Micrococcus Pyogenes Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of the Broad Bean Extracts on Resistant Bacteria

The antimicrobial activities of four different extracts (ethanol, methanol, distilled water and 2-Methylbutan-1-01) obtained from different parts of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) such as flowers, leaves, seeds and seed hulls and were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella peneumoniua, Shigella sp. and Micrococcus pyogenes. Better antimicrobial activity was observed with the leaves of broad bean sterile distilled water extract with a zone of inhibition in between 13-32 mm. Flower and seed hull showed by Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus pyogenes a zone of inhibition in between 15-29 and 14-19 mm, respectively. Leaves, seed hulls and flowers of broad bean with ethanol extract showed by Escherichia coli a zone of inhibition in between 25-34, 15-17 and 15 mm, respectively. Flower with ethanol extract had a zone of inhibition in between 15-16 mm by Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus pyogenes, respectively. Different parts of Broad Bean with methanol and 2-Methylbutan-l-01 extract did not shown any antimicrobial affects.

A rapid protocol for in vitro micropropagation of Lepidium sativum linn. and enhancement in the yield of lepidine

Lepidium sativum L., commonly known as ‘garden cress’ possesses variable proportions of benzylcyanide and benzylisothiocynate which contribute towards its activity against Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus pyogenes. The plant is also used as an antifertility and antiovulatory drug. Various juvenile (cotyledonary leaves, hypocotyl, radicle) as well as mature explants (leaf, shoot apex, nodal segments) callused on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)+N6-benzyladenine (BA)+casein hydrolyzate (CH). Regeneration from hypocotyl callus and nodal segments occurred after NAA/BA was replaced with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)/kinetin (Kn). Lepidine was monitored at regular intervals. Significant amounts of lepidine was detected in in vitro-regenerated plants obtained from juvenile and mature explants. The yield, however, was variable, depending upon the source and type of explant used. High lepidine was detected in 8-wk-old hypocotyl callus. Amongst regenerants, maximum lepidine was obtained from the plantlets at the vegetative stage.

Influence of feeding regimen and postnatal developmental stages on antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice.

Antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice in the pig (n = 8) was investigated during early postnatal development and in cattle (n = 6) receiving a different feeding regimen. For pancreatic juice collection, a catheter was surgically implanted in the pancreatic duct. Reintroduction of pancreatic juice was achieved through a T-shaped cannula in the duodenum. Pancreatic juice was collected for 30 min in all cases. In piglets, collections were carried out at 2, 5-6, and 7-10 wk of age, and in cattle, after a standard meal, 48 h starvation, and following 24 h intraduodenal glucose infusion. Antibacterial activity was tested on Micrococcus Pyogenes strain ATTC 6538P by disc agar diffusion technique using nonactivated pancreatic juice, before and after heat treatment for 15 min at 65 and 100 degrees C, respectively. Piglets showed a significant rise in antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice after weaning. In cattle, 48 h of starvation resulted in a marked suppression of antibacterial activity. This activity was found to be normal after a standard meal and comparable to that after 24-h intraduodenal glucose infusion. Heating of pancreatic juice to 65 degrees C caused a 35% increase in the antibacterial potency, whereas heating to 100 degrees C completely abolished it. Additionally, dilution of pancreatic juice to 1:10 did not affect antibacterial potency.

Chemical Constituents from <i>Vitex negundo</i> (Linn.) of Nepalese Origin

Vitex negundo Linn., belonging to family Verbenaceae, is an aromatic shrub distributed in lower part of Himalayan region of Nepal. In the ayurvedic system of medicine, it is used to control pain, inflammation and other related diseases. It contains many polyphenolic compounds, terpenoids, glycosidic iridoids and alkaloids. Bioactivity guided phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo resulted in the isolation of eight compounds under silicagel VLC, CC and preparative TLC. They were identified as negundoside, agnuside, vitegnoside, 7,8 dimethyl herbacetin 3-rhamnoside, 5,3'-dihydroxy-7,8,4'-trimethoxy flavanone, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3',4'-pentamethoxy flavone, 5,7 dihydroxy- 6,4' dimethoxy flavonone, and 5 hydroxy-7,4' dimethoxy flavone. The structures of pure compounds were elucidated by MP, Rf values, Co- TLC, Colour reactions (Cerric sulphate spray), mild acid hydrolysis and spectroscopic methods (Mass, UV, IR, 1H, 13C and 2 D NMR). All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. They were found to have significant antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli. The compounds vitegnoside, and 7, 8 dimethyl herbacetin 3-rhamnoside have MIC 6.25mg/ml. Keywords: Vitex negundo; Verbenaceae; Chemical constituents; Bioassay; Analysis. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2630 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 27-32

Toxicity of chloroform extracts of <i>Derris indica</i> Bennet. against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> (F.) adults

No Abstract Key words: Toxicity, Derris indica, Chloroform extract, Callosobruchus maculatus doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1963 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 95-96

Staphylococcal strains with relation to lysostaphin sensistivity.

THE sensitivity of viable Staphylococcus aureus (Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus) and cell walls to the lytic action of lysostaphin has been described1. This communication reports experiments to determine the relative susceptibility of strains of staphylococci to lysostaphin utilizing bacteriophage type and antibiotic sensitivity for strain differentiation.

Botryomycosis, a complication in cystic fibrosis: Report of 7 cases

This report deals with a chronic granulomatous process, superficially resembling actinomycosis, which we noted in 7 patients with cystic fibrosis. Five of the seven patients succumbed as a result of this rare complication. The lesion was found in the lung in all cases, but not exclusively, and was associated with Micrococcus pyogenes, var. aureus, or with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, singly or in combination. An awareness of this condition may lead to the diagnosis during life. The diagnostic criteria, histologic appearance of the lesion, and the clinical course of the patients with this complication is presented.

Effect of the Trifluoromethyl Group on Biological Activity of Certain Arylmercurials

The effect of the trifluoromethyl group on the biological properties of four new isomeric (trifluoromethyl) phenylmercuric chlorides was evaluated with a representative strain of Micrococcus pyogenes (var. aureus ) using the Vincent paper disk modification of the Oxford cup method. This extension of the chemical investigations was motivated by numerous reports in the literature which indicate that there are certain relationships between the physico-chemical properties of organo-metallic compounds and their respective biological activities. The data given reveal some interesting relationships between the chemical structure and antibacterial activity among some of these new organo-mercury compounds. Results with the above method of evaluation and concentrations of 1:1,000 indicate that ortho and para (trifluoromethyl) phenylmercuric chlorides are more effective than the corresponding meta compound. The bis (trifluoromethyl) mercury compound and the meta (trifluoromethyl) phenylmercuric chloride showed activities comparable to that of phenylmercuric chloride.

Structural and Enzymatic Properties of the Extracellular Nuclease of Micrococcus pyogenes.

Structural and Enzymatic Properties of the Extracellular Nuclease of Micrococcus pyogenes.

Correlation of bacterial radiosensitivity and DNA base composition

Several bacterial species known to exhibit a wide range of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNX) base composition were studied with respect to x ray and ultraviolet sensitivity. Dose-log survival curves were obtained from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, micrococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Serratia marcescens exposed to x radiation under closely controlled pre- and postirradiation culture conditions. Limited ultraviolet radiation exposures were also carried out. Survival was calculated from the colony counts at each dose level as a fraction of the colony counts of an unirradiated aliquot. Results were compared with data on the guanine-cytosine content of each species. It was concluded that a correlarion exists between x ray sensitivity and DNA base composition of these bacterial species under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. (C.H.)

Ricerche sul meccanismo di azione della cocliobolina B: effetti sul metabolismo ossidativo diMicrococcus pyogenesvar.aureus

Abstract STUDIES ON MECHANISM OF COCHLIOBOLIN ACTIVITY. B: EFFECTS ON OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF MICROCOCCUS PYOGENES VAR. AUREUS. — Endogenous respiration of washed 24-hours old cells of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus was markedly decreased by cochliobolin, which also completely prevented pyruvate, succinate, fumarate and malate oxidation. The toxin inhibited also lactate and α-ketoglutarate utilization by Micrococcus cells, while aerobic respiration of glucose was only slightly reduced, and anaerobic breakdown increased. These phenomena were irreversible, and depended upon the pH of media and the lenght of incubation periods. In contrast, respiratory activities of cell-free homogenates and acetone powders of Micrococcus were refractory to the toxin, and the oxidation of Krebs cycle intermediates was not affected. These phenomena suggest that, although cochliobolin prevens the respiratory metabolism of Micrococcus cells, the initial locus of interference probably is not one of the common respiratory enzim...

Studies on Quinoline Derivatives as Anti-infective Agents I

A systematic study of 120 derivatives of quinoline for their bacteriostatic activity against Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus and Salmonella typhosa and for fungistatic activity against Aspergillus niger has been reported. Thirteen compounds selected from the preliminary screening were further examined for their activity against Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, M. pyogenes var. albus, Streptococcus β-hemolyticus, Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli. 5-Acetyl-, 5-nitro-, 7-bromo-5-nitro-, 5-formyl-, and 7-bromo-5-formyl- 8-hydroxyquinolines were found to be bacteriostatic at 1 to 5 mcg./cc. against most of the Gram-positive as well as the Gram-negative organisms. High activity of 8-acetoxyquinoline, without a free hydroxyl group and hence nonchelating, is noteworthy. However, the stability of this compound will have to be investigated further.

BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES ON MICROCOCCI WHICH WERE FOUND IN THE MIDDLE EAR EXUDATE

One hundred and sixty-two strains of micrococci which were obtained from the exudate in the middle ear of acute or chronic otitis media, were classified after Hucker and Hall's method, in which 112 strains were pathogenic and so staius were non-pathogenic. Pathogenicity of each strain was further studied by animal inoculation and other methods and it was found that 106 strains were pathogenic and 56 strains were non-pathogenic. Although there was slight diocrepancy in the results of the clas sification, Hucker and Hall's methods was thought to be satisfactory for otological bractice, becance of it's simplicity.In the acute cases, 3 out of 12 cases or 25% and in the chronicases, 13 out 38 or 38% were resistant to penicillin. Also in the acute cases, 3 out of 12 or 25% and 10 out of 38 cases or 38% were resistant to sulfathiazol.In acute otitismedia, the incidence of the demonstration of micrococci was high among the cases under 1 year of age, and it was very low among the cases over 5 years of age. In chronic otitis media, the incidence was high among the cases between the age of 5 and 25.Prognosis of the acute otitis media dueto micrococoi was generally favorable although in 7 out of 31 cases without mixed infection, convalescence was prolonged and in 2 cases, the disease was followed by chronic otitis media. In the cases with mixed infection, chromic otitis media followed in 3 out of 12 cases. Micrococci, especially micrococcus pyogenes appeared to have atendency to aguive drug-fastness easily.

Osservazioni prellminari sul meccanismo di azione della cocliobolina

Abstract MECHANISM OF COCHLIOBOLIN ACTIVITY: A PREVENTIVE NOTE. — Coch-liobolin caused leakage of phosphate and organic compounds from corn rootlets and potato discs, at room temperature. The leakage does not occur at 1–5°C, but when potato discs are incubated at this temperature and then thoroughly washed and brought at 25°C, a sharp increase of phosphate may be noticed in the incubation solutions. Cochliobolin inhibited partially the aerobic respiration of glucose and endogenous carbon in Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus resting cells. Aerobic respiration of pyruvate, succinate, fumarate and malate was completely inhibited, while the inhibition of lactate and Lketoglutarate respiration required a short lag period. The hydrogen-ion concentration of the media seemed to be an important factor controlling the rapidity of action of the inhibitor, because at pH 4 and 5 at least 120 minutes were required prior any effect could be observed, while only 30 minutes were required at pH 6. The effects of cochliobolin on Micrococcus resting cells were irreversible In contrast, respiratory activities of acetonic powders were refractory to the substance under aerobic conditions, and oxidation of pyruvate, malate, fumarate, succinate and α-ketoglutarate were not affected by saturated solutions of cochliobolin. It is suggested that the first site of attack is the cell wall-cell membrane unit, altering cell permeability, so that inorganic ions and other cofactors essential to respiration are lost in consequence of the leakage through the cell membrane.

Mode of action of micrococcal phosphodiesterase.

IT was recently reported that phosphodiesterase isolated from Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus hydrolyses tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid giving rise to di- and mono-nucleotides1,2. On the basis of its action on this acid and synthetic polymers, polycytidylic acid and polyuridylic acid, it was postulated that the enzyme first cleaves the large nucleic acid molecule into several polynucleotides, which are further broken down by stepwise cleavage of mononucleoside 3′-phosphates starting from one end, until they are reduced to the size of dinucleotides, which are resistant to further action of the enzyme. Thus the enzyme appears to have both endo- and exo-actions. From the amounts of dinucleotides present in the final digest of tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid, one can calculate the number of intramolecular breaks that are produced in the acid by the endo-action of the enzyme, by assuming that the dinucleotides are at one end of the resultant polynucleotide fragment. In these calculations the data used for the purine and pyrimidine composition of tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid are those published earlier3, and the molecular weight of nucleic acid was taken as 2 × 106 (ref. 4). From the calculations it appears that tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid has been degraded to approximately 1,240 polynucleotide fragments, having an average weight of 1,600 or an average length of approximately 5 nucleotides.

Aerobic bacterial flora of the throat of children given prophylactic antibiotics. The influence of penicillin and tetracycline on the occurrence of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus; Streptococcus pyogenes, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and Hemophilus influenzae.

Numerous articles have appeared in the literature regarding the effect of the prolonged administration of various doses and kinds of antibacterial agents on the bacterial flora of the throat. In 1948 Lipman, Cross, and Boots1demonstrated in throat cultures a change from predominately Gram-positive to predominately Gram-negative flora during the administration of oral penicillin, with a rapid reappearance of a predominately Gram-positive flora after penicillin was discontinued. They found no evidence of the appearance of bacterial resistance to penicillin during its administration. Smith and Bloomfield2in 1948 presented data showing a similar conversion from Gram-positive to Gram-negative flora in the throat during penicillin administration. Haffner, Neter, and Rubin3in 1950 again demonstrated a similar conversion during the administration of both penicillin and sulfonamides. They felt that the children whose flora converted from Gram-positive to Gram-negative organisms during antibacterial therapy showed more severe illness than those who did

Studies on “Air-Sac” Infection in Poultry : 3. Bacterial Flora of the Respiratory System of Poultry Associated with Avian PPLO (Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms) in Natural Cases of Aerosaccitis

THE BACTERIAL flora of the respiratory system of poultry naturally infected with aerosaccitis (air-sac infection) has not been fully investigated.Fahey (1955) examined natural cases of aerosaccitis, and found Proteus spp., Escherichia coli, E. freundii, Aerobacter aerogenes, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Salmonella spp. in the air sacs, liver and pericardium. Staphylococci and streptococci were also isolated. Van Roekel et al. (1957) isolated E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus and Streptococcus spp., from tracheas and lungs of birds with aerosaccitis. M. citreus and corynebacteria were only found in the lungs. E. coli, M. pyogenes var. albus, M. pyogenes var. aureus, streptococci and bacilli were isolated from the air sacs. Gram-negative organisms were isolated more frequently than gram-positive bacteria. Biddle and Cover (1957) reported finding species of the genus Escherichia more frequently than other organisms from tracheas and air sacs from birds with natural cases of aerosaccitis. Members of …

Genetic Studies on the Kanamycin Resistance in <i>Micrococcus Pyogenes</i> var. <i>Aureus</i> (209 P)

Mutations to kanamycin resistance in Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus. strain 209P, occur by way of an obligatory multi-step pattern, unlike the patterns of kanamycin resistance in mycobacteria, which are facultative single-step (facultative multi-step) patterns.Kanamycin resistance is closely related with slow growth.Mutations to kanamycin resistance were accompanied with simultaneous mutations to slow growth, and mutations to fast growth in slow-growing kanamycin-resistant mutants were accompanied with simultaneous mutations to kanamycin sensitiveness. It was suggested thus that both slow growth and kanamycin resistance belong to the same locus.

Degradation of tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid with micrococcal phosphodiesterase

The phosphodiesterase present in the culture medium of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus was purified and its action on tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid was studied. In the complete digest nucleoside 3′-phosphates of both purines and pyrimidines and also several di-nucleotides were found. Its action on polyuridylic and cytidylic acids also resulted in the production of the corresponding nucleoside 3′-phosphates and dinucleotides. The enzyme was found to have no action on purine or pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides. The possible mode of its degradation of tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid was discussed.

10-Hydroxy-delta 2-decenoic acid, an antibiotic found in royal jelly.

10-Hydroxy-Delta(2)-decenoic acid, the major component of the lipide fraction of royal jelly, exhibits antibiotic activity against many bacteria and fungi. This fatty acid is less than one-fourth as active as penicillin against Micrococcus pyogenes and less than one-fifth as active as chlortetracycline against Escherichia coli. It also slows the growth rate of Neurospora sitophila and some unidentified molds. The salt of this compound is considerably less active than the free acid.