Migration In Indonesia Research Articles

Does Ethnicity Affect Ever Migrating and the Number of Migrations? The Case of Indonesia

This paper is the first to examine to what extent ethnicity affects ever migrating and the number of migrations across the lifespan for the case of internal migration in Indonesia. We use all five waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) to study migration behaviour of respondents belonging to some of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia. Our logistic regression results show that the Minangkabau, Betawi, Madurese, Balinese, Buginese and Makassarese, and Sasak, Bima and Dompu are less likely to ever migrate than the Javanese. Using only migrants and controlling for the first migration and other characteristics, truncated negative binomial regression results show that, in comparison with the Javanese, the Minangkabau and Banjarese have a higher expected number of migrations while the numbers are lower for the Betawi and Balinese. Thus, ethnicity contributes to ever migrating as well as the number of migrations, but we find that the differences between the ethnic groups diminish for the latter. These results also point out that a higher likelihood of ever migrating does not always correspond with a higher number of migrations, highlighting the importance of studying migration count to complement the study of migration as a one-time event.

Unveiling Indonesia's migration and border governance: Challenges and imperatives post-pandemic

Indonesia's migration policy and border control strategy have given rise to complexities and weaknesses in both the COVID-19 period and its aftermath. This study examines the post-pandemic landscape of migration and border dynamics in Indonesia, investigating challenges posed by the Indonesian selective migration policy, emerging trends and patterns of people mobility, refugee inflows. Indonesia's migration policy and border management lack defined policy structures, political stands, and inadequate attention to emerging trends. International migration trends rise in Indonesia, although initially promising, it brings to light significant challenges such as irregular migration patterns, evolving cybercrime modus operandi, and transnational crime implications. The evolving global context requires a balance between facilitating movement, ensuring security, and promoting sustainability. We suggest four concepts for the migration and border control policy and concepts in Indonesia after the pandemic era.

Internal Migration and Labor Market Outcomes in Indonesia

We study the labor market effects of domestic migration in Indonesia on the employment outcomes of the natives and the migrants. To address the endogeneity of migrants’ settlement decisions, we use the information on the historical migration patterns from the Indonesian censuses to construct an internal migration version of the Bartik shift-share instrument. The instrument, used widely in the study of international migration, is based on the observation that even within countries, migrants tend to move to regions with a large migrant population from their region of origin. However, if the migration patterns are unchanged over time, past migration may affect current labor market outcomes directly, violating the exclusion restriction. To overcome this, we use a multi-instrument approach that lets us account for the long-term effects of migration separately. We find that internal migration is associated with an increase in migrant employment and a decrease in native employment. Less-educated natives in loweducation regencies are most-affected. The findings suggest that policies aiming to minimize the adverse effects of internal migration should aim at improving the human capital of natives.

Does migration network matter in driving internal migration in Indonesia?

Migration theory has developed a framework that considers factors influencing migration, including the pursuit of better economic opportunities in the destination area, which is a crucial pull factor. However, the internal migration literature, especially in Indonesia, currently lacks empirical evidence to show the role of migration networks as a mediating element in this mechanism. To address this research gap, we conducted a case study in Indonesia to examine the role of the migration network on the decision process of internal migrants. Our findings show that migration networks matter in driving internal migration with a moderate size effect, implying informational factors beyond those provided by networks also play a crucial role in migration decisions. These results indicate the importance of exploring additional avenues to enhance the positive impact of migration networks, such as creating designated social media applications to facilitate connections among potential migrants or exploring alternative means of meaningful engagement. Further research should examine the efficacy of such interventions and their potential to augment the influence of migration networks on migration decisions.

Frontier formation in an Indonesian resource site

This article examines the role of transmigration in the formation of a frontier in the Indonesian province of Sulawesi. The "KTM" (Kawasan Terpadu Mandiri – Integrated and Self-Sustained Settlement) initiative, which is funded by the government, provides the primary context. Using ethnographic methods, we identify the first Bugis migration in Indonesia that was funded by the government. The Bugis who settled in Baras were the only ones for whom the state had any involvement in the planning, sponsorship, or endorsement of their relocation from other locations like Sumatra or Kalimantan. We argue that the KTM of Baras has evolved from an agricultural frontier to an economic frontier and, most recently, a frontier focussed on the core issues of political ecology. This focus has arisen because the settlement has taken on the characteristics of an intersection of various types of frontiers. Empirically, this intersection of frontier and the oil palm industry have contributed to transforming the north-western region of Sulawesi.

Employment of highly-skilled migrants during the pandemic: Focus on internal migration in Indonesia.

This article examines whether highly-skilled migrants (HSMs) have better employment prospects compared to low-skilled migrants (LSMs), highly-skilled non-migrants (HSNMs) and low-skilled non-migrants (LSNMs) during the unsettling time of the COVID-19 pandemic. This question was explored by focusing on internal migration in Indonesia utilizing the August 2020 National Labor Force Survey, which includes several pandemic-related information. The study examined employment in terms of working status, change in hours worked and change in income. The results indicate that having high skills was very important in coping with the disruptions in the labor market, regardless of the migration status. The highly-skilled migrants were the second best (after the highly-skilled non-migrants) in coping with the crisis. As this study focused on migration, future research should focus more on short-term mobility, such as commuters, who were likely to have been more disadvantaged by mobility restrictions during the pandemic.

Spatial Structure of Youth Migration in Indonesia: Does Education Matter?

It is broadly understood that migration works in a selective way, particularly by age and education. However, little is known about the variation of the spatial structures of migration by educational background. Using migration data from Indonesia’s 2000 and 2010 population censuses, this study examined the education-specific youth migration flows in Indonesia by highlighting interactions between origin and destination regions and examining factors contributing to the migration structure. Strong interactions were found amongst regions located in the same island or in close geographic proximity for all education levels. More dispersed patterns of origin–destination pairs were observed in tertiary-educated migration structure. The effects of economic opportunities appear to have had more pronounced effect in the migration structure of the least educated group. The findings highlight the increasing importance of rural areas in highly educated migration flows and the greater attractiveness of more developed regions for the lower educated migration structure. The spatial structures of education-specific youth migration flows reinforce the wide inequality gap in education and employment opportunities across regions in Indonesia.

Confined to Stay: Natural Disasters and Indonesia's Migration Ban

Confined to Stay: Natural Disasters and Indonesia's Migration Ban

Biometric Data Sharing in Addressing Irregular Migration and Security Issues within The Bali Process Framework for Indonesia and ASEAN Member States

The Bali Process Declaration on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime acknowledges the large scale and complexity of irregular migration challenges both within and outside the Asia Pacific region. As one of the efforts to decrease irregular migration in this region, the Regional Support Office of the Bali Process (RSO) was established in 2012 to support the implementation of the Bali Process. In this regard, the Bali Process led to an opportunity to develop the use of technology and biometrics data sharing in migration and border management. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the law and policy in addressing the issue of irregular migration in Indonesia. It also explores the development of the utilization of technology and biometrics in the area of migration, security and border management, as a measure in addressing the problem of irregular migration. The discussion focuses on the role and challenges of technology and biometrics data exchange in border management as one of the most important agreements on the Bali Process. This study finds that the gaps within the ASEAN member states in regulating privacy rights and data protection have caused the difficulties in sharing and exchange data/information particularly biometric data. The method used in this research is the doctrinal legal research, which is mainly referred to as library-based research.

JOB FORMALITY AND EARNINGS DIFFERENCES AMONG MIGRANTS AND NON-MIGRANTS: EVIDENCE FROM FOUR INDONESIAN CITIES

Informal employment is a critical source of income for both internal migrants and non-migrants. This study uses the Rural–Urban Migration in Indonesia (RUMiI) project data for 2008 and 2009 to investigate the role of informal employment in earnings among internal migrants and non-migrants in Indonesia while considering the broader nature of informal employment and remuneration. Results show that when using a detailed measure of informality, income consequences of more intensive informal employment are severe, which had not been recognised in the literature. Some of the largest earnings reductions resulting from moving to more informal employment were experienced by non-migrants.

Internal migration in Indonesia: new insights from longitudinal data

ABSTRACT This study examines the roles of individual and household characteristics in internal migration in Indonesia for the first time using the five waves of Indonesia Family Life Survey. Our analysis extends previous research by using a longer period to capture mobility behaviour, by comparing changing of residence across three spatial scales, by incorporating the interaction of relation to household head and gender, and by differentiating migration involving the interaction of Sumatra, Java, other regions and rural-urban areas. The multinomial logistic regression results are consistent with international observations relating to age, education, marital status, previous migration, dependents, family size, and income. Some unique features from this study are the results which show that the probability of migrating by gender varies according to one’s relation to the household head, which highlights the importance of gender and family structure in migration decision-making. Residents of Java have lower probabilities of migrating, compared to non-Java residents for smaller spatial scale migrations, but are relatively likely to engage in inter-provincial migration. Urban-originating moves are more likely than rural-originating moves for all spatial scales except for Sumatra where its rural residents have a higher probability of migrating inter-provincially than its urban residents.

Strengthening national adaptation in dealing with Mega Sea level rise migration in Indonesia

Sea level rise because of global climate change is underway, causing substantial threats for many coastal areas in the world. The threats such as displacement of people and disruptions of coastal habitats and environments are more immense in Indonesia – an archipelagic state possessing roughly 17,000 islands – as it is vulnerable geographically and economically. However, movement of people and coastal habitats and environments to rescue themselves can be considered an effort of adaptation as if it is succeeded. Thus, it needs for to be prepared and strengthened. Using a literature analysis by collecting and selecting data and information regarding to climate change, especially rising sea level and its adaptation in Indonesia, the author finds several facts and ways to strengthen migration processes. There are many issues that need for attention such as economy and livelihood, land availability, water security, food security, social – culture, infrastructure, health and the environment. To prepare and strengthen this adaptation (migration) processes, there are several measures can be done regarding to people impacted (get displaced), host communities and coastal habitats and environments. There are also some roles should be taken by governments to support and enhance the success of the migration.

Analisis migran risen di sektor formal dan informal: Hasil Sakernas 2018

Migrasi total penduduk Indonesia mengalami tren peningkatan dalam beberapa kurun waktu terakhir. Pada tahun 1971, dari 100 penduduk enam di antaranya melakukan migrasi, sedangkan di tahun 1990 hampir sepuluh dari 100 penduduk melakukan migrasi. Mayoritas migran melakukan perpindahan dengan alasan mendapatkan pekerjaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keterlibatan migran risen di pasar kerja yang dibedakan ke dalam dua sektor, yaitu sektor formal dan informal. Data yang digunakan adalah Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (Sakernas) bulan Februari 2018. Unit observasi dalam penelitian ini adalah penduduk bekerja yang berstatus migran risen. Jumlah unit observasi adalah 2.858 individu yang tersebar di seluruh kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik biner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jika migran risen memiliki peluang lebih tinggi untuk bekerja di sektor formal dibandingkan sektor informal. Karakteristik migran risen yang berpeluang besar memasuki sektor formal adalah: berumur lebih muda, berstatus tidak kawin, berpendidikan menengah dan tinggi, serta pernah mengikuti pelatihan kerja.

Understanding migration motives and its impact on household welfare: evidence from rural–urban migration in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Rural–urban migration is a common demographic phenomenon in developing countries. Over the last four decades, Indonesia has had the highest rate of urbanization among Asian countries, which has been driven primarily by rural–urban migration. This type of migration has strong economic and social impacts on individuals at both the origins and the destinations. The study analyses the patterns and impacts of rural–urban migration based on the migration motives of rural households. The difference-in-differences approach is applied to identify migration’s impact on the welfare of migrant households in rural areas based on migration motives. The study uses Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data from 2007 and 2014, which consists of 2007 household samples spread over 13 provinces. Migration is found to have a positive and significant impact on migrant household welfare based on investment motives, but an insignificant result regarding the impact of migration based on risk-coping motives. Also found is the difference in migration patterns between the two migration motives.

Labor Migration in Indonesia and the Health of Children Left Behind

Abstract Economic research on labor migration in the developing world has traditionally focused on the role played by the remittances of overseas migrant labor in the sending country’s economy. Recently, due in no small part to the availability of rich microdata, more attention has been paid to the effects of migration on the lives of family members left behind. This paper examines how the temporary migration of parents for work affects the health outcomes of children left behind using the longitudinal data obtained from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. The anthropometric measure of the child health used, height-for-age, serves as a proxy for stunting. The evidence suggests that whether parental migration is beneficial or deleterious to the child health depends on which parent moved. In particular, migration of the mother has an adverse effect on the child’s height-for-age, reducing height-for-age Z-score by 0.5 standard deviations. This effect is not seen on the migration of the father.

Economic Inequality, Regional Development, and Internal Migration in Indonesia

This study aims to probe the determinants of inter-provincial migration flows in Indonesia and how economic and development changes affect migration patterns. We employ three census periods, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Our study finds that an increase in relative inequality between origin and destination provinces decreases inter-provincial migration and relatively high distance elasticity in Indonesia leads to high migration cost. People are more inclined to migrate due to push factors as opposed to pull factors from the destination region, thus indicating a strong relationship between the level of regional development and the willingness of people to migrate.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MIGRASI SEUMUR HIDUP DI INDONESIA

This study aims to look at: (1) the influence of education on lifelong migration in Indonesia. (2) Effect of wages on lifetime migration in Indonesia. (3) Effect of employment opportunities on lifelong migration in Indonesia. (4) The effect of marriage on lifelong migration in Indonesia, and (5) The effect of education, wages, employment opportunities and wages together on lifelong migration in Indonesia. This study uses Indonesian Susenas Statistics data from 2005-2016. The analysis technique used is OLS by using the fixed effect model. The results of this study indicate that education has a negative and insignificant effect on lifetime migration. Partially the variables of wages, employment opportunities and marriage have a positive and significant effect on lifetime migration in Indonesia. Taken together the variables of education, wages, employment opportunities and marriage have a significant effect on lifetime migration in Indonesia.

Securitization and Desecuritization of Migration in Indonesia

This paper seeks to explain through an analysis using securitization theory, the dynamics of securitization and desecuritization of migration in Indonesia with a particular emphasize on the forced migration issues in the Southeast Asian region. This paper provides an analysis on the speech act represented in the legal documents or policy papers and the non-discursive practices demonstrated by the authorities in the security-related migration regulation and refugees protection. Both the occurrence of securitization and desecuritization is elaborated. The securitization is understood to take place when policy or legal documents as well current practices construct assumptions that migrants, including irregular or forced migrants pose certain threats to society. The desecuritization, meanwhile, is found in legal documents and practices that weaken the security claims regarding the migrants. It is argued here that desecuritization takes place in the midst of securitization and shifts the language of security of forced migration in regional level. The extent to which the perception of security threats imposed by the migratory process has been shifted can be reviewed in the policy changes by other individual states in the region and the international institutions working within regarding to refugees protection.

Producing the Self-Regulating Subject: Liberal Protection in Indonesia's Migration Infrastructure

Producing the Self-Regulating Subject: Liberal Protection in Indonesia's Migration Infrastructure

Outsourcing control: the International Organization for Migration in Indonesia

ABSTRACTThe International Organization for Migration (IOM) receives considerable funding from the Australian government to undertake a variety of migration control operations in Indonesia. In this article, we highlight how the IOM’s migration management operations aim to target asylum seekers, control their movement, and prevent their arrival on Australian shores. IOM Indonesia’s approach involves the detention of irregular migrants, the return of asylum seekers and refugees to their countries of origin, the strengthening of Indonesia’s border controls, and public information campaigns to dissuade people from taking boats to Australia to seek asylum. We argue that these tactics frequently compromise the rights of asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia by prioritising Australia’s geopolitical deterrence agenda. Such activities present a contradiction with the IOM’s closer relationship with the United Nations since 2016, which we critique as ‘blue-washing’: creating the impression of a humanitarian organisation while simultaneously carrying out migration control activities on behalf of donor states of the global north. We draw upon financial records, freedom of information requests and previous scholarship on asylum seekers in Indonesia to critique the IOM’s activities across Indonesia.