Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles (Page 1)

This paper presents the design of a circular split ring resonator (CSRR) loaded high gain slotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RPA) with frequency notch characteristics. The primary goal is to improve the traditional microstrip patch antenna's gain and bandwidth while it operates in the X band. The CSRR is acting as a metamaterial, is deployed on to the patch to get the desired characteristics. The suggested antenna provides a gain of 20.1 dBi and 12.0 dBi at two different peaks, has a fair radiation profile, and resonates at 10.76 GHz with a S11 parameter of -18.94 dB. Since this high gain antenna resonates at the X band, this band is useful for satellite applications.

A low-RCS and high gain microstrip patch antenna using meander line for wireless communication

Microstructure, electrical and microwave/terahertz dielectric properties of novel low-temperature sintered NaLn5(MoO4)8 (Ln = Ce, Eu) ceramics for microstrip patch antenna applications

Retraction notice to “High gain and frequency reconfigurable copper and liquid metamaterial tooth based microstrip patch antenna.” [Int. J. Electron. Commun. 137 (2021) 153799

This study suggests a bail-shaped microstrip patch antenna designed for 5G applications. This antenna model operates in the 3.45 GHz wireless communication frequency range, which is a component of the so-called C-band (3.3 to 4.2 GHz), which is widely utilized for mid-band 5G deployments across the globe. Antenna size optimization is achieved at 31×28 mm<sup>2</sup>. On the patch, a slot is added to enhance the return loss features. The light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model for prediction acts as an objective function of the considered piranha foraging optimization algorithm (PFOA) to adjust the antenna's slot dimension, which will be used to optimize the slot width. In order to get a superior return loss value of around -39.90<-10 dB, the optimization approach that is provided seeks to achieve the ideal slot length. The proposed device exhibits remarkable radiation efficiency by partially grounding, with a peak gain of around 2.535 dBi at 3.45 GHz. A novel hybrid approach combines the LightGBM prediction model with the PFOA to fine-tune slot dimensions, achieving a superior return loss of -39.90 dB. The exclusivity of this effort is the incorporation of machine learning algorithms to attain significantly improved parameters.

This paper investigates the implications of the reduction of patch length in Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) design. In order to determine the implications of the patch length reduction, two (2) rectangular microstrip patch antennae which were designed, modelled and simulated using the same procedures, the same software, the same feeding method, the same materials and the same dimensions of all the antenna parameters, with the exception of the length of the patch, were analysed. One of the antennae was adopted while the other was a newly designed antenna whose patch length was reduced by about 2% when compared with the length of the adopted antenna. The two (2) antennae were designed at 3.5 GHz resonant frequency and simulated using CST Microwave Studio Suite 2019 for 5G applications. Transmission line method was used as the feeding method of the antennae. Based on the results, it was found that the reduction in dimension of the patch length significantly affects the performance of the RMPA negatively. This implies that increment of the dimension of the patch length to certain level, enhances the performance of the RMPA.

Design of a Compact Multilayer High-Gain Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Applications

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a highly efficient 2.4 GHz Radio-Frequency Energy Harvesting (RF-EH) system specifically modified to meet the energy requirements of low-power Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This system incorporates a high-gain 4x4 Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) Array, a single-stub Matching Network (MN) and a 5-stage RF-to-DC rectifier using the Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier (CW-VM) topology. The antenna is mounted on Rogers RT5880 substrate with a thickness of 1.588 mm and a relative permittivity of 2.2, and fed by a 50-Ω microstrip feed line. The antenna was designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite 2019, while the rectifier and MN were implemented in Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) 2022. The antenna achieved a high gain of 19.29 dBi and a directivity of 20.01 dBi, with radiation and total efficiencies exceeding 84 %. The antenna demonstrated a highly directive E-Plane radiation pattern with a narrow beamwidth of 19.4° and a side lobe level of -13.8 dB, indicating a more focused reception of RF signals and a good suppression of unwanted radiation. The rectifier achieved a peak Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 89.913 % and a peak output voltage of 16.424 V at an input power of 17.5 dBm. More importantly, low-input powers ranging from -20 dBm to 0 dBm produced usable DC output voltages from 0.456 V to 4.144 V, respectively, demonstrating strong suitability for IoT applications operating under limited RF conditions. These results demonstrated the system’s potential for integration into large-scale indoor and outdoor IoT networks. The proposed system supports sustainable, maintenance-free and battery-less deployments, advancing the development of autonomous wireless systems.

Hydrogels have attracted attention as highly biocompatible supporting materials for wearable devices. An antenna is a key component for wireless transmission of information collected by the devices worn on the human body. Furthermore, integrating antennas into the devices eliminates the need for external wiring, which could obstruct the movement of the human body. In this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of planar conductive structures by laser-induced graphitization of tannic acid-containing alginate hydrogels and the fabrication of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) using the fabricated structures. In a single laser scan onto the hydrogels, cracks were formed in the fabricated structures. For the fabrication of continuous planar structures, we used a method leveraging the water absorption property of hydrogels. By the method, in which an aqueous solution of tannic acid was added to the structures, followed by rescanning the laser beam to convert tannic acid to graphitic carbon, the number of cracks decreased. Additionally, it is confirmed that the fabricated structures can be applied to the radiation patches of hydrogel-based MPAs. A decrease in the resonant frequency of the fabricated MPAs corresponding to the decrease in the number of cracks is observed.

This paper investigates the channel performance through a high-gain, circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna that is developed for contemporary wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna creates two orthogonal modes for circular propagation with slightly varying resonance frequencies by using a cross line and truncations to circulate surface currents. Compactness, reduced surface wave losses, and enhanced impedance bandwidth are made possible by the coaxial probe feed, periodic electromagnetic gap (EBG) slots, and fractal patch geometry. For in-phase reflection and beam focusing, a specially designed single-layer metasurface (MTS) reflector with an 11 × 11 circular aperture array is placed 20 mm behind the antenna. A log-normal shadowing model was used to test the antenna in real-world scenarios, and the results showed a strong correlation between the model predictions and actual data. At up to 250 m, the polarization-agile, high-gain antenna demonstrated reliable performance across a variety of channel conditions, enabling accurate characterization of the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). By combining cutting-edge antenna architecture with an empirical channel performance study, this research presents a compact, affordable, and fabrication-friendly solution for increased wireless coverage and efficiency.

This research paper presents the results of an analysis conducted on a microstrip patch antenna designed to operate within the 1.559–1.591 GHz frequency band, which encompasses three major satellite constellations: GPS, Galileo and BeiDou. The objective of this study is to perform a comparative evaluation of the materials used in the antenna design, assess the geometric configuration and analyze the key performance parameters of the proposed microstrip patch antenna. Prior to the numerical modeling and simulation process, a preliminary assessment was conducted to evaluate how different substrate materials influence antenna efficiency. For instance, a comparison between FR-4 and RT Duroid 5880 dielectric substrates revealed signal attenuation differences of approximately −1 dB at the target frequency. The numerical simulations were carried out using Ansys HFSS design. The antenna was mounted on a dielectric substrate, which was also mounted on a ground plane. The microstrip antenna was fed using a coaxial cable at a single point, strategically positioned to achieve circular polarization within the operating frequency band. The aim of this study is to design and analyze a microstrip antenna that operates within the previously specified frequency range, ensuring optimal impedance matching of 50 Ω with a return loss of S11 < −10 dB at the operating frequency (with these parameters also contributing to the definition of the antenna’s operational bandwidth). Furthermore, the antenna is required to provide a gain greater than 3 dB for integration into GNSS’ receivers and to achieve an Axial Ratio value below 3 dB in order to ensure circular polarization, thereby facilitating the antenna’s integration into GNSSs.

ABSTRACT A compact dual-band, lightweight, circularly-polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna with a wide axial-ratio beamwidth (ARBW) for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is proposed in this paper. This antenna consists of two stacked patches, specifically by utilizing coupled feeding mechanism and air dielectric to provide dual-band broadband operation. In order to achieve miniaturization, the radiation patches are specially shaped and loaded with multiple slots, resulting in a compact antenna size of 0.376λ₀ × 0.376λ₀ × 0.069λ₀. Furthermore, eight T-shaped branches are symmetrically arranged around the radiation patch to broaden the 3 dB ARBW. To verify the design, a prototype is manufactured and measured. The experimental data closely matches the simulations, indicating that the proposed antenna possesses −10 dB impedance bandwidths (IBW) of 1.12 GHz–1.45 GHz (25.68%) in the lower band and 1.49 GHz–1.75 GHz (16.05%) in the upper band, adequately covering all GNSS bands. Moreover, its measured ARBW reaches maximum values of 170° and 227° at 1.227 GHz and 1.575 GHz, respectively, and the measured gains are 4.5 dBic and 5.09 dBic, respectively. With these excellent performance characteristics, the designed antenna is well-suited for high-precision positioning and navigation.

Microstrip patch antennas are extensively utilized in modern communication systems because of their small size and simple fabrication process. Among the different patch geometries, triangular patches offer size reduction compared to their rectangular and circular counterparts, making them suitable for space-constrained applications. This study focuses on the design and analysis of an equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (ETMSA) using proximity coupled feed with a triangular slot, targeting optimal performance at 2.2 GHz. The antenna is constructed using two FR4 substrates of identical permittivity but different thicknesses (h1 and h2), with a 50-ohm microstrip line feed positioned between them. The aim is to determine the optimal values of patch surface area, slot dimensions, and upper substrate thickness to achieve maximum bandwidth, minimal return loss, and ideal voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Simulations and measurements confirm that the antenna achieves a 120 MHz bandwidth achieving a return loss of –42 dB and a VSWR of 1.03, demonstrating excellent agreement. These results confirm the antenna's effectiveness for fixed-beam applications in wireless communication systems, highlighting its potential for efficient and compact antenna solutions.

Abstract This paper presents a compact microstrip patch antenna array for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed for 5G New Radio (NR) working at FR1 (Sub-6 GHz) allocated band. For an ease of integration into compact IoT devices, the proposed design employs a quarter-wavelength patch with sided slots and stubs. An I-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is inserted between the MIMO elements for coupling reduction. The final 2-port MIMO antenna with overall compact size of 0.36 λ × 0.36 λ × 0.02 λ has operating bandwidth from 3.55 to 3.60 GHz. Throughout this band, the isolation is consistently better than 24 dB, and the broadside gain exceeds 2.4 dBi. The antenna can be used for compact IoT devices working at sub-6 GHz fifth generation (5G) band.

ETC-Net: Electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation network for microstrip patch antenna arrays inspired by mutiphysics chain-of-thought

Microstrip patch antennas play an important role in modern wireless communication systems due to their small size, compactness, lightweight, and easy integration into electronic circuits. These types of antennas are widely used in various applications, such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, satellite communications internal systems and radar systems. This paper provides a detailed research study on the improvement and optimization of the measurement of the Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna (ACMPA) utilizing a Genetic Algorithm (GA) as well as an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The goal is to enhance the total efficiency of the antenna by achieving far better return loss and high directivity coupled with a reduced Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). The recommended method includes the usage of GA within the CST software application together with ANFIS within the MATLAB software application to enhance the ACMPA measurements for the procedure at 7.5 GHz. The outcomes show the performance of the recommended antenna measurements in contrast with substitute information in the CST program, verifying the precision as well as the effectiveness of the optimization procedure. This research study offers beneficial insights into the application of innovative optimization methods for the style coupled with the improvement of microstrip patch antennas in contemporary cordless interaction systems.

A dual-port single-layer pattern diversified microstrip patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G communication applications is proposed. The design consists of a notch-loaded annular ring with a separately excited slot-loaded circular patch within its aperture. The broadside radiation is achieved by exciting the dominant TM11 mode of the circular patch while TM31 mode of the annular ring is excited to obtain conical radiation patterns. The two modes of radiating elements operate at a frequency of 3.5 GHz which lies in the sub-6 GHz 5G frequency band. The measured results of the fabricated prototype are in good agreement with the simulated ones. The gain of the broadside beam is 7.2 dBi while the gain for the conical one is 4.6 dBi. The isolation between the two ports remains below − 28 dB.

The terahertz (THz) band holds transformative potential for next-generation communication and sensing systems, yet practical deployment remains hindered by limited output power from available electronic and photonic THz sources. In this work, we demonstrate an on-chip optoelectronic THz wave power enhancement approach by monolithically integrating a microstrip patch antenna and a 4 × 1 T-junction combiner with arrayed InGaAs/InP uni-traveling carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs) on a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. Relative to a single UTC-PD device, experimental results show a 10.9 dB increase in detected power at 300 GHz when combining photocurrents from four UTC-PDs biased at -1 V, closely aligning with theoretical predictions of scaling characteristics of current-driven sources. This work also establishes that SiC has the potential to be a robust platform for high-power THz systems.

Enhanced gain with CRM inspired star shaped microstrip patch antenna for wireless application

This paper presents a hexagonal microstrip patch antenna to generate circular polarization (CP) for sub-6 GHz wireless applications. To enhance the CP bandwidth, two triangular parasitic patches and an edge extension are used in the primary patch. The coupling theory for characteristic modes explains the bandwidth enhancement. The antenna shows an impedance bandwidth of 11.35%; (5.40–6.05 GHz) and axial ratio bandwidth of 4.38%; (5.58–5.83 GHz). It exhibits a peak gain of 5.5 dBic at 5.7 GHz. Owing to its simple structure, improved CP bandwidth, and single-feed structure, the proposed antenna is well suited for WLAN, WBAN, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems in the sub-6 GHz band.