The paper examines the implementation of STEM education in vocational training, with a focus on the activities of the STEM center at the Vocational High School of Mechatronics and Electrical Engineering in the city of Plevna. The integration of interdisciplinary approaches in the fields of chemistry and environmental protection, power supply, information technologies and embedded systems provides opportunities for developing competencies related to the dual digital and green transition. The study focuses on innovative teaching methods, such as project-based learning, the use of microprocessor systems, 2D and 3D modeling and object-oriented programming, which allow the presentation of both real and virtual environments. Special attention is paid to the role of STEM education in preparing adaptive and competitive specialists for the needs of a climate-neutral and digital Europe. The challenges faced by teachers and institutions in implementing the STEM concept are also discussed. Emphasizes that STEM education in vocational schools is a key factor for the sustainable development of a modern, innovative and technological economy.

A comparative analysis of four types of fuel level monitoring systems (float, capacitive, ultrasonic, hydrostatic) was carried out under real operating conditions on the river vessel OTA-900 (Project 758B) in the Siberian region. The study aims to justify the transition from outdated float systems to a modern hybrid microprocessor system based on Arduino, combining capacitive and hydrostatic sensors. During a 30-day experiment with a daily fuel consumption of 1200 liters, key accuracy metrics were measured: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Results showed that float sensors have the highest error (RMSE ≈ 7.1%), while capacitive (RMSE ≈ 1.5%) and hydrostatic (RMSE ≈ 2.0%) sensors demonstrate high accuracy and stability. The hybrid system provides fault tolerance, automatic cross-verification of readings with a 3% alarm threshold, and adaptation to extreme conditions, as confirmed by the absence of false alarms for these sensors, unlike ultrasonic and float types. Implementing the proposed system increases measurement accuracy fivefold, enables continuous monitoring, and provides automatic alarms, which is critically important for navigation safety in remote regions.

Background: Post-polio residual paralysis (PPRP) presents a significant challenge in rehabilitation medicine, particularly affecting knee joint stability and functional mobility. It necessitating orthotic solutions that balance biomechanical support with functional restoration. There is different type of Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (KAFO) used in patient with PPRP who have many types of orthotic knee joint i.e. Modified Ring Lock Knee Joint, Automatic Spring Lever Knee Joint, Posterior Offset Free Motion Knee Joint, Automatic Angled Lever Lock, Load Response Knee Joint, Microprocessor orthotic knee joint etc. Objective: This systematic review examines advancements in orthotic knee joint design, biomechanical foundations, material innovations, and clinical outcomes for PPRP populations. Authar was thoroughly analysed focusing on stance-control mechanisms, powered orthoses, advanced materials, and impacts on gait parameters and comfort in many studies. Method: A PRISMA-compliant systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore from January 1987 to October 2025 and also the study duration from January 2025-October 2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed studies on adults (≥18 years) with PPRP knee instability using advanced KAFO knee joints (e.g., stance-control, microprocessor-controlled), reporting gait parameters, energy expenditure, or patient satisfaction, compared to traditional locked KAFO. Results: Of 590 records identified, 20 studies (n=8-35 per study; mean age 45-62 years) met criteria after screening and eligibility assessment. Stance-control KAFOs improved gait velocity by 0.10-0.18 m/s (p<0.05; 12 studies), stride length by 0.08-0.14 m (14 studies), and reduced energy expenditure by 8-18% (9 studies) versus locked KAFOs. Microprocessor systems enhanced swing-phase knee flexion (55-65°) and patient satisfaction. Conclusion: Orthotic knee joint technology has seen substantial advancements in biomechanics and control systems. Personalized approaches considering individual PPRP characteristics and functional goals are important for optimal outcomes. Further research is needed on long-term clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis.

Railway track control is one of the main works necessary to ensure the safety of passenger and freight traffic, both in our country and abroad. In modern conditions, ensuring trouble-free operation of the railway is associated with solving the problems of determining longitudinal stresses in rails caused by the long length of the long-welded rails, increasing the speed of transportation, increasing cargo turnover and the influence of ambient temperature. Longitudinal stresses in rails are greatly influenced by temperature. Due to the lack of temperature compensation in the fixed long-welded rails, rail lashes cannot freely expand and contract when it changes. Exceeding the permissible longitudinal stresses in rails can cause the appearance and development of fatigue cracks, destruction of the rail track and emergency situations, which can lead to their temperature release, loss of stability and bending. Therefore, modern methods of non-destructive testing and diagnostic microprocessor systems are being developed, software for them is being improved. Among the well-known methods of non-destructive testing, acoustic methods (ultrasonic and aku-stoelasticity effect) are most widely used, which make it possible to control stresses in rails during the movement of freight and passenger trains. Principle of action of the effect of acoustoelasticity is based on the dependence of longitudinal stresses on the speed, amplitude and frequency of elastic ultrasonic waves. In this work, the effect of temperature on longitudinal stresses in rails was determined. Using the acoustoelasticity effect, longitudinal, transverse and transformed waves were recorded under normal conditions, as well as at positive and negative ambient temperatures. The main measured parameter is the propagation time of the ultrasonic signal from the emitter to the receiver through the section of the rail. Studies have shown that elastic wave velocities decrease when the rail material is heated and are determined mainly by the temperature relationships of the elastic moduli. Temperature affects residual stresses in rails, which can lead to the occurrence and development of defects. The information obtained during the control of the rails was recorded in the Akusto-1 microprocessor system, operating on the basis of the acoustoelasticity effect. Tensometry was used to confirm the results obtained by this system. Stress control was carried out by a certified multi-channel microprocessor strain gauge system MMTS-64.01 accuracy class 0,2. Proposed is a scheme for control of longitudinal mechanical stresses in rails using longitudinal, transverse and transformed waves. To control the height of the rail, a separate-combined direct converter was additionally installed between the radiating and receiving inclined converters. The developed acoustic control method based on the acoustoelasticity effect makes it possible to determine mechanical stresses in rails with an error not exceeding 10 %, which is permissible for its practical use on the railway.

Purpose of research. The aim of the work is to study the mathematical model of the automatic control system (ACS), consisting of a regulator and a control object for execution on a microprocessor system with support for a realtime operating system. The structure of the ACS, the coefficients of transfer of the transfer functions of the links, time constants and transport delays are adopted as variable parameters. The output data are presented in the form of transient processes. The task is to compare the analytical and numerical methods for software implementation of the mathematical model of the ACS using a programmable logical controller (PLC) as part of a test bench with a microprocessor electric drive. The objective is to compare analytical and numerical methods for software implementation of a mathematical model of automatic control system using a programmable logic controller (PLC) as part of a test bench with a microprocessor electric drive.Methods. The methods of system analysis, automatic control theory, numerical methods of differentiation and integration, differential and difference equations were used.Results. Practical recommendations for choosing a PLC when solving problems of modeling objects and control systems based on the inertia of the links included in the control loop. The relative error (integral, for the ACS as a whole) and the fulfillment of the requirement for the stability of the digital model are used as an evaluation criterion.Conclusion. The studies have shown that for canonical ACS with 1st and 2nd order objects and transport delay with certain criteria, such as digital model stability and relative error (integral), there is a connection between the speed of the simulated ACS links and the PLC performance. Additional studies are required for practical confirmation of the obtained results.

The research presents a design for a power supply system specialised in supplying a solenoid electromechanical system, which is a crucial component in automotive applications, including electric vehicles. The implementation of plunger position monitoring, a key feature according to functional safety standards, is organised with a microprocessor system to satisfy the Functional Safety (FS) requirements. The proposed system’s topology aims to achieve Quality Management (QM) for the monitored electromechanical system at ASIL B or ASIL D (Automotive Safety Integrity Level), potentially advancing the automotive industry. The developed monitoring system incorporates two independent plunger detection mechanisms based on current measurement, calculation, and plunger estimation. The suggested power supply is based on a modified Forward converter with an adjusted structure and design methodology tailored to the solenoid characteristics. The obtained results are presented analytically and supported by experimental verification, paving the way for potential advancements in the automotive industry.

To control the technological process of butter production, it is advisable to use microprocessor measuring systems that are capable not only of receiving current values of control parameters, but also of timely establishing the moment of metrological failure of sensors and technological equipment. This allows to avoid the release of poor-quality products due to non-compliance with the conditions of production technology, as well as to predict the occurrence of emergency situations in production. The paper presents a microprocessor system that is capable of controlling the production technology at the main stages of milk quality control, milk cooling, milk separation, cream pasteurization, cooling to the temperature of physical maturation, cream whipping. Thanks to the implementation of the proposed system, the results of full-scale temperature measurements at the stage of «Cream Pasteurization» of the technological process of butter production were obtained. The equivalence of the results of series of observations was checked to verify the metrological reliability of the sensors used.

With the widespread introduction of digital technology in the power industry, the problem of training specialists for the operation of microprocessor relay protection and automation systems, which can have complex hierarchical structures, has become relevant. The types of operational work of relay protection and automation engineers have been analyzed. It has been found that the main type of work is checking the technical condition of the relay protection and automation system, which involves establishing cause-and-effect relationships between the purpose, construction, principle of operation and parameters. An algorithm for technical inspection of the microprocessor relay protection and automation system has been constructed, which reflects the sequence of actions in the case of a downward inspection, as the most common. It has been found that the process of technical inspection of microprocessor relay protection and automation systems can be conditionally divided into three stages, namely, developing a task for technical inspection, checking the technical condition and establishing indicators of the functioning of the relay protection and automation system. Cause-and-effect relationships have been determined, which form the basis for solving tasks at these three stages. In the case of developing a task for technical inspection based on cause-and-effect relationships, requirements for checking the relay protection and automation system are formulated. Directly during the technical condition check, it is necessary to establish cause-and-effect relationships between the inspection requirements and the principle of operation, the construction of software and hardware for components of different levels of the hierarchy and the entire relay protection and automation system. The stage associated with the determination of performance indicators involves the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between the principle of action and the construction and parameters of components of all levels of the hierarchy and the system as a whole. A generalized model of the method of teaching the operation of microprocessor relay protection and automation systems based on cause-and-effect relationships, which includes four stages, has been substantiated. Based on the generalized model, a methodology for teaching the operation of specific microprocessor relay protection and automation systems studied in the disciplines of the educational program “Electrical Power Engineering” has been developed.

The article proposes a diagnostic model for recognizing the technical condition of microprocessor systems, which is based on the ideas of artificial intelligence. An analysis of existing models and methods of recognizing the technical condition is carried out, the disadvantages and advantages are given. It has been proven that the most effective are discrete models, which are presented in the form of neural ensembles, and are nonlinear converters of analog information specified by a set of certain statistical and dynamic characteristics. At the same time, the formation of ensembles in the neural network corresponds to the memorization of images, signs, objects, etc. It is substantiated that the description of the technical state of microprocessor systems through the use of a discrete-event model, in which cause-and-effect viscous systems represent discrete random Markov chains in combination with an artificial neural network, opens up new opportunities for the intellectualization of the procedure for recognizing the technical state of microprocessor systems. In general, this article is a series of works related to the consideration of the main tasks of technical diagnostics, namely: assessment of the technical condition of microprocessor systems, as well as detection and localization of malfunctions, provided that the microprocessor systems are implemented on programmable logic integrated circuits and function in the conditions of internal and external adverse influences.

The operation of electric drives with microprocessor control depends on the setup parameters that are the variables of its software. Among them are the parameters of the sensors, power converter, electric motor, driven mechanism, as well as the parameters of the controllers and feedbacks of the automatic motion control system. These parameters must be stored in a non-volatile read-only memory, accessible for writing and reading, and, if necessary, be restored to the random-access memory of the microcontroller. Software for access to such memory in the form of a separate chip with a digital interface or in the form of flash memory of the microcontroller of the control system is an integral part of the software of the electric drive as a whole. Therefore, its development should be carried out by specialists in the field of electric drives. However, their professional level has gaps in the field of modern microprocessor technology, programming technologies, as well as the theory and practice of data transfer. When developing software to save and restore the electric drive parameters, methods of model-based design and debugging, algorithmic method of control processes, as well as methods of experimental research have been used. The article presents a detailed solution for model-based development of software for accessing a programmable read-only memory chip via the I2C interface and to the flash memory of the microcontroller for the purpose of writing and reading data with the parameters of the electric drive setup. Using model-based programming tools, the software is compiled in the form of functionally complete model circuits. The model block of the I2C interface setup master has been used to set the parameters. And the model processing block has been used to generate signals during data transmission, capture signals during reception, and handling faults. The model circuits have been supplemented with subroutines developed in the C language. They coordinate their execution, form data for writing using the electric drive parameters, and restore these parameters after reading the data. In a similar manner, model circuits and subroutines in the C language have been developed for accessing the flash memory of the microcontroller. The result of the development is aimed at expanding the theory and practice of applying model-based programming as a full-fledged technology to develop software of microprocessor systems for various subject fields. The content and subject matter of this development helps fill the gaps in the professional level of electromechanical engineers, so that they can independently develop full-featured software for various microprocessor control systems of electric drives.

Objective: Designing an effective multiplier assists in enhancing microprocessor system performance and complex digital signal processing. The main objective of this work is to design a 16 × 16 Wallace structure multiplier with a parallel prefix adder and evaluate the design's area, power performance, and utilization of resources using three distinct architectures: pipeline, wave pipeline, and hybrid pipeline. Methods: The 16 × 16 Wallace tree multiplier is designed using a parallel prefix adder in the Verilog HDL environment. The Wallace tree multiplier is integrated with a 3-tap FIR filter, and performances are evaluated through a distinct architecture by applying an ECG signal. It is suggested to use a hybrid wave-pipeline multiplier architecture to increase the Wallace tree multiplier's speed and reduce the delay. Delay optimization: In a hybrid pipelining system, the clock duration is relative to the maximum performance difference, whereas in a standard pipeline method, it is comparative to the greatest delay. In the hybrid pipeline multiplier, the last two rows of the partial products are added by parallel prefix adders (PPAs). To lower the delay, the hybrid multiplier uses the Han-Carlson adder for addition. Findings: The hybrid multiplier is executed in the FIR filter for ECG denoising in order to validate its performance. Xilinx ISE is used to synthesize the multiplier structures, whereas Verilog HDL is used for design. Comparing the suggested hybrid design to traditional pipelined designs, the outcome demonstrates that performance is increased while resource use and power optimization are reduced. Novelty: In this work, the hybrid pipeline approach has been applied to the existing Wallace multiplier architecture, and it offers better results in terms of power, area, and delay. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid design outperforms compared to traditional pipelined designs, achieving 48.83% improved delayed performance along with reduced resource usage and power consumption.

This article presents a cost-effective, robust, and reliable system for EMG/MMG (electromyography/mechanomyography). Signals indicating muscle activity have numerous applications and are the subject of many studies. However, acquiring these signals is challenging. Commercial measurement systems are often expensive, limiting their accessibility. Therefore, the primary goal of this project was to develop a simple and affordable system for simultaneous EMG and MMG data acquisition, offering efficiency comparable to commercial systems. The system consists of eight EMG/MMG probes, 16-bit analog-to-digital converters with 16 channels, and a microprocessor unit. Despite its multiple components, the system remains simple and user-friendly. This paper describes the construction of the EMG/MMG probe and analyzes the intrinsic noise of the preamplifier, as well as electromagnetic interference, particularly power line noise. The elimination of power line noise was carried out in two stages: first, using techniques known for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and second, by implementing a digital filter in the microprocessor system. The proposed solution enables direct data collection from eight EMG/MMG probes using any computer equipped with a USB interface. This interface facilitates both data transmission and power supply, making EMG/MMG data acquisition straightforward and efficient.

In microprocessor automation and relay protection systems, amplitude (effective) values and phase shifts of input signals are widely used as controlled parameters of electrical quantities. In most cases, they are determined by samples of one or two orthogonal components of the main harmony of these signals. In existing microprocessor systems, non-recursive digital Fourier filters are mainly used to form them. At a nominal frequency in the power system, the orthogonal components highlighted by these filters do not introduce additional errors into the amplitudes and phase shifts determined by them. In modes with frequency deviation from the nominal value, the number of input signal samples per period becomes a fractional number, and sampling turns into asynchronous one. For this reason, corresponding errors appear in the amplitude and phase of the signal. The main issue of their correction is the direct or indirect estimation of frequency. In this article, an indirect estimation of the instantaneous frequency is realized by the dynamic cosine of the angle of one sample, which is calculated from three adjacent numerical values of the cosine orthogonal component of the signal. The use of instantaneous frequency information in determining amplitudes and phase shifts allows for full correction of the corresponding errors. It should be noted, however, that in transient modes, due to the influence of various factors, the dynamic cosine is determined with large errors. This makes it impractical to correct amplitude and phase errors in these modes, limiting its use only to steady-state modes. For these modes, a functional algorithm for correcting the amplitude and phase errors of signals in microprocessor automation and relay protection systems when the frequency deviates from the nominal one is proposed and investigated. The results of the performed investigations showed that the developed correction algorithm provides almost complete elimination of the manifestation of amplitude and phase errors in steady-state modes in the frequency range of 47–52 Hz.

RESEARCH ON CODE GENERATION OF C/C++ COMPILER FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING IN MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

The article presents a model-based approach for measuring basic soil nutrients. The model-based approach consists of two main phases: data collection using sensor systems and data pre-processing and analysis. A microprocessor system has been developed for measuring basic physicochemical parameters of the soil. Based on the experimental results on the relationship between the main chemical elements and the main soil parameters, it was found that nitrogen strongly correlates with electrical conductivity (0.8304), phosphorus - significantly with acidity (0.5686), and potassium - moderately with acidity (0.3385). Models have been developed for the quantitative assessment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium through the measured values of soil acidity, electrical conductivity and moisture. The obtained results show that the developed models are of the 4th and 3rd order. For nitrogen and phosphorus, we could use one model with the values of the three physicochemical soil parameters with R2 0.996 and 0.989 respectively, but for potassium we have two models - EC (R2=0.979) and acidity and moisture (R2=0.994). Future research will be aimed at increasing the experimental data and testing the accuracy of the developed models.

The main purpose of system-oriented measuring instruments (MI) is to ensure automated collection, processing, analysis and transmission of measurement data as part of complex information and measurement systems. Such MI are used in automated production systems, intelligent measuring systems, in the control of technological processes and in conducting scientific research, etc. The main properties of system-oriented MI are provided by a combination of modern hardware, powerful digital processing algorithms and integration into automated systems. They implement microprocessor systems with the implementation of self-diagnostic algorithms, built-in real-time controllers, etc. They have a modular architecture with the possibility of software configurability. In addition to the traditional MI testing methods, system-oriented MI is subject to mandatory testing of its software. To build a mathematical model of a system-oriented MI, a block-hierarchical approach was applied for different hierarchical levels. The mathematical modeling conducted allowed us to develop a multiple model of the system of indicators of the MI properties. The proposed model allows for the study of the influence of the MI properties and their evaluation at all stages of the MI life cycle. It also allows taking into account specific parameters of the MI properties and the corresponding methods for their determination. The model allows taking into account the features of system-oriented MIs, in particular, indicators of the MI’s properties in terms of ensuring system functions and the corresponding methods for their determination. At each phase of the MI life cycle, both the appropriate verification for the sets of MI properties and their validation should be carried out. When implementing these procedures, it is necessary to use the established requirements of widely used international and regional metrology guidelines

Acoustic methods of non-reactive medical laboratory diagnostics based on precision measurements of sound velocity and attenuation in biological fluids are discussed. These parameters are determined at different frequencies and at different fluid temperatures using high-quality resonators. The developed methods are implemented in the measuring acoustic analyzer “BIOM”. The device contains two ultra-small ultrasonic resonators (about 100 µl) in volume. The microprocessor system of the device controls two ultrathermostats and maintains temperatures in the resonators in the range (20–38)° C with an accuracy of ± 0.005° C. The developed special software makes it possible to determine the acoustic characteristics (speed and absorption of ultrasound) in blood serum, whole blood and plasma with a relative error of ± 5×10−4 in terms of ultrasound velocity and ± 10−2 in terms of ultrasound absorption. This made it possible to determine the total protein, protein fractions, parameters of the lipid spectrum and apolipoproteins A1 and B, as well as the elastic properties of patients' erythrocytes in vitro.

Present study aims to develop ionic liquid based nanofluids (IoNanofluids) exhibiting low viscosity, high thermal conductivity, thermal stability, high specific heat capacity and colloidal stability for potential heat transfer fluids applications. Four amino acid anion ionic liquids (AAIL) such as 1-butyl,3-metylimidazolium glycinate, 1-butyl,3-metylimidazolium arginate, 1-ethyl,3-metylimidazolium glycinate, 1-ethyl,3-metylimidazolium arginate were synthesized. The IoNanofluids (INF) were developed by adding 0.05 wt% of MWCNT to the AAILs. The effect of MWCNT concentration and surfactant was investigated by developing INFs consisting of 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]+[BF4]−) and MWCNT in the range of 0.025–0.1 wt%. The AAILs showed significantly less viscosity (18–8 mPa s at 298 K), higher thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity compared to several conventional ionic liquids. The four AAIL INFs showed 21–40% enhancement in thermal conductivity; very less viscosity (20 mPa s vs. 110 mPa s at 300 K), and remarkably higher specific heat capacity (10 J g−1 °C vs. 1 J g−1 °C) compared to [bmim]+[BF4]− INF. The AAIL INFs showed fine and homogeneous dispersion of MWCNT and substantially higher colloidal stability (30 days) compared to [bmim]+[BF4]− (7 days) and [bmim]+[BF4]− + MWCNT + CTAB (14 days). The AAIL INFs of present study showed enhanced heat transfer properties than several literature reported INFs made from conventional ionic liquids. Therefore, based on the overall properties, the AAIL INFs developed in present study could be suitable for applications such as heat exchangers, thermal energy storage systems, cooling of microprocessor systems broadly in the temperature range of 0–200 °C.

Aim. Demonstrate the practical significance of assessing the technical condition of traction electric locomotives during unsteady operating modes by analyzing the nature and causes of an emergency increase in the armature current of the NB–520V traction motor in traction mode. This study uses comparative analysis of trip file fragments from EP1 series electric locomotives at a locomotive depot. Methods. A review was conducted on innovative methods for studying the unsteady operating modes of traction electric motors in locomotives. These methods help determine the causes of emergency armature current increases under various operating conditions. The emergency increase in the armature current was considered in the traction mode, for which the results of the fragments of the trip files were analyzed using a microprocessor-based traction motor diagnostic system installed on an EP1 electric locomotive. Results. The proposed diagnostic methods allow for the detection of developing malfunctions early, preventing irreversible damage in traction motor operations. These methods also help plan the timing and volume of equipment repairs. The study identified the nature and causes of emergency armature current surges in the NB-520V motor during traction mode, which were linked to violations in standard operating modes of electric locomotives. A recommended procedure was developed for use in repair depots to identify and address unsteady operating modes of the traction electric motor. Conclusion. Timely and correct diagnosis of traction motors can significantly reduce downtime during unplanned repairs, avoiding unnecessary costs for motor replacements. The developed algorithm enables efficient identification of the causes of armature current surges in traction mode, using diagnostic microprocessor systems on electric locomotives. These systems help develop preventative measures, reducing motor failures on the line and train delays. In addition to the recommended procedure for detecting traction engine malfunctions, the study highlights new opportunities for creating an integrated information and measurement system for monitoring and diagnostics, based on the current technical condition of locomotive equipment.

Technological progress is characterized by the continuous expansion of automation across all areas of human activity, transitioning from partial automation to comprehensive automation, and then from comprehensive automation to full automation, which ensures the highest technical and economic efficiency. This work develops a generalized concept for implementing a microprocessor-based temperature monitoring and control system for greenhouse complexes. It is characterized by high adaptability to the size and needs of greenhouse enterprises, as well as high flexibility in applying primary temperature measurement transducers from different types and manufacturers. The mentioned microprocessor system is designed for use as both a subsystem for automated climate control of a greenhouse complex and as a standalone system for monitoring the temperature distribution gradient within the greenhouse. The architecture and a generalized prototype of the software for the temperature monitoring system in greenhouse complexes have been developed. This system can be used in the construction of climate control systems for greenhouse complexes. In each section of the greenhouse, the air temperature is controlled at 6 measurement points, and the soil temperature is monitored at 6 measurement points. The data from the sensors are processed according to several algorithms – for each sensor, for a group of sensors, autonomously by the microprocessor controller (with only alarm messages transmitted to the operator station), or by the operator station, with continuous transmission of real-time data from the microprocessor controller. The system's modular design allows for easy scaling and integration with other greenhouse management technologies, making it suitable for various agricultural applications.