offences are associated with more traffic accidents.

Comparison of visual status of Iranian military and commercial drivers.

Background:There is no legal requirement for Iranian military truck drivers to undergo regular visual checkups as compared to commercial truck drivers.Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate the impact of drivers’ visual checkups by comparing the visual function of Iranian military and commercial truck drivers.Patients and Methods:In this comparative cross-sectional study, two hundred military and 200 commercial truck drivers were recruited and their Visual Acuity (VA), Visual Field (VF), color vision and Contrast Sensitivity (CS) were assessed and compared using the Snellen chart, confrontation screening method, D15 test and Pelli-Robson letter chart, respectively. A questionnaire regarding driving exposure and history of motor-vehicle crashes (MVCs) was also filled by drivers. Results were analyzed using an independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA (assessing difference in number of MVCs across different age groups), chi-square test and Pearson correlation at statistical significance level of P < 0.05.Results:Mean age was 41.6 ± 9.2 for the military truck drivers and 43.4 ± 10.9 for commercial truck drivers (P > 0.05). No significant difference between military and commercial drivers was found in terms of driving experience, number of MVCs, binocular VA, frequency of color vision defects and CS scores. In contrast, the last ocular examination was significantly earlier in military drivers than commercial drivers (P < 0.001). In addition, 4% of military drivers did not meet the national standards to drive as opposed to 2% of commercial drivers. There was a significant but weak correlation between binocular VA and age (r = 0.175, P < 0.001). However, CS showed a significantly moderate correlation with age (r = -0.488, P < 0.001).Conclusions:The absence of legal requirement for regular eye examination in military drivers caused the incompetent drivers to be missed in contrast to commercial drivers. The need for scientific revision of VA standard for Iranian drivers is also discussed. The CS measurement in visual checkups of older drivers deserves to be investigated more thoroughly.

Increased incidence of traffic accidents in Toxoplasma-infected military drivers and protective effect RhD molecule revealed by a large-scale prospective cohort study

BackgroundLatent toxoplasmosis, protozoan parasitosis with prevalence rates from 20 to 60% in most populations, is known to impair reaction times in infected subjects, which results, for example, in a higher risk of traffic accidents in subjects with this life-long infection. Two recent studies have reported that RhD-positive subjects, especially RhD heterozygotes, are protected against latent toxoplasmosis-induced impairment of reaction times. In the present study we searched for increased incidence of traffic accidents and for protective effect of RhD positivity in 3890 military drivers.MethodsMale draftees who attended the Central Military Hospital in Prague for regular entrance psychological examinations between 2000 and 2003 were tested for Toxoplasma infection and RhD phenotype at the beginning of their 1 to1.5-year compulsory military service. Subsequently, the data on Toxoplasma infection and RhD phenotype were matched with those on traffic accidents from military police records and the effects of RhD phenotype and Toxoplasma infection on probability of traffic accident was estimated with logistic regression.ResultsWe confirmed, using for the first time a prospective cohort study design, increased risk of traffic accidents in Toxoplasma-infected subjects and demonstrated a strong protective effect of RhD positivity against the risk of traffic accidents posed by latent toxoplasmosis. Our results show that RhD-negative subjects with high titers of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies had a probability of a traffic accident of about 16.7%, i.e. a more than six times higher rate than Toxoplasma-free or RhD-positive subjects.ConclusionOur results showed that a common infection by Toxoplasma gondii could have strong impact on the probability of traffic accident in RhD negative subjects. The observed effects could provide not only a clue to the long-standing evolutionary enigma of the origin of RhD polymorphism in humans (the effect of balancing selection), but might also be the missing piece in the puzzle of the physiological function of the RhD molecule.

Road Characteristics and Driver Fatigue: A Simulator Study

Two experiments examined the influence of road characterisitcs on driver fatigue in a prolonged simulator drive. In experiment one, ten military truck drivers drove a mixed route, with straight, winding, and straight highway segments. In experiment two, 16 additional drivers drove either a straight, a winding, or a mixed route. Fatigue symptoms were assessed using performance, subjective, and phsychophysiological measures (HRV). We hypothized that drivers adopt different fatigue-coping strategies relative to the demands of the drive. Thus, on straight roads drivers are more likely to loosen their driving demands by either increasing their driving speed and/or not maintaning the lane position, as the road is tolerant to both strategies, whereas on winding roads, drivers are more likely to increase their speed but not their lane positioning. Our results confirm that decremental changes in driving performance varied among road types. In the straight road components, we found decrements in the quality of lane maintaining (experiment one) and steering quality (experiments one and two) and longitudinal speed (experiment two). In the winding road, we found that drivers increased their driving speed over time (experiments one and two).

Chapter Two: Putin's Foreign Policy – A Matter of Interest

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Chapter Three: The Domestic Political Setting

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Chapter Four: The Economic Picture

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Introduction: A Cool Breeze

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Chapter Five: The Military Factor

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Conclusion

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Chapter One: A Foreign Policy in Transition

Russia's resurgence as an assertive actor in the global diplomatic arena after a long period of introspection and preoccupation with domestic troubles, and the economic revival that underpins it, are among the most striking developments in international relations of recent years. But what drives Russian foreign policy at the end of the Putin era? To what extent is it shaped by Russia's role as a major energy supplier, and how long can the country remain an ‘energy superpower’, if indeed it is one? How might Russian foreign policy change in the years ahead? Which way will Russia, faced with the might of growing powers around it, and struggling with the fragility of its economic success and stability at home, choose to face in international relations? This paper examines the domestic context of contemporary Russian foreign policy and its key political, economic, military and security drivers, as well as looking at the contrasting outlook that preceded it, and at how Russia's international posture may adjust again in the coming years. The paper concludes with recommendations for Western policymakers on how to respond to Russia's return.

Reacting time of military solders

Safety in military traffic and its management depends on the reaction time of military drivers. Military drivers are a selected group of soldiers, so it is considered that their reaction time is shorter than the reaction time of general drivers population and it is also shorter than the normative reaction time, which is used in the analyses. Therefore, the stopping time of military drivers was tested, in aider to see the influence on traffic safety and management of traffic courses, and to interest the professionals in the given results. In the essay results of stopping time in the real conditions for a random chosen group of military drivers are shown. .

Driver fatigue among military truck drivers

The Israeli Defense Force (IDF) Transport Center is the largest and the most diverse transportation organization in Israel: three times as large as the largest commercial fleet in Israel, and military bases are spread all over the country. It also has the ability to regulate the drivers better: enforcing diet, hours of sleep, and working hours. The drivers are either permanently employed civilians, career service personnel, or mandatory service personnel. This employment status correlates with age, experience, carrier type, and several job characteristics (for example mandatory service drivers typically do not drive at night). The study consisted of a survey of 314 male drivers (30% of the entire base driver population). Despite the different environment, the military drivers display many characteristics and coping-behaviors characteristic of civilian drivers. Our results cast a doubt on the efficacy of enforcing night sleep and prohibiting night drives as an alternative to regulating hours of service. Our findings also reveal that it is insufficient to provide drivers with the time to sleep. One has to ensure that they also get a good quality of sleep. Implications for reducing fatigue in this environment are suggested. We identified the mandatory service drivers (young, less experienced drivers, lower military ranks) as a group of drivers that falls asleep more often and to a greater extent. They are particularly sensitive to sleep deficits and influenced by external events such as aggravation and boredom. It is important to provide drivers with more in-vehicle, accessible countermeasures to counter fatigue since they often do not stop, particularly in short-haul conditions. Since the radio has a high level of usage and acceptance among drivers, it could be exploited as an interactive communications system, as an educational medium, and as an image-enhancing device.

Effect of valvular heart diseases, migraine headaches, and perianal diseases on the risk of involvement in motor vehicle crashes.

Impaired health can interfere with driving performance. We have launched this investigation to identify in professional military drivers health parameters that might be associated with involvement in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). All Israel Defense Forces professional male drivers (N = 5,605) conscripted into compulsory military service between April 1, 1988 and April 1, 1990 were divided into two groups according to whether (N = 1,300) or not (N = 4,305) the driver was involved in MVCs during the same time frame. Using the multivariate Cox model, a significant association was shown between involvement in MVCs and the following health parameters: mild-to-moderate valvular heart disease (p = 0.0002, chi 2 = 13.89), migraine headaches (p = 0.009, chi 2 = 6.91), and perianal diseases (p = 0.006, chi 2 = 7.44). We hypothesize that interference with the driver's performance level may be a result of the discomfort associated with those clinical conditions. It is possible that interference with the personal performance level decreased the ability of the driver to cope with the specific driving task demands and resulted in the involvement of the driver in MVCs. We suggest that because of the high social and economic costs associated with road accidents, it is important to investigate further the association of involvement in MVCs and health problems. If our findings are confirmed in the future studies, intervention programs to reduce MVC rates would be suggested and conducted among professional drivers.

Human Factors Assessment of Vehicle Power Steering

Abstract The handling and steering of an in-service wheeled vehicle were investigated, following a number of adverse reports. This paper presents the subjective assessments of the vehicle's power steering, which were included in that investigation. The effects of three different power steering settings were appraised by driving the vehicles on a road-test track and cross-country. In addition, two questionnaires enabled the drivers' overall views and comments on specific factors to be recorded. Analysis of variance showed that the subjectively assessed differences between the three vehicle power steering settings were statistically significant at the 2 per cent level. The six civilian and six military drivers' views were congruent and course differences (road or cross-country) did not consistently and significantly affect the overall assessment. The drivers' stated preferences among the vehicles supported the analysis of variance results. Incidents observed during the trials showed that drivers could lose ...