Mid XIX Century Research Articles

К проблеме взаимодействия государственной власти и городского общественного управления в конце XVIII — середине XIX в. (на опыте Вологодского края)

К проблеме взаимодействия государственной власти и городского общественного управления в конце XVIII — середине XIX в. (на опыте Вологодского края)

Thwarted mixed marriage: Failed attempt of marriage between Gypsy man and Serb woman in Negotin in 1851.

Based on unpublished archival sources, this paper deals with the position of Gypsies in Serbia in mid XIX century and with the institution of marriage. An extraordinary event, attempt of a Gypsy man marrying a Serb woman, is described and analyzed in detail. The groom's father, wealthy Negotin native Gypsy, intended to marry his son with a Serbian girl and thus improve his family's social status. The selected bride was a poor girl without a family, who accepted the proposal in order to escape from poverty. Obviously, it was the case of an arranged marriage. There were not any legal obstacles to the marriage and the church authorities gave their consent. However, the marriage was not socially acceptable for the part of Negotin community members. Therefore, they openly protested and forced the Timok archbishop to withdraw his permission for the marriage. Police did nothing to prevent demonstration and pressure on the high church dignitary. Thus, the marriage was thwarted. This unusual example shows the existence of segregation of Gypsies and their de facto inferior social position, as well as hesitation of church and civil authorities to enforce the law in matters of marriage, when it collided with deeply rooted social norms.

On the problem of domestic library science genesis and its scientific status

The article is dedicated to the domestic library science formation and development. It reviews and analyzes the concept proposed by A. N. Vaneev, according to which librarianship has emerged as a branch of science. This concept is based on the following facts: first, on the etymology of the term «bibliotekovedenie» meaning the knowledge on library; secondly, on the opinion of a participant of the discussion that took place in print in 1865, that library science and its works were not possible; that in 1910-1920s it was dominated the view on the library science as a branch of knowledge, and in 1930s the library science was declared a bourgeois science. Therefore, only in 1960s, the library science began to take shape of a scientific discipline, resulting in the duality, to overcome which it was proposed to replace the term «bibliotekovedenie (studying library)» with the term «library science» by A. Vaneev. The concept analysis showed that it was not confirmed neither etymologically nor pictographically. The author's concept is proposed, according to which the library science was formed as a scientific discipline during the XIX century. First, it is based on the thesis that the concept «branch of knowledge» is a library classification notion, whereas the concept «scientific discipline» is a scientific term, therefore they cannot be opposed to each other; second, on the view of science as systematic and focused research activities of a particular subject area. Therefore, it arises when there is the identification of this subject area. Such are the aspects of library activities to ensure public interests in the sphere of science, education and enlightenment. In practice, this was manifested in the «governmentalization» of librarianship and subordinating it to the Ministry of education. Understanding the subject area of library science by scholars was in the mid XIX century. The systematic character of scientific knowledge was achieved by institutionalization, through vesting the leading libraries of the country functions of scientific institutions, creating the library communities, professional printing, etc. All this took place during the whole XIX century. Thus, according to the author's proposed concept the formation of national library science as a scientific discipline ended in the late XIX - early XX century finally.

La mujer lectora en la “prensa femenina” del siglo XIX. Estudio comparativo entre Biblioteca de Señoritas (1858–1859) y La Mujer (1878-1881)

A mediados del siglo XIX, la prensa en Colombia comenzó a especializarse en un tipo de lector al que antes no estaba dirigida de manera explícita: la mujer. Esta iniciativa requería una actualización en la administración de las publicaciones periódicas, que se evidenciaba en su materialidad, contenido, notas editoriales, temáticas, géneros, entre otros aspectos. De este modo, cada publicación daba cuenta de una orientación ideológica que la guiaba y, en esa medida, expresaba la concepción que tenía sobre la mujer, su papel en la sociedad y, consecuentemente, la figura de la lectora ideal que pretendía forjar.

Distribution of Marburg virus in Africa: An evolutionary approach

The aim of this study was to investigate the origin and geographical dispersion of Marburg virus, the first member of the Filoviridae family to be discovered. Seventy-three complete genome sequences of Marburg virus isolated from animals and humans were retrieved from public databases and analysed using a Bayesian phylogeographical framework. The phylogenetic tree of the Marburg virus data set showed two significant evolutionary lineages: Ravn virus (RAVV) and Marburg virus (MARV). MARV divided into two main clades; clade A included isolates from Uganda (five from the European epidemic in 1967), Kenya (1980) and Angola (from the epidemic of 2004–2005); clade B included most of the isolates obtained during the 1999–2000 epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and a group of Ugandan isolates obtained in 2007–2009. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of the whole genome was 3.3×10−4 substitutions/site/year (credibility interval 2.0–4.8). The MARV strain had a mean root time of the most recent common ancestor of 177.9years ago (YA) (95% highest posterior density 87–284), thus indicating that it probably originated in the mid-XIX century, whereas the RAVV strain had a later origin dating back to a mean 33.8 YA. The most probable location of the MARV ancestor was Uganda (state posterior probability, spp=0.41), whereas that of the RAVV ancestor was Kenya (spp=0.71). There were significant migration rates from Uganda to the DRC (Bayes Factor, BF=42.0) and in the opposite direction (BF=5.7). Our data suggest that Uganda may have been the cradle of Marburg virus in Africa.

Palmas medicinales usadas en el Nuevo Mundo

La presente investigación comprende una recopilación bibliográfica de los usos medicinales de las palmas en el Nuevo Mundo. Esta recopilación se realiza de libros que reportan los usos medicinales de las palmas desde mediados del siglo XIX. Se describen las especies de palmeras y sus usos en la medicina en distintos lugares de América y luego se realiza un listado por especie de los usos medicinales de las mismas.

"Exact Sciences and Mathematics in Central-Eastern Europe from the mid-XIX Century till WWII." The scientifuc conference.

Prezentowany tekst zwiera krotkie streszczenie na temat MiA™dzynarodowej Konferencji poA›wiA™conej naukom A›cisA‚ym i matematyce w Europie Ašrodkowo-Wschodniej na przeA‚omie XIX i XX wieku, ktora odbyA‚a siA™ w Krakowie, w siedzibie PAU, w dniach od 11 do 14 czerwca 1015 r.

El microrrelato hispanoamericano y su origen poético

La teoría y crítica sobre el microrrelato ha intentado demostrar que el origen de este nuevo género literario proviene de su relación con las formas narrativas, en especial con el cuento y la novela corta, sin prestar atención a la poesía, cuya enorme influencia no ha sido todavía bien estudiada. En este artículo, precisamente, se hace un análisis sobre el microrrelato hispanoamericano y la significativa contribución que han ejercido los poetas (la poesía) en su surgimiento, desde la creación del mismo a mediados del siglo XIX hasta sus manifestaciones más recientes. Se pretende con dicho estudio demostrar cómo los orígenes del microrrelato hispanoamericano (y el microrrelato en general) están relacionados con la misma evolución del género poético, su principal influencia.

Estampas de Cervantes en Chile: el caso de «Memorias de un perro escritas por su propia pata» de Juan Rafael Allende

It is possible to recognize the influence of Cervantes in Spanish America from the moment its works arrived to our continent in the XVII century. The Chilean literature is not out of that process: in the literary field one of the highlights is the writer Juan Rafael Allende, from mid XIX Century, who’s novel Memorias de un perro escritas por su propia pata (1893) shows a clear inspiration on one of the Exemplary novels titled Coloquio de los perros . Rafael Allende’s work, narrated according to the XVII century picaresque novel principles, tells about the life’s ups and downs of a dog named Rompecadenas, who constantly changes owners and get a good number of experiences that allow it to make its performance as a picaro even better and, by the way, to display a series of pictures of Chilean social reality.

Botánica y numismática: las plantas en las monedas de Costa Rica (1709-2004)

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Las monedas de Costa Rica incluyen una variedad de ilustraciones de plantas, desde una palmera (</span><span>Attalea rostrata </span><span>?) en la primera moneda de oro conocida (1825), hasta un alga marina (</span><span>Caulerpa prolifera </span><span>?) en una pieza conmemorativa de 1974. Las semillas del cacao (</span><span>Theobroma cacao</span><span>) fueron uti- lizadas legalmente desde 1709 como moneda. El árbol nacional (</span><span>Enterolobium cyclocarpum</span><span>), y la flor nacional (</span><span>Guarianthe skinneri</span><span>), una orquídea, fueron ambas representadas en monedas conmemorativas de 1975 y la orquídea nuevamente en una pieza de plata de 1983. El café (</span><span>Coffea arabica</span><span>) y el tabaco (</span><span>Nicotiana tabacum</span><span>), están representadas como plantas completas en monedas de 1842 y 1847-1850, respectivamente. Las ramas de café han sido ilustradas en la mayoría de las monedas a partir de 1935. El árbol del algodón sedoso (</span><span>Ceiba pentandra</span><span>) y una especie siempre verde de encina (</span><span>Quercus sp </span><span>?) han sido grabadas en piezas de mediados del siglo XIX. Ilustraciones similares al mirto (</span><span>Myrtus communis</span><span>) y a una especie desconocida de palma, fueron incluidas en coronas en las monedas desde 1842. El laurel (</span><span>Laurus nobilis</span><span>) es mencionado en decretos desde 1863. Sin embargo, diseños más similares a </span><span>M. communis </span><span>que a </span><span>L. nobilis </span><span>fueron incluidos en monedas de oro y plata.</span></p></div></div></div>

SAKHALIN ISLAND ORTHODOX CLERGY MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AMONG THE CONVICTS (MID XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES)

In this article the author tries to make sense of the main aspects of Sakhalin Island Orthodox clergy service in prisons. This study covers the most difficult period in the life of the island. In the mid XIX century Sakhalin becomes the penal colony of the Russian Empire. The convicts and exiles delivery to the island was started. It was necessary to think about the expansion of the existing settlements, construction of roads, and establishment of school education. It should be mentioned that the voluntary settlements on the island territories contributed to the process of the islanders quantity increase. Peasants of Central part of the Russian Empire had an opportunity to move to the island, and at that, to achieve greater success the Government introduced incentives and encouragements. The authorities faced the tasks solving which the representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church were also involved in. The author focuses on consideration of the hard labor living conditions and the moral standards of people. The hard labor living conditions hindered the service in Sakhalin prisons. The article shows how severe the life of the prisoners was; and prison administration’s indifference and cruelty had no bounds. It is worth noting some remoteness of the convicts from the religious life. They had almost no interest in this. As noted by the contemporaries, mostly free people were praying in the island churches where there was no place for the convicts. The work was additionally complicated by the fact that there were no chapels or the premises in the existing prison where the divine services could be administered.

SAKHALIN ISLAND ORTHODOX CLERGY MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AMONG THE CONVICTS (MID XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES)

In this article the author tries to make sense of the main aspects of Sakhalin Island Orthodox clergy service in prisons. This study covers the most difficult period in the life of the island. In the mid XIX century Sakhalin becomes the penal colony of the Russian Empire. The convicts and exiles delivery to the island was started. It was necessary to think about the expansion of the existing settlements, construction of roads, and establishment of school education. It should be mentioned that the voluntary settlements on the island territories contributed to the process of the islanders quantity increase. Peasants of Central part of the Russian Empire had an opportunity to move to the island, and at that, to achieve greater success the Government introduced incentives and encouragements. The authorities faced the tasks solving which the representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church were also involved in. The author focuses on consideration of the hard labor living conditions and the moral standards of people. The hard labor living conditions hindered the service in Sakhalin prisons. The article shows how severe the life of the prisoners was; and prison administration’s indifference and cruelty had no bounds. It is worth noting some remoteness of the convicts from the religious life. They had almost no interest in this. As noted by the contemporaries, mostly free people were praying in the island churches where there was no place for the convicts. The work was additionally complicated by the fact that there were no chapels or the premises in the existing prison where the divine services could be administered.

SAKHALIN ISLAND ORTHODOX CLERGY MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AMONG THE CONVICTS (MID XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES)

In this article the author tries to make sense of the main aspects of Sakhalin Island Orthodox clergy service in prisons. This study covers the most difficult period in the life of the island. In the mid XIX century Sakhalin becomes the penal colony of the Russian Empire. The convicts and exiles delivery to the island was started. It was necessary to think about the expansion of the existing settlements, construction of roads, and establishment of school education. It should be mentioned that the voluntary settlements on the island territories contributed to the process of the islanders quantity increase. Peasants of Central part of the Russian Empire had an opportunity to move to the island, and at that, to achieve greater success the Government introduced incentives and encouragements. The authorities faced the tasks solving which the representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church were also involved in. The author focuses on consideration of the hard labor living conditions and the moral standards of people. The hard labor living conditions hindered the service in Sakhalin prisons. The article shows how severe the life of the prisoners was; and prison administration’s indifference and cruelty had no bounds. It is worth noting some remoteness of the convicts from the religious life. They had almost no interest in this. As noted by the contemporaries, mostly free people were praying in the island churches where there was no place for the convicts. The work was additionally complicated by the fact that there were no chapels or the premises in the existing prison where the divine services could be administered.

Il Friuli nella storiografia veneta tra Otto e Novecento

This article analyzes how the Venetian and the Friulian historians from the mid-XIX century to the mid-XX century considered the domination of the Republic of Venice on the Friuli in the early modern period. The different historiographical positions have intertwined with issues such as the Italian character of the Friulian territory, irredentism and the Adriatic ambitions of post-First World War Italy. Only from the 1920s onwards, with the works of Pier Silverio Leicht, and then Pio Paschini and Roberto Cessi, there is a renewal of historiography.

A casual alien plant new to Mediterranean Europe: <em>Ceiba speciosa</em> (Malvaceae) in the suburban area of Palermo (NW Sicily, Italy)

Pasta, S., La Mantia, T. & Badalamenti, E. 2014. A casual alien plant new to Mediterranean Europe: Ceiba speciosa (Malvaceae) in the suburban area of Palermo (NW Sicily, Italy). Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 71(2): e010. The abiotic and biotic characteristics of the first sites where floss silk tree behaves as a casual alien plant in the Mediterranean Europe are described. The species was probably first planted in botanical gardens of southern France few decades before mid XIX century. It was introduced in Palermo in 1896, a city which appears to match very well its climatic requirements. According to the available information on its biology and ecology in both its original and secondary range, the floss silk tree should not become an invasive alien plant in the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, several gaps need to be filled in order to increase our understanding of future trends of Ceiba speciosa in southern Europe, in particular, the eventual role of pollinators and seed dispersers outside the species’ natural range.

The 20th International Symposium on Chironomidae

Prince Bishops turned the Buonconsiglio castle into one of the best known castles in the whole of Europe and Trento (historically known in English as Trent) is the capital of the Trentino Province, a mountain region located in the heart of the Alps. The Province covers an area of more than 6,000 km2, with a total population of about 0.5 million. Trento lies in the Adige valley just south of the Dolomite Mountains, where the Fersina River and Avisio rivers join the Adige River, the second longest river in Italy. The town centre is more or less a pedestrian area, and walking around the historic centre you can see a number of outdoor frescos on historic buildings. MUSEMuseo delle Scienze (previously Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali) is one of the main cultural centers of the city and was built along the banks of the Adige. It manages, in addition to the main museum located close to the city centre, a network of six museums and local offices at the provincial level and one in Tanzania. MUSE, that traces back its origin in the mid XIX century, is the first museum in Italy that harmoniously blends nature, science and technology, devoted to research, visitor interpretation and education. Since 2013 the museum has been located in a new building whose outline recalls the profile of the surrounding mountains, with a finely balanced contrast between Town centre, the Cathedral. Photo: Matteo Ianeselli / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-3.0& GFDL.

Orenburg Neplyuev Military School: Contribution to Formation of Regional Science

In 2014, 190 years have passed since the establishment of the Orenburg Neplyuev Military School, renamed later in the Cadet Corps. In the middle of the XIX and the beginning of XX century, several military schools worked in Orenburg. Their presence in the city is quite justified, as since the founding of Orenburg it was a significant military and educational center of the region. The purpose of this study was to identify and collect data on the scientific activities of faculty members and staff of one of the oldest educational institutions in the region and evaluating the scientific merit of their work. It is known that members of the Orenburg Neplyuev Cadet Corps not only performed and contributed to the educational process, but some of them also were engaged in research. This work was not mandatory; it was often carried out on own initiative or with the agreement to assume the additional overhead. But at the same time it was not been closed within the boundaries of personal research interests of specific people. During the whole XIX and at the beginning of the XX centuries, even early, the Orenburg Province and adjacent areas remained unexplored territory. Therefore, the work of researchers and enthusiasts had enormous scientific and social value. Since the mid-XIX century, the Orenburg researchers were able to participate in the work of several local scientific societies: the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission, the Orenburg Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, the Orenburg Department of the Kazan Society of military health knowledge adherents, etc. The article presents the results of a study on the participation and the scientific contribution of employees of the Orenburg Neplyuev Cadet Corps in the formation of Regional Science. On the basis of collected and presented in the article submissions it can be stated that, in speaking about the scientific work in this institution, it should be assessed not so much a collective as a personal contribution.

Main stages of studying childhood infectious diseases

The article deals with the history of studying the most common childhood specific infectious diseases: measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, scarlet fever, mumps, chickenpox, and rubella. Similarities are clearly observed in the history of their study, so it was possible to distinguish four main phases according to reflection of the problem in medical literature, mainly scientists’ attention to one or another side of the pathological process, the discoveries made. 1) Since the first appearance of childhood infectious diseases in the medical literature until the mid XVI century: fragmentary references in the doctors’ writings and historical chronicles. 2) Mid XVI century - mid XIX century: due to a rise of the diseases incidence their empirical study started, many of them were described for the first time. While describing epidemics clinical and epidemiological features of diseases were specified. 3) Mid XIX century - mid XX century: the ethiopathogenesis of childhood infectious diseases was studied, their agents were found. These discoveries led to a break-through in the treatment (serums, antibacterials). 4) Period of mass vaccination against most childhood infectious diseases.

Le campagne lombarde, tessera chiave del mosaico agrario europeo

A comprehensive historiography of the agricultural development in continental Europe, from the medieval period until the XX century, does not exist. Indisputably, modern agriculture is essentially an outgrowth of the humid temperate regions bordering the English Channel, but English, French and German scholars were wrong to identify these regions as the only cradle of the modern agricultural revolution.
 The historiography of agronomic technologies can easily underscore the importance of the Po Valley in this process because of the leading role of water in the development of a more sophisticated agriculture. In fact, drawing a connection between the grain and forage farming, which had renewed Flemish and English agriculture (but also being blessed with a warmer climate capable of exploiting the potential of the first capillary irrigation system), in the successive decades of the first Millennium, Lombard agriculture realized an amount of production that was unimaginable in Flanders, Picardy, Normandy, Holstein and Jutland, thanks to the connection between grain farming and dairy production. After having reached exceptional levels of productivity as well as predating the agricultures of the same historical period, the agriculture of the Po Valley region settled into a premature twilight.
 In fact, whilst a more scientific agriculture was being born in England and France, the Italian countryside returned to a past situation with medieval characteristics. Only in XVIII century, in the Lombard countryside it was rediscovered, under the Austrian-Hungarian domination, the old prosperity founded, above all, upon traditional methods. These traditional ways were most distant from the scientific applications that were assuming the role of the “engine of progress” in other European cultivations. The agriculture of Lombardy joined this “engine of progress” only after the mid XIX century.

Federalismo y régimen municipal en Argentina

Este trabajo aborda la configuración histórica del régimen municipal en Argentina y su funcionamiento actual. Para ello se retoma el debate de los principales actores políticos de mediados del siglo XIX sobre el papel que consideraban debía tener. Para su vigencia se aborda al municipio con relación al federalismo, así como las categorías y competencias que éste desempeña.