Microscopy Images Research Articles

Bioactive human platelet lysate gel for enhanced proliferation of human umbilical cord tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSCs) have a wide range of therapeutic applications due to their self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation ability; large-scale production of MSCs is possible only with a highly efficient medium, which facilitates increased proliferation of MSCs within a short period. Recently, Human Platelet Lysate (hPL) has emerged as a promising substitute for fetal bovine serum (FBS) for cell expansion. The goal of this study is to optimize a stable gel formulation for the 3D expansion of MSCs using hPL as a matrix material for the improved proliferation of Human Umbilical Cord Tissue derived MSCs (hUCT-MSCs)in comparison to FBS and hPL-supplemented media in 2D culture. To assess the potential benefits of the hPL gel system, in promoting cell proliferation capacity, hUCT-MSCs were cultured on hPL gel coated-dish supplemented with hPL CM, and inFBS CM. Among the varying concentrations, 20% hPL gel was optimized to have more functional stability and shorter gelation time. SEM analysis and gel degradation study at different concentrations revealed the structural integrity and morphology of the gel. Microscopic images and histological staining by H&E were conducted to understand the multi-layered proliferation of hUCT-MSCs in hPL Gel. Flow cytometry analysis reported the expression of positive markers for human umbilical cord MSCs, namely CD 90+ and CD 105+, in hPL Gel and hPL Complete Medium (CM) similar to that in FBS. The CCK8 Assay carried out for each culture system, generated OD values respective to cell viability and proliferation. OD values of 1.65nm, 1.27nm, and 0.92nm on average were observed for hPL Gel, hPL CM, and FBS control, respectively. Cells in hPL gel showed a 50% higher proliferation rate of viable cells compared to other culture media. AO/EtBr staining with FBS CM, hPL CM, and hPL gel revealed an increase in viable cells and a decrease in early apoptotic and necrotic cells in hPL Gel. In conclusion, the results of this study highlight the potential of hPL-based gels as superior matrices for multi-layered and enhanced proliferation of hUCT-MSCs.

Film Formation Mechanism of Aqueous Polymer Particle Dispersions for Barrier Coating Applications.

Dispersion coatings are promising barrier solutions for fiber-based packaging. Among the advantages of water-borne dispersion coatings are easier repulping, recyclability, and composting of fiber packaging compared to other types of coatings. Dispersion coatings can replace fluorochemicals, which pose health hazards in food packaging. The film formation mechanism is the basis for developing barrier dispersion coatings, as a flawless coating structure is a prerequisite for good barrier properties. However, developing cost-efficient dispersion coatings with good film formation properties combined with good barrier and converting properties remains challenging. In this work, we implement atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in air and water to study the film formation mechanisms at the nanoscale of a series of styrene-acrylic copolymer barrier dispersion coatings with different surfactant/stabilizer systems and correlate these findings with the barrier properties of the coatings determined by common methods. In particular, AFM is used to characterize the morphology of the films prepared under different conditions, illuminating the effect of both the core polymer chemistry and stabilizing system on film formation. The relationship between the film morphologies and barrier properties of the coatings is subsequently revealed. In addition to AFM, another surface-sensitive technique, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), is used to evaluate the interaction of the dispersion coating particles with cellulosic substrates. The significant impact of the chemical structure of the stabilizer system of the dispersion on the barrier properties of coatings is unraveled by using this approach. Overall, this work reveals the predictive capacity of the AFM technique for evaluating the barrier properties of dispersion coatings.

MEMS-Based Portable Reflection Confocal Microscope for InVivo Skin Imaging.

This study aims to develop a portable reflective confocal microscope (PCRM) based on MEMS micro-mirrors for invivo skin imaging. The design of PCRM is intended to overcome the limitations of traditional invasive biopsies and bulky desktop microscopes, enabling handheld operation and access to hard-to-reach skin areas. This research innovatively integrates MEMS technology into the PCM through precise mechanical design, using an 830 nm laser and a commercial Olympus objective lens, achieving a lateral resolution of 1.24 μm and an axial resolution of 5.3 μm, with imaging at a speed of 11 f/s over a field of view of 530 × 500 μm. PCRM successfully imaged various skin layers, including capillary blood flow, demonstrating diagnostic potential for skin lesions and providing a compact, high-performance solution for non-invasive skin imaging suitable for clinical applications.

Optimizing CdS thin films as optical windows in solar cells: A comparative study of cryogenic and classical techniques

In this study, CdS thin films were produced in a quasi-closed volume using two different techniques (classical and cryogenic thermal evaporation techniques) between the 100–573 K substrate temperature, and their characteristic properties (structural, electrical, and optical properties) were investigated. While CdS thin films were produced at 373 K, 473 K, and 573 K substrate temperatures in the classical technique (hot), they were produced at 100–300 K substrate temperature range with 50 K steps in the cryogenic technique (cold). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CdS thin films grew in a hexagonal structure in the (002) plane at all substrate temperatures. According to the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, the thin films produced at 200 K substrate temperature consisted of equally sized spherical grains. This situation shows that the soliton growth mechanism occurs at a substrate temperature of 200 K during the film production process with the cryogenic technique. Due to the characteristic properties of the soliton waves occurring on the substrate surface in the soliton growth mechanism (mass transport), the films grow in a tight-packed form. Therefore, the produced films consist of clusters of equal size, providing a homogeneous surface and a uniform thickness. In addition, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and optical analyses showed that the CdS thin film produced at 200 K substrate temperature had the smallest average surface roughness value (Ra) and the highest optical transmittance value. It was found that the energy band gap (2.37–2.47 eV) and resistivity (1.25 × 103–5.39 × 103 Ω-cm) values ​​of CdS thin films increased with decreasing substrate temperature. The carrier density increased with decreasing substrate temperature (3.91 × 1017–1.73 × 1016 cm−3). Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the films grew stoichiometrically at substrate temperatures of 473 K and 200 K. The results brought out that in case of using of the produced CdS thin films at a substrate temperature of 200 K by the new cryogenic technique as an optical window layer could provide significant increases in efficiency in solar cells. In addition, ideal substrate temperature values ​​for CdS thin films that can be used in photodevice production were determined for both techniques.

Jacquemontia verae (Convolvulaceae): a new species from Brazilian savannas

Jacquemontia verae is described as a new species from “cerrado rupestre” vegetation in the Cerrado biome of Goiás, Brazil. Line drawings and photographs illustrate the new species, including optical and scanning electron microscope images of pollen. It is compared morphologically with similar species of Jacquemontia and an identification key to species from the state of Goiás is provided. The conservation status of the new species is informally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). Its relationships within Jacquemontia and its stigma structure are discussed.

No-reference image quality for microscopic image: dataset and objective method

No-reference image quality for microscopic image: dataset and objective method

A novel sodium Iron silicate composite with chitosan for efficient removal of Cd(II) ions from water

Cadmium ions constitute a major threat to human health and the environment owing to their toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence in water bodies, causing renal dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, this study reports the facile fabrication of a novel sodium iron oxide silicate@amorphous sodium iron silicate product (S1) and its chitosan composite (S1@chitosan) for the high-performance separation of Cd(II) ions from aquatic environments. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, total pore volume, and mean pore diameter of S1 were 94.97 m2/g, 0.5853 cm3/g, and 25.65 nm, respectively, while those for S1@chitosan were 30.94 m2/g, 0.09518 cm3/g, and 12.31 nm, respectively. The reduction in pore diameter, pore volume, and surface area confirms the successful functionalization of S1 with chitosan, as the chitosan coating partially blocks and fills the pores, reducing the available surface area and porosity. Also, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed an uneven surface morphology for S1 and a more textured and rougher surface for S1@chitosan, supporting the incorporation of chitosan. Besides, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and CHN analyses affirmed the existence of chitosan in the composite through the detection of carbon and nitrogen elements, characteristic of chitosan. The optimum conditions for the removal of Cd(II) ions were determined to be a contact time of 70 min for S1 and 50 min for S1@chitosan, a pH of 7.50, and a temperature of 298 K. The maximum sorption capacities were 284.09 mg/g for S1 and 389.11 mg/g for S1@chitosa. The removal mechanism for S1 primarily involves ion exchange, while S1@chitosan utilizes both ion exchange and complexation through the amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan. Regeneration using HCl confirmed the effective reusability of both adsorbents over five successive cycles. The adsorption process was found to be chemical, exothermic, and best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm.

Effects of Calcined Coal Gangue and Carbide Slag on the Properties of Cement Paste and Mortar

When using supplementary cementitious materials to replace cement partially, the carbon emissions of cement products can be reduced, but it often leads to reduced strength. This study explores the application potential of carbide slag (CS) and calcined coal gangue (CCG), byproducts of acetylene production, to partially replace cement. The effects of these two materials on the macroscopic properties and microstructure of cement-based materials were analyzed through systematic experiments. The compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and electrical resistivity test results showed that replacing 20% of cement with CCG did not cause significant changes in the test results of the specimens. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that these two materials can produce additional hydration products. Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) further revealed that CCG produces hydration products to fill microscopic pores. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) results after 28 days showed that with the addition of supplementary cementitious materials, calcium hydroxide (CH) in CS reacts with CCG, resulting in the consumption of CS. Finally, the environmental impact of CS and CCG was assessed. It was found that CS is more favorable for reducing carbon emissions compared to CCG. However, when considering the effect of cement replacement on compressive strength, combining these two materials is more advantageous for sustainable development. Overall, the use of CS and CCG demonstrated good performance in promoting sustainable development.

Domain-specific AI segmentation of IMPDH2 rod/ring structures in mouse embryonic stem cells

BackgroundInosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) is an enzyme that catalyses the rate-limiting step of guanine nucleotides. In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), IMPDH2 forms large multi-protein complexes known as rod-ring (RR) structures that dissociate when ESCs differentiate. Manual analysis of RR structures from confocal microscopy images, although possible, is not feasible on a large scale due to the quantity of RR structures present in each field of view. To address this analysis bottleneck, we have created a fully automatic RR image classification pipeline to segment, characterise and measure feature distributions of these structures in ESCs.ResultsWe find that this model can automatically segment images with a Dice score of over 80% for both rods and rings for in-domain images compared to expert annotation, with a slight drop to 70% for datasets out of domain. Important feature measurements derived from these segmentations show high agreement with the measurements derived from expert annotation, achieving an R2 score of over 90% for counting the number of RRs over the dataset.ConclusionsWe have established for the first time a quantitative baseline for RR distribution in pluripotent ESCs and have made a pipeline available for training to be applied to other models in which RR remain an open topic of study.

From glass to cobalt oxide: investigating ZnO thin film characteristics

Abstract In this study, we investigated the properties of ZnO thin films deposited on glass and a cobalt oxide (Co3O4) layer. The films were produced using the spray pyrolysis technique and analyzed through various methods. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the formation of Co3O4 and ZnO in both cases—on glass and on the Co3O4 layer. The crystallite sizes for all layers were estimated using Scherrer’s equation, revealing that the Co3O4 layer had a crystallite size of 16.7 nm, while the ZnO layer on glass exhibited a crystallite size of 13.7 nm. An increase in crystallite size was observed for the ZnO layer on Co3O4, which measured 14.6 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the Co3O4 surface showed the presence of fine grains, predominantly with triangular shapes. The ZnO layer deposited on glass displayed irregular grains with an average size of 134.4 nm, whereas the ZnO layer on the Co3O4 substrate had an average grain size of 111.7 nm. The UV sensing properties of both ZnO layers were evaluated under UV light at 365 nm, revealing a significant reduction in decay time, although it remained relatively long.

Effect of deposition rate on micromorphology analyses and optical parameters in amorphous carbon nickel thin films

In this work, the micromorphology of the Ni @ amorphous carbon films and their relationship to other optical properties using atomic force microscopic (AFM) imaging were examined. The surface topography of these Ni @ amorphous carbon sheets was reported using stereometric analysis and the SPIPTM 6.7.4 software in compliance with ISO 25178-2:2012 and ASME B46.1-2009. It is clear that the Ni @ amorphous carbon films deposited at 180 s had more the root mean square height (Sq) at around of 0.1475 mm and has the greatest value in comparison to other films. The Ni @ amorphous carbon films deposited at 600 s had a more regular surface because their the root mean square height (Sq) had minimum value of 0.1360 mm. The peak energy positions of optical density for the films deposited at 180 s which were the lowest value and about of 1.65 eV, could be due the quasi-metallic mode. The cut-off energy for the skin/shell depth parameters of the Ni @ amorphous carbon films were about 3.5 eV/ or 353 nm. The Ni @ amorphous carbon films deposited at 180 s had the lowest value of the electron - phonon interaction energy, (Ee-p). The small polaron model shown that as input photon energy was increased, the calculated AC conductivity by optical data for the Ni @ amorphous carbon films was decreased.

Electrically conductive lignin reinforced PAA/HA scaffolds with enhanced biological activity via polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings for tissue engineering applications

In this study, a layer-by-layer deposition of poly(L-lysine) and hyaluronic acid (HA) as a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) film on polyacrylic acid (PAA) /HA/ lignin (LIG) disc shaped scaffolds is presented to increase the biological activity of the scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. These scaffolds are electrically conductive via the introduction poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):hyaluronic acid (PEDOT:HA) nanoparticles (NPs), with a diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 3–4 mm. The multilayer film formation was confirmed through contact angle measurements, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. It was found that the PEM layers had the unexpected benefit of increased compression strength and decreased swelling as the layers tend to reinforce the struts of the scaffolds whilst possibly interfering with diffusion pathways. Importantly, results show statistically significant improved attachment and proliferation of L929 fibroblast cells on the surface of the scaffolds. Furthermore, the effect of varied PEDOT:HA NP addition was assessed and it was concluded that samples containing 1% (w/v) of nanoparticles exhibited a desirable balance between good mechanical characteristics, high conductivity, high cell adhesion and cell proliferation. These novel conductive PEM composite scaffolds offer future potential in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, wound healing and biosensors.

Application of Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol/Sodium Alginate Nanofibers as Biosensor

Abstract The determination of glycine is considered crucial for various biological functions and systems. So, this study presents nanofibers as a biosensor for glycine, utilizing the electrospinning method to prepare nanofibers with specific diameters. The sodium alginate (Na Alg) extracellular matrix was added to a Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) solution, resulting in a homogeneous, bead-free electrospun PVA/Na Alg nanofiber membrane. The combination of PVA and Na Alg solutions was optimized to achieve the optimal composition and electrospinning settings, forming homogeneous and bead-free PVA/Na Alg nanofiber architectures. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is utilized to analyze the chemical composition of PVA or PVA/NaAlg. The influence of ferric chloride (FeCl2) and glycerin on the morphological, structural, and optical attributes of PVA and PVA/NaAlg nanofibers was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated the successful synthesis of nanofibers with diameters ranging from 120 to 400 nm. The XRD results validated the semicrystalline characteristics of the obtained nanofibers. Optical examination indicated that the synthesized nanofibers transitioned from ultraviolet-transparent to blocking materials due to their electrospinnability. The optical band gap demonstrated an increase in the material's conductivity, suggesting that PVA/Na Alg/Gly nanofibers could be employed as biosensors for glycine amino acids.

SrTiO3 Cubes and Truncated Rhombic Dodecahedra Exhibiting Large Lattice and Piezoelectric Variations.

Recognizing the existence of notable X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak shifts between SrTiO3 cubes and {100}-truncated rhombic dodecahedra, their synchrotron XRD patterns were analyzed. Again significant peak shifts are present. Moreover, cubes give symmetric diffraction peaks, yet truncated rhombic dodecahedra exhibit peak splitting that can be deconvoluted into bulk and (110)- and (110)-related surface lattice components. Temperature-varying XRD measurements reveal different cell constant expansion and contraction behaviors for these two samples. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing of their high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images indicate a thinner surface layer lattice with considerable lattice point deviations for a truncated rhombic dodecahedron than that for a cube, explaining the observation of XRD peak splitting. The truncated rhombic dodecahedra also show much larger piezoelectric and ferroelectric responses than the cubes do. The diverse facet-dependent behaviors of SrTiO3 crystals are linked to their interior lattice variations.

Durability of alkali-activated slag concrete with sodium metasilicate powder as activator under nitric acid attack

The study presented here examined the durability and microstructural properties of one-part alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) exposed to a nitric acid environment (pH = 1). The alkali activators employed included sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2SiO3·5H2O) and anhydrous sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3-anhydrous). Various parameters were explored, such as compressive strength, electrical resistivity, mass and volume changes, and acid penetration depth. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy images, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and elemental mapping were also used to monitor microstructural changes. The results showed that one-part alkali-activated slag concrete made with anhydrous sodium metasilicate in a nitric acid medium had relatively better performance than the same concrete activated with sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. Microstructural analysis showed that due to the nitric acid medium, the composition of binder gel atoms changed, but no new phase was created in the concrete matrix. Based on the findings derived from EDX analysis, it could be inferred that the greater abundance of sodium and magnesium elements in one-part AASC, in comparison to the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mixture, contributed to a retardation in concrete destruction. In addition, the OPC mixture displayed mass and volume changes 2.43 and 2.64 times greater than those of the one-part AASC activated with anhydrous sodium metasilicate.

A new species of Waitea described and illustrated based on morphology and phylogeny from Western Ghats, India

A novel species, Waitea lakhanpalii, is established to accommodate an interesting basidiomycetous fungus with corticoid, thin, and effused fruiting bodies found growing on dead wood in the Kolhapur region of Maharashtra, India. The identification of this strain was determined based on the morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and 28S large subunit (nLSU) sequence data. The detailed taxonomic descriptions, cultural and microscopic images, and phylogenetic tree are presented for the new taxon. The sequencing data of this isolate exhibited substantial distinctness from the previously discovered species of Waitea and thus created a unique and distinct clade.

High-Resolution Correlative Microscopy Approach for Nanobio Interface Studies of Nanoparticle-Induced Lung Epithelial Cell Damage.

Correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) has become essential in life sciences due to advancements in imaging resolution, sensitivity, and sample preservation. In nanotoxicology─specifically, studying the health effects of particulate matter exposure─CLEM can enable molecular-level structural as well as functional analysis of nanoparticle interactions with lung tissue, which is key for the understanding of modes of action. In our study, we implement an integrated high-resolution fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and hyperspectral fluorescence imaging (fHSI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultrahigh resolution helium ion microscopy (HIM) and synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence (SR μXRF), to characterize the nanobio interface and to better elucidate the modes of action of lung epithelial cells response to known inflammatory titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs). Morpho-functional assessment uncovered several mechanisms associated with extensive DNA, essential minerals, and iron accumulation, cellular surface immobilization, and the localized formation of fibrous structures, all confirming immunomodulatory responses. These findings advance our understanding of the early cellular processes leading to inflammation development after lung epithelium exposure to these high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles. Our high-resolution experimental approach, exploiting light, ion, and electron sources, provides a robust framework for future research into nanoparticle toxicity and its impact on human health.

An AI-Powered Methodology for Atomic-Scale Analysis of Heterogenized Correlated Single-Atom Catalysts.

Correlated single-atom catalysts offer transformative potential in catalysis, particularly in the field of electrocatalysis, with a focus on oxygen evolution reactions. Advanced characterization is critical to understanding their atomic-scale properties when techniques usually used in molecular science (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infraredspectroscopy (IR), or Mass Spectrometry (MS)) cannot be applied after dispersing them on a carrier material. Here, a methodology that combines machine learning and mathematical optimization techniques to detect and quantify metal-metal interactions within heterobinuclear Au(III)-Pd(II) macrocyclic complexes on atomically resolved high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images is introduced. Both supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods are evaluated, with the U-net architecture demonstrating superior performance in distinguishing the two involved chemical species. Mathematical optimization models further enhance the reliability of metal pair identification by providing precise distance metrics for the pairs. This methodology allows for the study of both the dynamics and bond interaction of heterobinuclear Au(III)-Pd(II) complexes. Notably, the analysis of time series of images reveals that most metal pairs remained stable under the high-energy electron beam irradiation conditions. Likewise, the Au-Pd distance within the pairs remains unchanged, indicating a robust interaction of the two metals with the ligand even after being deposited on the amorphous carbon substrate.

Metformin aggravates pancreatitis by regulating the release of oxidised mitochondrial DNA via the frataxin (FXN)/ninjurin 1 (NINJ1) signalling pathway.

Patients with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing acute pancreatitis compared to those without diabetes. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the effects of metformin, a primary treatment for type 2 diabetes, on the progression of pancreatitis. Network pharmacology was employed to investigate the potential effects of metformin on pancreatitis and to predict its underlying molecular mechanisms. Pharmacological and mechanistic studies of metformin were conducted utilising mtDNA depletion (ρ0) of 266-6 acinar cells, knockout mouse models and experimental models of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. The mitochondrial homeostasis and plasma membrane integrity were examined through phase-contrast microscopy and time-lapse video imaging. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that metformin possesses significant potential to modulate the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, likely through its regulation of mitochondrial function and cell membrane morphology. Further, the results revealed that metformin augmented the release of oxidised mitochondrial DNA (Ox-mtDNA) by enhancing NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture, which subsequently ignited a cascade of acinar cell necrosis. Metformin exacerbated mitochondrial iron imbalance by suppressing Frataxin, thereby worsening mitochondrial homeostasis disruption and Ox-mtDNA generation. NINJ1 knockout eliminated the metformin-induced acinar cell necrosis and elevation of Ox-mtDNA levels, and mtDNA depletion reversed the effect of metformin on acinar cell death. Metformin exacerbates both acute and chronic pancreatitis, possibly because of increased release of Ox-mtDNA via modulation of mitochondrial iron homeostasis and NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture, suggesting that extreme caution should be exercised when using metformin in diabetic patients with pancreatitis.

The Cementation Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Different Soil–Rock Mixtures–Slurry Cements

This investigation focused on the cementation mechanisms and mechanical properties of soil–rock mixtures–slurry cement (SRM–SC) to ensure the safety of tunnels during operation. SRM–SC specimens were prepared with different types of slurry and rock contents based on an actual slurry injection ratio. The macroscopic level analysis involved measuring the specimens’ uniaxial compressive strength and shear strength, determining the strength parameters, and analyzing the damage forms. At the microscopic level, the surface morphology and composition of the specimens were examined using scanning electron microscope imaging. This allowed for a comparative analysis of the cementation ability and mechanism of the slurry under different control conditions, providing a basis for determining the mechanical properties of SRM–SC. The results indicated that the rock content significantly impacts the macromechanical properties of SRM–SC. The compressive strength and stiffness of SRM–SC initially increase and then decrease with the increasing rock content, with an inflection point observed between a 20% and 60% rock content. On the other hand, the shear strength and stiffness both increase with the increasing rock content. Additionally, the macroscopic mechanical properties of SRM–SC formed by different types of grout exhibit noticeable differences. These findings serve as a reference for regulating the mechanical properties of SRM–SC.