Military Codes Research Articles

Multiomic analysis of Lewisite exposed human dermal equivalent tissues

Lewisite (Military Code: L) is an arsenical vesicant chemical warfare agent (CWA) that was developed in the United States during World War I. Even though its use has not been documented in warfare, large stockpiles were created and still exist in various locations around the world. Given that large quantities exist as well as the relative straightforward process for its creation, Lewisite still presents itself as a serious threat agent. In this study, we examined the effects of Lewisite on human dermal equivalent tissues (EpiDerm™/EpiDerm™-FT) through the evaluation of cellular viability, histology, and multiomic analysis.

Frank O’Connor’s “Guests of the Nation”: A Civil War Story of Brother Against Brother?

This article argues that one of Ireland’s literary greats Frank O’Connor (1903–1966) utilized the Irish War of Independence (WOI) as a backdrop for “Guests of the Nation,” one of the most famous works about the Irish revolutionary period. The 1931 short story is set during the Irish WOI (1919–1921). This essay, however, wishes to explore the notion that a subsequent but separate conflict—the Irish Civil War (1922–1923)—was at the forefront of O’Connor’s mind at the time of writing, with concepts of duty, brotherhood, and the questioning of hegemonic military codes suggesting the Civil War undercurrent throughout. Although the cast of characters presented in the story includes two captured English soldiers, Belcher and Hawkins (as well as their Irish captors Bonaparte—the narrator—Noble, and Jeremiah Donovan), the cottage and its inhabitants function, for the writer, as a literary prop that acts as a free landscape to create a “better world.” This, it is argued here, allowed O’Connor to articulate his primary thoughts around the societal influences formed during the Civil War, a conflict of which, in contrast to the WOI, the writer had direct experience.

A Necropower Carnival: Israeli Soldiers Dancing in the Palestinian Occupied Territories

Israeli soldiers dancing to global pop hits in the Occupied Palestinian Territories look like they are having fun, and there is always something entertainingly contradictory in watching army bodies circumventing the military codes. But the choreographic analysis of three viral videos from the 2010s reveals how dancing serves the Israel Defense Forces’ territorializing and necropower strategy.

〈아지발도(阿只拔都)=이쿠라노미야(伊倉宮)〉 설의 재검토 －군사학 및 역사지리학적 고찰을 중심으로－

In the year 1380, Agibaldo appeared at the mouth of Geom river on the Korean Peninsula, with 500 ships. They met with Lee sung-gye’s troops and fought them. This battle is referred to as the Battle of Hwangsan.BR In my thesis, I asserted that the identity of the Waegoo lay with the people living in coastal areas in Takagi of Nagasaki-ken and Amakusa of Kumamoto-ken, under the influence of the Southern Dynasties of the Period of the North and South Dynasties. As an extension of this argument, I studied the Battle of Hwangsan militarily and historical-geographically. BR The tactic employed by Agibaldo at the Battle of Hwangsan was the “Jowoon jin”, which derived from the ancient Chinese military code book, 『六韜』. The Kikuchi clan had their own defensive tactics-the “Doho jin”. The latter was very similar to “Jowoon jin”, and was unique to other armed forces during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.BR The tactics of Doho jin and Jowoon jin utilized at the Battle of Hwangsan were very similar in terrms of the terrain conditions of the camp, place of operation, time of the battle, and method of attack used against the enemy. Furthermore, the area around Waihu Castle, the home of the Kikuchi clan, also had a geographical location which was deemed perfect according to the Doho jin tactic.

Un mal pour un mal : une éthique des conséquences de l’acte guerrier

Julien is a soldier. He opened fire in a warlike, heroic act. However, this act has become unbearable because of his peers’ gaze and the traumatic repetition syndrome he has suffered from ever since. This clinical vignette illustrates in its most dramatic form the soldier's deadly commitment, namely in his relationship to death, both the one he is likely to administer and the one he is prepared to receive. Thus, the soldier finds himself “at the heart of the dialectic of life and death”: the life of the civilian population to be protected whatever the cost, the death of the enemy, which he must inflict, or even his own death, which he is ready to receive in this same commitment that he has made. This leads to a cult of bravery, the “heroisation” of the individual who transgresses an unconditional law of human existence, that of not killing one's neighbor. To survive, the soldier conforms body and soul to the very meaning of the military code of ethics, which is defined by a rigorous discipline, a flawless process of toughening up designed for the acquisition of both an unwavering body and psyche… And yet the fall of the hero is not without fracas. The traumatic question, of which many soldiers are victims on their return from difficult missions, directs the subject's return to this essential question of death, the one felt in his own body, or in the reflection of that which he inflicts on his aggressor. Then, the reality of the shot received or the shot dispensed leaves the individual with an unbearable, unspeakable pain, immobilizing him in an experience of dehumanization that he had not anticipated. Also, the concretization of warlike conduct, although “trivialized’ in its usual manifestations, comes as a surprise to the soldier in the carrying out of the act for which he has prepared with so much effort, thereby questioning its validity as well as its moral scope.

Dueling and the Fantasmatic Specter of Male Honour in Imperial Germany: The Kaiser’s Will and Theodor Fontane’s Effi Briest

Underneath the historiographical disagreements about military honor and dueling in Imperial Germany there lurks a consensus that most duelists simply internalized the dictates of honor. This article troubles that presumption by attending to the Prussian-German military honor code’s mixed messages and impossible demands, which I interpret through Slavoj Žižek’s concept of a fantasmatic specter. After analyzing a variety of military texts, I illustrate the value of a psychoanalytic approach via a case study and re-examination of Theodor Fontane’s novel Effi Briest (1894/95).

Indonesian Military Court Law Absolute Competence through Equality before the Law Principle

Law Number 31 Year 1997 regulates the jurisdiction of the Indonesian Military Court to handle military members who commit a general crime and military crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code and Indonesian Military Code respectively. However, the General Court also retains jurisdiction over the military members who commit a general crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code. In comparison, Indonesian Civilians who commit a general crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code are only under the General Court. This condition is against the principle of equality before the law as stated in Article 28D.1 of the 1945 Constitution. Indonesia as a state of law must hold this principle. Authors use normative legal research to solve the law issues by reviewing the related laws and the law principles in Indonesia.

Coercion in Armageddon: the experiences of Ottoman soldiers in the Great War

ABSTRACT The coercion that the Ottoman government and army established over its subjects during the Great War remained a significant factor in the war experience of the conscripts despite its limitations. Coercion is one of the most significant answers of why the Ottoman soldiers endured such a destructive warfare, in spite of war attrition, virulent epidemic diseases, malnutrition, maltreatment, thirst, and harsh climatic conditions. The Ottoman government exercised remarkable coercion over not only the conscripts but also society and economy, demanding an unconditional loyalty for the survival of the empire. Training, military penal code, religious ideology and narrative that legitimized the warfare were the instruments of coercion. This study will contribute to the social history of the Ottoman conscripts during the First World War.

Законодательная регламентация преступлений террористического характера в России до Октябрьской революции 1917 г.

The history of the development of legislation on criminal liability for crimes of a terrorist nature in Russia has changed. The modern perception of the criminal phenomenon under consideration, as we note, is reduced to the ideology of violence, the motivation and goals of which depend on what is at its core, for example, politics, religion, racism, and so on. The analysis of legislative acts before the October revolution of 1917 allows us to identify the objects of terrorist influence (representatives of the authorities, the gov-ernment, the head of state) and the methods of committing such criminal at-tacks (deliberate arson, explosion), which in practice had a certain criminal legal significance for the qualification and appointment of punishment. The work focuses on the fact that only some provisions of the articles of the Rus-sian Pravda, the Sudebnik of 1497 and 1550, the Pskov and Novgorod Court Documents, the Cathedral Code of 1649, the Military Code of 1715, the Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 contained signs of terrorist actions. In the course of the study, we conclude that no legislative act of the pre-Soviet period contained a terminological base that defines terrorist crimes as such. The wave of terror in the 19th–20th centuries. it resulted in the mass death of people and the commission of a number of other acts. Deliberate arson and explosions cause intimidation and cause significant damage to the interests of the individual, society and the State. The research in the scientific work shows that terrorism as an independent type of crime has been legally regulated since 1992.

Когнитивный субстрат языкового мышления: семиотический аспект

The article is devoted to a description of cognitive attitude complexes that underlie linguistic thinking and function in the form of cultural codes. Such complexes form a cognitive substrate of linguistic thinking. It has ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic specificity. Research methods: analysis, comparison, descriptive method, interlinguistic comparison of mercantilist and military cultural codes on the basis of English and Russian linguocultural materials. Research results. It is outlined that the cognitive substrate of the linguistic thinking performs the function of modelling reality, acting as a complex of cultural codes. It is shown that the codes used by a person in his / her linguistic thinking are divided into internal and external ones. Internal codes are spiritually close to their user; he / she forms thoughts in them, and as for external codes, he / she only verbally formulates thoughts, translates them from internal to external code. Among the internal codes, there is a cultural code that is closest to the person because of his / her state, occupation, etc. It is concluded that the person views the surrounding world through the prism of the most familiar sphere of life, making it a model of the world and a cultural code.

1225 Sexsomnia: A Case of Sleep Masturbation And Sleeping In An Open Work Environment

Abstract Introduction Sleep sex or sexsomnia is classified in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders as a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnia. The overall prevalence is unknown but several conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), shift work, and/or insufficient sleep have been reported as factors affecting the frequency of NREM parasomnias. Parasomnias, with sexsomnias in particular, can cause significant emotional distress to patients and their families. We present a case of co-morbid sexsomnia and OSA in a patient serving in the military that had the complicating factor of sleeping in open quarters. Report of Case A 40-year-old male in active duty military without significant past medical history or medication use presented to clinic with a two year history of disruptive sleep masturbation reported by wife. Patient’s wife reported no instances of attempted sexual intercourse. The patient had no recollection of the episodes. The frequency and nature of the episodes were causing personal and marital distress. Patient was also concerned about work responsibilities, since he was periodically required to sleep in open environments. After initial clinic evaluation, patient underwent a video polysomnography (vPSG) with an extended EEG montage. No parasomnia activity was captured on vPSG but patient was diagnosed with moderate OSA. He was started on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, resulting in decreased number of episodes with relapses corresponding to nights without CPAP usage. Conclusion Sexsomnia cases require careful history taking and evaluation. The nature of the episodes and the sleep environment of the patient must be examined for any medico-legal ramification as there are court precedents of sexual assault charges made in sexsomnia-related cases. The military environment is unique with group-sleeping conditions, often in austere environments. If sexsomnia were to be misinterpreted as indecent exposure, under the military code of conduct, this could have significant career implications.

The social spaces of surveillance in early modern military architecture

ABSTRACTArt-of-war literature provided instruction on a wide range of social practices, from the logistics of war and military engineering to guidelines for the development of military moral codes. Spanish manuals on military fortification show that surveillance was an integral feature in early modern military architecture. Although studies of the art-of-war have yielded insights into turning points in intellectual and military history, there is presently a dearth of studies on art-of-war literature that examine the interrelations of architecture, surveillance and the cultures of war. Utilizing assemblage theory and Henri Lefebvre’s notion of social space, this study investigates how architecture produced surveillance in early modern Spanish military social spaces, as described in a number of representative Spanish military manuals. In the martial contexts they address, surveillance practices that produced dominant and dominated social spaces relied on strategies of visualization based on Euclidian geometry. I conclude that the application of those strategies engendered complex forms of visibility and practices of seeing in which surveillance was inextricably linked with targeting, and the stage was set for the mobilization of fluid and decentered surveillance mechanisms that sought to appropriate the war machine.

Playing Soldiers: The War Game in Late Qing and Republican China

Abstract In the early twentieth century, Chinese military reformers introduced the war game to improve the training of officers and professionalize their education according to foreign role models. The war game or Kriegsspiel was a tabletop device used to simulate tactical and strategic problems, which originated from the Prussian army and was very popular among German officers. It was adopted in other European countries and the United States as well as Japan, and was eventually played in the late Qing New Armies and the Guomindang’s National Revolutionary Army. From its inception at the turn of the century until the end of the Republican era, it was supposed to increase tactical abilities, leadership skills, discipline, and knowledge of specific procedures and regulations. Besides improving their skills as military commanders, wargaming enabled Chinese officers to incorporate transnational military cultural codes of conduct, and thus emulate and perform “modern” military professionalism.

How to make a codebook versatile. The example of the ASLET code

A brief study of a Spanish military code used in Spain in the late 1940s and early 1950s based on unpublished archival sources.

СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦІЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА УКРАЇНИ: ІСТОРИКО ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The article analyzes the historical, legal and rule-making features of the systematization of military legislation of Ukraine during the IX-early XXI centuries in the Ukrainian lands as an ethnic state and states that influenced its formation, development and current state. In order to effectively systematize the military legislation of Ukraine, which is characterized by imbalance and inconsistency of acts as a result of permanent changes in conditions of political and economic instability, armed aggression and the ongoing special period, a comparative historical and legal analysis of the state and achievements in practical military codification experience that must be taken into account when streamlining the legislation in the field of defense of Ukraine. As a result of the conducted research the tendencies and normative-legal features of each historical period of systematization of the military legislation on the Ukrainian lands are established. It was found that by the XVII century. The provisions of military law were only interspersed with acts of general law; the emergence of a regular army led to institutional systematization in the form of separate military statutes. The only sectoral-targeted systematization of military legislation took place in the form of incorporation and only after the systematization of general legislation through the publication of the Code of Military Resolutions of 1839, 1859, 1869. Systematization of military legislation of XX–XXI centuries covered an even larger area of military-administrative, military-service, military-combat, civil-military social relations, but the rudimentary influence of the Code of Military Resolutions is preserved in the military statutes and military-criminal acts of Ukraine. Sectoral systematization of military legislation in the form of codification (unified Military Code) or intersectoral - in the field of defense (unified National Defense Code) has no short-term prospects due to weak theoretical and legal and practical-applied development.

УЧЕНИЕ ДЗЭН И ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ ИДЕОЛОГИЯ ЯПОНИИ ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ ХХ ВЕКА

The paper considers the reinterpretation of the Zen doctrine in the form of New Buddhism represented by Rinzai and Sōtō schools in the context of Japan’s state ideology, which manifested itself in the conception of the Japanese national identity, kokutai . It turns out that Soyen Shaku (Rinzai), Kaiten Nukariya (Sōtō), Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki associated Buddhism with the bushido ethical code, one of the fundamental aspects of the kokutai conception. It is shown that the New Buddhism doctrine in its simplified form constituted the basis for 1941 Senjinkun military code where Zen Masters’ teachings were represented in a distorted form.

The Project that never Happened: Napoleon’s Military Code, 1805

Covering the period from the Old Regime through the turmoil of the Revolution, Consulate, and early Napoleonic Empire, this article aims to examine and analyse the historical evolution of the government’s relationship with the armed forces, which culminated in the establishment of the Commission on the Military Code. In the early spring of 1805, following the initiative of Emperor Napoleon and under the experienced military administrator Pierre Daru they established a Commission meant to work on examining the laws inherited by the Napoleonic military administration and compile them in a new code based on the Civil Code (1804). The result of these labours was a draft produced and reflected in seven voluminous books, which were supposed to regulate all aspects of the armed forces, i.e. recruitment, discipline and police, accounting and subsistence, military uniform, aspects of military justice, etc. Although, in theory, the start of the war with the Third Coalition prevented Daru and his collaborators from fully completing this project, it is questionable as to how far Napoleon really wished to proceed in implementing the Military Code having been proclaimed king of Italy in May, 1805 in addition to being an emperor, and whether he suspected that a Code as a system could provide his army with certain flexibility and legal rights to challenge some aspects of his still non-hereditary monarchy. On the other hand, the work of the Commission on the Military Code led to many useful administrative reforms, which helped create a professionally organised military force — Napoleon’s Grande Armee.

Unifikacja i kodyfikacja wojskowej procedury karnej w II Rzeczypospolitej

Numerous changes were made in the Polish legal system in the interwar period. Not only did the unification and codification of common law take place but also of the regulations present in the court-martial. However, the court-martial regulations were compiled in a completely different way. The Codification Commission was not concerned in the issue at all. All of the unification and codification work in the armed forces was completed atthe Ministry of Military Affairs. Since the very beginning of the Polish Republic, there was awareness that one of the priorities of the forming army was the need to unify the military criminal procedure. This goal was achieved relatively fast as it was finished by the mid-1920s. It was possible due to the limitation of doctrinal discussions and due to the involvement of a small circle of military attorneys in the process. The criminal procedure of the Austrian military from 1912 was adopted as the unification solution after it was appropriately adjusted to the realities of the system and to the organization of the Polish army. The codification of the military criminal procedure did not take place until the mid- 30s of the 20th century. The development of the code was entrusted to Colonel Marian Buszyński from the Department of Justice of the Ministry of Military Affairs. He prepared the code of military criminal procedure in 1936. It combined the prior experiences of the military justice with the model of the criminal procedure present in common courts. Despite the indubitable similarities with the common criminal procedure, the military code was an original work. It included numerous and distinct legal solutions. Among them were both the ones which were completely different from the civilian procedure due to the specificity of the army as well as the solutions which functioned previously only in the sphere of doctrinal discussions.

‘What is wrong with men?’: revisiting violence against women in conflict and peacebuilding

Much has been written about the high rates of rape and other forms of violence against ‘enemy’ women in wartime and sustained violence against women in post-war contexts. Research on violence against women, recognised as a problem for peace and development and even a threat to international security, has begun to identify and explain contrasts between different locations. The explanations focus on men, their behaviour and ‘masculinities’, some of which, and even some military codes, may even proscribe such violence. By contrast, research on the mental health of male former combatants, and possibly other male survivors of war trauma, suggests that there is a strong risk of them perpetrating violence specifically against women, even in cases where the highest standard of veteran care is expected, but without much explanation. This article considers what potential there is in this topic for lessons in peacebuilding policy and identifies areas for future research.

Are Military and Medical Ethics Necessarily Incompatible? A Canadian Case Study

Military physicians are often perceived to be in a position of 'dual loyalty' because they have responsibilities towards their patients but also towards their employer, the military institution. Further, they have to ascribe to and are bound by two distinct codes of ethics (i.e., medical and military), each with its own set of values and duties, that could at first glance be considered to be very different or even incompatible. How, then, can military physicians reconcile these two codes of ethics and their distinct professional/institutional values, and assume their responsibilities towards both their patients and the military institution? To clarify this situation, and to show how such a reconciliation might be possible, we compared the history and content of two national professional codes of ethics: the Defence Ethics of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Code of Ethics of the Canadian Medical Association. Interestingly, even if the medical code is more focused on duties and responsibility while the military code is more focused on core values and is supported by a comprehensive ethical training program, they also have many elements in common. Further, both are based on the same core values of loyalty and integrity, and they are broad in scope but are relatively flexible in application. While there are still important sources of tension between and limits within these two codes of ethics, there are fewer differences than may appear at first glance because the core values and principles of military and medical ethics are not so different.