Migrant populations face a disproportionate risk of undiagnosed HIV and viral hepatitis, posing a major challenge to elimination goals. The HEPINMIGRA study evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of an integrated community-based screening program for migrants in Alicante, Spain. Between March 2024 and February 2025, nine outreach campaigns were conducted in community settings with the support of intercultural mediators. Screening was performed using finger-prick dried blood spots. Among 535 attendees, 529 migrants were screened (acceptance rate 98.9%). Participants had a median age of 39 years, 56.1% were male, and 77.9% were of African origin. Seroprevalence was 1.1% for HIV (95% CI: 0.4-2.3%), 0.6% for HCV (95% CI: 0.1-1.6%), and 4.5% for HBsAg (95% CI: 2.9-6.6%). Although most individuals with positive results were successfully contacted and linked to care, treatment initiation rates were low. Community-based DBS screening was highly feasible and effective for case detection, but major gaps were identified in linkage to care and treatment initiation.

As part of the largest and most expensive state-run immigration program in U.S. history, the state of Texas bused more than 100,000 immigrants to six Democratic-led cities with sanctuary ordinances between 2022 and 2024. In this research note, we examine whether the Texas migrant busing program led to an increase in Hispanic homelessness in cities that received buses chartered by the state. Using point-in-time data measuring local homeless populations from the Department of Housing and Urban Development and administrative data from the Office of the Texas Governor to identify busing destinations, we apply a series of fixed-effects individual slope models to estimate the impact of Texas's busing program on local rates of Hispanic homelessness. We find that the busing program led to an annual increase of 36% in Hispanic homelessness in destination cities relative to prebusing trends. These results are robust to counterfactuals showing that the busing program had no impact on non-Hispanic homelessness, consistent with the predominantly Hispanic composition of bused migrants. Our findings underscore the detrimental impact of the Texas busing program on Hispanic homelessness and offer policy solutions to mitigate its effects.

This article examines the geography of H-2 visas, a temporary migrant labor program that recruits mainly Mexican workers to the United States. The analysis draws on the EMIF Norte survey and labor certification data from the U.S. Department of Labor to map the origins and destinations of H-2 temporary migrant workers. Findings indicate that, despite significant changes in the modality of cross-border migration, in Mexico, H-2 recruitment occurs in the states and regions where undocumented sojourning previously took place. In the United States, while demand remains strongest in regions long familiar with guest workers, H-2 recruitment has become increasingly prominent in western states. Overall, the H-2 visa program has expanded at a national scale in both countries, and although the rise of H-2 visas reflects a new mobility regime, this managed migration scheme is spatially developing on the legacy of undocumented migration.

This paper aims to explore the relationship between migration and economic inequality by synthesising and structuring the experiences of various countries and regions, with a focus on uncovering the key channel through which migration impacts economic inequality in Ukraine. It examines the ways in which migration impacts economic inequality, drawing insights from the theoretical frameworks and empirical data of European nations, countries in the Global South, the Middle East and North Africa, as well as select nations in Asia and Oceania. The analysis highlights the intricate interplay between migration flows – both inter-country and intra-country – and their relationship to economic inequality, particularly concerning the qualifications of migrants. A SWOT analysis shows that the effects of migration on inequality operate on multiple levels: strengths include the potential for income redistribution and poverty reduction; weaknesses stem from remittances selectivity and potential loss of human capital; opportunities arise through effectively utilising migration flows for developmental purposes; threats exist in the form of entrenched structural inequalities, often exacerbated by political and social instability. Key channels of influence identified include remittances, the qualification structure of migrants, the labour market, regional disparities, institutional quality, and political stability. The importance of private remittances for the Ukrainian economy from 2006 to 2024 is underscored. The findings reveal a complex relationship, as remittances can enhance household well-being; however, skilled worker emigration and reduced domestic consumption also exacerbate economic disparities. Post-2022, there has been a noticeable increase in economic inequality (determined on the basis of surveys), reflecting longstanding trends marked by structural disparities and a rising number of vulnerable populations due to mass migration. Strategies to mitigate the negative effects of mass migration should include three directions for policy measures: preventing migration, maintaining contact with those who migrate, and facilitating return. The paper emphasises the complexity of migrant return, which creates new challenges. The need for extensive research into countries that have experienced armed conflicts is emphasised, particularly regarding the long-term effects of forced migration and the effectiveness of migrant return programs, which remain a significant area for future inquiry.

Japan's Technical Intern Trainee Program (TITP) can be considered as a temporary labour migrant programme (TLMP), which prohibits migrant workers from bringing family members with them. This study explores how such a ban leads to the regulation of workers’ reproductive practices and rights, either explicitly or implicitly. Moreover, drawing on documents related to trials, interviews, and other information associated with the judicial cases involving TITP workers giving birth in isolation, this study examines how their reproductive citizenship was claimed through the lens of ‘interactive need interpretation’ among the migrant women, migrant rights organisations and individuals supporting the workers. It argues that the interactions between those in structurally different positions offer critical insights into the structural injustice of the TITP and temporary labour migrant programmes.

ABSTRACT In recent years, prominent Republican elites have instituted statewide migrant transportation programs in which asylum-seeking migrants are “bused” to liberal cities across the country. These programs are often justified by invoking NIMBYism (not-in-my-backyard), suggesting that when people must consider the effects of immigration policy in terms of their community, their attitudes toward immigrants will vary. Despite this, extant scholarship has yet to document the extent to which American immigration preferences vary by spatial scale and gives no expectation about how important any variation is relative to other determinants of immigration attitudes. Findings from a conjoint experiment reveal that Americans, on average, oppose immigrants proposed to move into their neighborhoods, but spatial scale does not alter considerations at the national, state, or city level. The relative importance of this NIMBY effect, however, is modest compared to a host of other individual-level characteristics of an immigrant. Moreover, despite elite claims of “liberal hypocrisy” in immigration, we find no evidence that the NIMBY effect varies by partisanship. Both Democrats and Republicans exhibit modest preferences against immigrants expected to move to their neighborhoods.

The human capital accumulating the population’s knowledge, skills, health, and capabilities is a critically important asset for the economic sustainability and postwar recovery of Ukraine. Amidst the large-scale aggression, a core task is the adequate assessment of its current condition and transformations. In view of the above, the research objective is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of change in the human capital through the prism socio-demographic and educational characteristics of households. The article presents results of an analysis by key dimensions of the human capital transformation: demographic (quantitative and age dynamics, gender composition of households, with reference to migration shifts), demographic (by-industry segregation and barriers for early development of the human capital), and, indirectly, economic (activity and structure of social responsibility of households). Besides that, the research places emphasis on the territorial differentiation of these dimensions between urban and rural settlements. The information base for the research covers data from the nationwide sample survey of the socio-economic conditions of households, held from December 2023 to February 2024, and data from the official sample survey of the living conditions of households, held in 2021 and early 2022. These surveys have a harmonized methodological framework allowing for an adequate assessment of the structural transformation scales. Results of the research showed heavy demographic losses and structural changes. The total number of private households decreased from 14.5 million to 13.6 million, with their average size fallen from 2.6 to 2.3 persons. The most dramatic fall, i.e., 10.9 percentage points, was in the share of households with children younger than 18 (from 37.8% to 26.9%), which is an immediate effect of the external migration. The analysis revealed the increasing gender asymmetry in the social responsibility, with women managing nearly 66% of the households. The economic analysis showed a high vulnerability of the human capital, because 56.9% of the households with working members depended only on one working person, which poses critical social and financial risks. Regarding the educational dimension, the analysis confirmed the existence of a significant high-quality potential of the human capital, because 36.3% of the population either had a higher education diploma or were studying in a higher education institution. Yet, its territorial polarization and professional segregation was found: the high-skilled human capital (STEM, economics) was concentrated in cities, thus increasing their role as drivers of the recovery. A crucial barrier for early development of the human capital is the factor of safety: 17.2% of the parents tended to abandon preschool education for safety-related reasons and due to infrastructure constraints in the rural area. In this case, parents are forced to engage in childcare around the clock, thus shrinking the labor supply by the households. Results of this research lay an empirical background for elaborating a targeted micro-oriented policy for eliminating negative transformations of the human capital. The principal institutional schemes proposed to be stimulation of women’s participation in STEM industries, migrant reorientation programs, smoothing of territorial disproportions, and priority investments in the safe educational infrastructure to support early development of the human capital.

College students from migrant farmworker backgrounds face many personal and academic challenges. Resilience is a reliable predictor of persistence through challenges and long-term well-being. We used a quasi-single-case experimental design to examine an 8-week Predictive 6 Factor Resilience (PR6) counseling intervention aimed at increasing resilience capacity scores as measured by the PR6 scale. The group counseling intervention focused on the neuroscience-informed PR6 resilience model, which consists of six domains of resilience including vision, composure, tenacity, collaboration, reasoning, and health. Our research participants were first-year college students (N=7; age between 18 and 19; 4 males and 3 females, and all identified as Latino/a) enrolled in the College Assistance Migrant Program (CAMP). Results indicated all seven participants had moderate to high resilience scores at baseline, with six of the seven participants showing an increase in median resilience scores from baseline to intervention. However, visual analysis and effect indices (PEM & Tau-U) showed inconclusive results. We discuss implications for counselors including incorporating resilience skill-building to enhance resilience capacities, the dynamic nature of resilience as a construct, and the importance of integrating culturally relevant/responsive counseling practices. Future research should include examining the PR6 resilience intervention using a single-case multiple baseline or multiple probe design to promote the ability to evaluate causal effect and replicability, in addition to transitioning the format to in-person versus virtual.

Recently, the Philippines’ migrant reintegration program has gained some renewed attention. In this article, we draw from the infrastructural lens often used in migration studies to foreground the ways in which key reintegration policies and regulation practices have been conceptualized and enacted over the past decades. Adopting the view that policies and ways of implementation are never static nor inert, we highlight two emerging developments in the field of Philippine reintegration. First, we trace and examine the shifting contours of an emerging infrastructure for migrant reintegration in the Philippines. Second, we situate reintegration policies alongside the more familiar, diaspora strategies. We do this to reveal what we contend as the growing classed nature of reintegration, whereby state's biases of the balikbayan (returnee from the diaspora) as more deserving than the migrant worker could effectively foreclose more nuanced policy and programs attendant to the differing needs of various returnees.

Host-response-based transcriptional signatures (HrTS) have been developed to identify "incipient tuberculosis (TB)". No study has reported the cost-effectiveness of HrTS for post-arrival migrant screening programs in low-incidence countries. The aim of this study was to assess the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of HrTS for post-arrival TB infection screening among new migrants in the United States. We used a discrete-event simulation model to compare four strategies: (1) no screening for TB infection or incipient TB; (2) 'IGRA-only', screen all with interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), provide TB preventive treatment for IGRA-positives; (3) 'IGRA-HrTS', screen all with IGRA followed by HrTS for IGRA-positives, provide incipient TB treatment for individuals testing positive with both tests; and (4) 'HrTS-only', screen all with HrTS, provide incipient TB treatment for HrTS-positives. We assessed outcomes over the lifetime of migrants entering the United Stataes (U.S.) in 2019, assuming HrTS met WHO Target Product Profile (TPP) optimal criteria. We conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of results. Our findings show that at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, the IGRA-only strategy was the optimal strategy under both healthcare sector and societal perspectives, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $104,138 and $143,103 per QALY gained, respectively. At a willingness-to-pay of $100,000 per QALY gained the IGRA-HrTS strategy appeared optimal. When the cohort was stratified by TB incidence in the country-of-origin, the IGRA-only strategy was optimal for country-of-origin incidence [Formula: see text]100 per 100,000, and the no-screening strategy was optimal for country-of-origin incidence <10 per 100,000. The IGRA-HrTS strategy was potentially cost-effective with country-of-origin incidence of 10-100 per 100,000, though this result had substantial uncertainty. Results were sensitive to time trends in TB progression risk after U.S. entry. An HrTS test meeting WHO TPP optimal criteria would be potentially cost-effective for post-arrival screening among a subset of U.S. migrants, but this result was sensitive to multiple factors.

Optimising tuberculosis disease testing algorithms is fundamental to ensuring the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of migrant screening programmes, including better understanding of individual and combined screening test properties. The aim of our study was to estimate pooled tuberculosis test properties from the literature and combine them in decision analytical modelling with a focus on whether tests used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection might add value to these algorithms. We performed a systematic review of reviews of diagnostic tests for active tuberculosis, searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane library, and pooled test properties extracted from original papers included in reviews. We used these pooled results in a decision tree analysis to estimate test properties for common migrant screening algorithms. We retrieved 1477 records and included 32 reviews, including data from 437 original studies for 18 tuberculosis tests, providing pooled results for 13. Our modelling showed that algorithms with interferon-γ release assays had the highest diagnostic odds ratios (dORs) (e.g. QuantiFERON/chest X-ray (for tuberculosis abnormalities)/Xpert dOR 24 670, 95% CI 11 630-52 328) and high positive predictive values. Best sensitivities were achieved for combinations with parallel cough/chest X‑ray screening followed by Xpert (0.88, 95% CI 0.86-0.90) or Ultra (0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.94) as well as by T-Spot.TB followed by parallel symptom/chest X-ray screening and Ultra (0.81, 95% CI 0.78-0.83) or Xpert (0.77, 95% CI 0.75-0.80). The significant test accuracy benefit of adding interferon-γ release assays to an active tuberculosis screening pathway will help inform clinicians and policy-makers on the most effective screening algorithms.

Abstract This article examines the discursive strategies and institutional context that led the Abe administration to change Japan’s migrant admission policy. For the past thirty years, Japan officially refused to admit migrant workers and instead relied on a side-door policy. However, in 2018, the Japanese government introduced the Specified Skilled Worker Program, marking the first official migrant worker program in post-war Japan. Key factors behind Japan’s reluctance to admit migrants and its reliance on the side-door policy include the pivotal roles of the bureaucracy, institutional constraints, and negative public perceptions of migrants. To overcome these obstacles, the Abe administration employed top-down decision-making within institutional frameworks and used discourses such as the ‘utilisation of foreign human resources’ to justify the reform while framing it as ‘not an immigration policy’ to ensure its legitimacy. Additionally, the discourse surrounding ‘competition for human resources’ and Japan as ‘a chosen country’ motivated the policy reform by emphasising the need to enhance national competitiveness. Drawing on the framework of discursive institutionalism, this article demonstrates that discourses in specific institutional contexts play a critical role in explaining the shift in Japan’s migrant admission policy and reflect changing national identifications.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a music education program from a cross-cultural perspective in which migrants and Koreans from various cultures respect and understand each other's culture. Through literature research, the theoretical background will be interculturalism, intercultural education, and intercultural education methods. The thesis is conducted by setting the direction of the music education program based on the case of intercultural music education in Germany, where intercultural education was born, and by presenting the intercultural program for migrants applying it. The intercultural educational elements in the program are aimed at both immigrants and natives. They focus on finding commonalities and differences in the music of each country, experiencing various related cultures, and witnessing the dynamic phenomena and formation of new musical cultures that occur through these interactions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of learning psychology on the effectiveness of training programs in ppsdm: a study on the Indonesian migrant worker training program at the ppsdm ministry of bp2mi. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection through observation and document study. The data analysis process in the study is data collection, data display, data condensation, conclusion: drawing / verification. The results of the study indicate that learning psychology has an important role in increasing the effectiveness of human resource training in training programs at the PPSDM Ministry of P2MI. Learning psychology helps in understanding the character of human resources. The training program focuses on developing the skills and competencies of migrant workers, both those who will work and those who have returned. So that in its implementation it involves elements of educational psychology to develop its training so that the training program runs effectively. Training programs involving learning psychology provide in-depth insight into how individuals learn, develop, and interact with the environment. The importance of a learning psychology-based approach to improving training outcomes while supporting the development of social and emotional skills. This can make the training program more effective. In training, you can design a curriculum that suits the individual's ability to process information.

In Australia, the teaching of pronunciation is embedded in the curriculum of a national adult migrant English program offering English as an additional language (EAL) tuition to newly arrived migrants. Students in the program who have had limited opportunities to develop print literacy in English or their first languages are offered tuition in pre-level EAL classes. Teachers of these students lack access to relevant training or research on oral skills pedagogies but are expected to integrate pronunciation teaching into their lessons. This article examines pre-level teachers’ pronunciation teaching practices in the Australian adult EAL context. The study introduced teachers to a practitioner research approach of professional learning through a series of exploratory practice (EP) focus group sessions. Using the lens of the theory of practice architectures, this article describes how teachers engaged in the EP process of puzzling to foster a praxis orientation towards the teaching of EAL pronunciation with preliterate adults. Findings revealed that the practices of puzzling facilitated the development of teachers’ understandings and enabled practices of pronunciation teaching to be tailored to their local teaching context. The puzzling process, initiated by the researcher in the first session, was taken up by teachers in subsequent sessions and fostered a praxis-oriented approach to learning viewed as important by teachers. The study has implications for pronunciation teaching research as it puts forward an innovative, practice architectures theoretical framing of EP and offers new insights into pronunciation teacher learning in the adult migrant EAL context.

This study aims to analyze the educational and sociocultural aspects of migrant education programs and policies implemented in selected Asia-Pacific countries exposed to high migration flows for many years. This research was based on a multiple case study design. The study group included four Asia-Pacific (the United States, New Zealand, Japan and the Republic of Korea) countries. The data for this study consisted of official documents and was analyzed using content analysis. From an educational standpoint, this study found that most countries provided individual learning opportunities for migrant children in their programs or policies through pedagogical ways, considering migrant children’s past academic experiences, cultural backgrounds, and social life standards. The second educational perspective observed in education programs or policies was the role and importance of language development programs. From a sociocultural standpoint, most countries aimed to provide continuous social adaptation support, especially for migrant children, from their first entry into the host country to the following years without exposure to interruption/administrative challenges. This study suggests key policy actions for countries that are increasingly exposed to migration movements and do not have extensive historical experience in accepting and integrating domestic and international migrants into their social systems.

Implementing a migrant and refugee mentoring program through action research

College Assistance Migrant Program (ED)

Executive Summary The International Organization of Migration has characterized the US-Mexico border as the world’s deadliest land migration route. By August 2024, a minimum of 5,405 persons had died or gone missing along this border since 2014, with record high numbers since 2021. Migrant deaths occur despite decades of: US Border Patrol search and rescue initiatives; public education campaigns targeting potential migrants on the dangers of irregular migration; dozens of academic publications and reports highlighting the root causes of these deaths; efforts by consular officials, local communities, and humanitarian agencies to locate, identify, and repatriate human remains; and desperate attempts by families to learn the fate of their missing loved ones. This paper introduces a special edition of the Journal on Migration and Human Security (JMHS), which draws on original research and the expertise of medical examiners, forensic anthropologists, social scientists, and humanitarian organizations to examine this persistent human tragedy. Many of the authors investigate migrant deaths in their professional capacities. They identify the dead, return remains to family members, and champion reforms to prevent deaths and better account for the dead and missing. This JMHS special edition represents a collaboration between the University of Arizona’s Binational Migration Institute, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMSNY), and the Working Group on Mapping Migrant Deaths along the US Southwest Border. The Working Group includes scholars and practitioners from California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and New York who have met monthly since October of 2021. The special edition examines in granular detail the causes of migrant deaths, US border enforcement strategies and tactics, migrant death statistics, and the resource and capacity challenges faced by US counties along and leading from the US-Mexico border in investigating these deaths. The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and many public officials attribute the deaths to the predations of human smugglers, the victims’ ignorance or assumption of risk, and the harsh “natural” conditions to which migrants finally succumb. This special issue also documents the underlying non-natural causes of this enduring tragedy, and offers both overarching and more targeted solutions to preventing and minimizing migrant deaths. The issue builds upon and extends seminal research on migrant deaths first featured in CMSNY publications more than two decades ago. Section I introduces the issue of migrant deaths by posing the question: Why should we care? Section II describes the genesis of “prevention through deterrence”—a border enforcement theory and strategy—and its evolution through subsequent Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and US Border Patrol strategic plans. It describes the immense enforcement infrastructure built around this idea by successive administrations and Congresses, and it explains why it has failed to stem irregular migration and how it has contributed to migrant deaths. Section III reviews the main causes of migrant deaths—forced migration, the combined effects of prevention through deterrence and border enforcement tactics, the denial of access to asylum, the border wall, the “naturalization” of migrant deaths, and the dominant vision of the border as a site of danger and exclusion. Section IV reviews the legislative standards for identifying, investigating, and reporting on migrant decedents. It also details the deficiencies of Border Patrol and county-level sources of data on deaths, and it outlines ways to strengthen data collection. Section V discusses the burdens placed on communities along and leading from the border in investigating deaths and their need for greater resources and capacity to address this problem. Section VI outlines the anomalies and challenges related to the Border Patrol’s migrant rescue program. Section VII describes international legal standards to guide the investigation of migrant deaths and two model programs. Section VIII sets forth policy recommendations to prevent migrant deaths and to honor and account for the dead.

This paper analyzed the potential of remittances in developing the rural hometowns of migrants and their families. Researchers employed a mixed methods tool, the Remittance Investment Climate Analysis in Rural Hometowns (RICART), for over eight years in six municipalities in the Philippines. We found that there is no common trend among municipalities that combining a sound investment climate, an ample number of financial institutions, high levels of residents’ financial literacy and an active program for migrants and their families all ensure remittances-induced hometown investing. Improving rural residents’ financial knowledge and instituting investment climate reforms may help direct remittances to local development.