Microbial Screening Research Articles

Comparison of DNA Extracted from Pediatric Saliva, Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Site-Specific Biofilm Samples.

(1) Introduction: Due to the non-invasive nature of saliva, many methods have been used to isolate and collect DNA from saliva samples for microbial screening. Many oral microbes also inhabit the oral biofilm, which may represent significantly different microbial constituents that may contribute to oral health and disease, including caries and periodontal disorders. Moreover, the biofilm may vary within the same patient at different sites. Few studies have evaluated the comparison between DNA isolated from saliva and DNA from site-specific biofilm, with virtually no studies addressing this analysis among pediatric patients. (2) Methods: An existing repository of paper point derived biofilm, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and unstimulated saliva samples previously collected from pediatric patients (n = 47) was identified. DNA was isolated from biofilm sites (tongue, upper buccal molar, mandibular lingual incisor), and GCF and saliva were used for quantitative DNA comparison using a phenol:chloroform extraction. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed using the NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer using absorbance readings at A230 nm, A260 nm and A280 nm. (3) Results: These data demonstrated the successful isolation of DNA from all of the patient samples, with the highest concentrations observed among unstimulated saliva (4264.1 ng/μL) and the lowest derived from GCF (1771.5 ng/μL). No differences were observed between males and females or minorities and non-minority patients. In addition, comparison of the overall concentrations of DNA obtained from adult samples was slightly higher than, but not significantly different from, the concentrations obtained from pediatric samples (p = 0.2827). A real-time quantitative qPCR screening revealed that all of the samples evaluated harbored bacterial and human DNA of sufficient quantity and quality for a molecular screening greater than the limit of detection (ΔRn = 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Many methods are currently available to provide the sampling and screening of saliva and specific sites within the oral cavity, but the validation and comparison of simple and low-cost methods, that include paper point sampling and unstimulated saliva collection, may suggest these methods and protocols provide sufficient DNA quality and quantity for molecular screening and other comparison applications. In addition, although heterogeneity will be a constant and consistent feature between patient samples, standardized methods that provide similar and consistent DNA from various oral sites may provide needed consistency for screening and molecular analysis.

Valuation of Antioxidative, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of the Synthetized Arylmethylenbis (3-Hydroxy-5,5-Dimethyl-2- Cyclohexen-1-One) Derivatives

Arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) derivatives (aryl=2-hydroxynaphthyl ( 1 ) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ( 2 ) have been synthesized and their structures have been elucidated. Both compounds were examined for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Antioxidative activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The microbial screening was performed by diffusion method on bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans . Cytotoxic activity was tested on liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep G2) by Neutral red assay. Compared to compound 2 , compound 1 showed better antimicrobial and antifungal activity, while compound 2 showed better antioxidant activity with IC 50 of 0.0156 mM and FRAP value 50469.44 µmol/l Fe 2+ . Both compounds showed cytotoxic activity. Obtained results implicate the importance of arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-on) derivatives as a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.

Pyphe, a python toolbox for assessing microbial growth and cell viability in high-throughput colony screens.

Microbial fitness screens are a key technique in functional genomics. We present an all-in-one solution, pyphe, for automating and improving data analysis pipelines associated with large-scale fitness screens, including image acquisition and quantification, data normalisation, and statistical analysis. Pyphe is versatile and processes fitness data from colony sizes, viability scores from phloxine B staining or colony growth curves, all obtained with inexpensive transilluminating flatbed scanners. We apply pyphe to show that the fitness information contained in late endpoint measurements of colony sizes is similar to maximum growth slopes from time series. We phenotype gene-deletion strains of fission yeast in 59,350 individual fitness assays in 70 conditions, revealing that colony size and viability provide complementary, independent information. Viability scores obtained from quantifying the redness of phloxine-stained colonies accurately reflect the fraction of live cells within colonies. Pyphe is user-friendly, open-source and fully documented, illustrated by applications to diverse fitness analysis scenarios.

A Microbial Screening in Silico Method for the Fitness Step Evaluation in Evolutionary Algorithms

One of the most delicate stages of an evolutionary algorithm is the evaluation of the goodness of the solutions by some procedure providing a fitness value. However, although there are general rules, it is not always easy to find an appropriate evaluation function for a given problem. In the biological realm, today, there is a variety of experimental methods under the name of microbial screening to identify and select bacteria from their traits, as well as to obtain their fitness. In this paper, we show how given an optimization problem, a colony of synthetic bacteria or bacterial agents is able to evaluate the fitness of candidate solutions by building an evaluation function. The evaluation function is obtained simulating, in silico, a bacterial colony conducting the laboratory methods used in microbiology, biotechnology and synthetic biology to measure microbial fitness. Once the evaluation function is built, it is included in the code of the genetic algorithm as part of the fitness routine. The practical use of this approach is illustrated in two classic optimization problems. In silico routines have been programmed in Gro, a cell programming language oriented to synthetic biology, and can easily be customized to many other optimization problems.

Monitoring Parallel Robotic Cultivations with Online Multivariate Analysis

In conditional microbial screening, a limited number of candidate strains are tested at different conditions searching for the optimal operation strategy in production (e.g., temperature and pH shifts, media composition as well as feeding and induction strategies). To achieve this, cultivation volumes of >10 mL and advanced control schemes are required to allow appropriate sampling and analyses. Operations become even more complex when the analytical methods are integrated into the robot facility. Among other multivariate data analysis methods, principal component analysis (PCA) techniques have especially gained popularity in high throughput screening. However, an important issue specific to high throughput bioprocess development is the lack of so-called golden batches that could be used as a basis for multivariate analysis. In this study, we establish and present a program to monitor dynamic parallel cultivations in a high throughput facility. PCA was used for process monitoring and automated fault detection of 24 parallel running experiments using recombinant E. coli cells expressing three different fluorescence proteins as the model organism. This approach allowed for capturing events like stirrer failures and blockage of the aeration system and provided a good signal to noise ratio. The developed application can be easily integrated in existing data- and device-infrastructures, allowing automated and remote monitoring of parallel bioreactor systems.

Compound-specific carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of amino sugars and their applications

Amino sugars (AS) are one of the important biochemical components in the natural organic matter pool. Clarifying the sources and transformations of AS would facilitate our understan-ding of the microbial regulation of organic matter. As an emerging technology, compound-specific isotope analysis of amino sugars (CSIA-AS) provides more detailed dynamic information of indivi-dual AS in natural environment. Here, we systematically summarized the determination methods of CSIA-AS and gave an overview on innovative applications in the cycling of AS. CSIA-AS can be performed by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) and ion chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IC-IRMS). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but reliable results can be achieved after calibration. The mean residence time of AS is relatively low in soil organic matter, and the bacterial-derived muramic acid possesses a higher minera-lization rate than glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine. The source and metabolic transformation of AS are affected by the substrate, which is related to the specific response of microbial community to different carbon and nitrogen sources. The promotion of CSIA-AS technology requires further optimization of method and integration with other approaches such as microbial screening to decipher the source, transformation, fate and regulatory mechanisms of organic matter.

Microbial Screening Based on the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction Permits Exploration of Hydroxyhexylitaconic-Acid-Producing Fungi in Soils.

Recently, we developed a unique microbial screening method based on the Mizoroki–Heck reaction for itaconic acid (IA)-producing fungi. This method revealed that 37 out of 240 fungal strains isolated from soils produce vinyl compounds, including IA. In this study, we further characterized these compounds in order to verify that the screening method permits the isolation of fungi that produce other vinyl compounds, excluding IA. HPLC analysis showed that 11 out of 37 isolated strains produced IA, similar to Aspergillus terreus S12-1. Surprisingly, the other 8 isolated strains produced two vinyl compounds with HPLC retention times different from that of IA. From these strains, the vinyl compounds of Aspergillus niger S17-5 were characterized. Mass spectrometric and NMR analyses showed that they were identical to 8-hydroxyhexylitaconic acid (8-HHIA) and 9-HHIA. This finding showed that 8-HHIA- and 9-HHIA-producing fungi, as well as IA-producing fungi, are ubiquitously found in soils. Neither 8-HHIA nor 9-HHIA showed antibacterial or anti-inflammatory activities. Interestingly, 8-HHIA and 9-HHIA showed cytotoxicity against the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human diploid cell line (MRC-5), and MRC-5 only, respectively, compared to IA at the same concentration. This study indicates that the screening method could easily discover fungi producing 8-HHIA and 9-HHIA in soils.

Maximization of the petroleum biodegradation using a synthetic bacterial consortium based on minimal value algorithm

Petroleum pollution is a global concern because it causes serious environmental and human health problems. Microbial communities play important roles in petroleum biodegradation. In this study, a synthetic bacterial consortium for efficiently degrading ability was constructed on the basis of a minimal value algorithm running on MATLAB. Functional microbial diversity-based screening of three petroleum-degrading strains, Achromobacter sp. P3, Sphingobium sp. P10 and Rhizobium sp. P14, enabled the initial synthesis of the bacterial consortium in combination with a previously used bacterial consortium PDM. When 27.0% of P3, 21.0% of P10, 28.0% of P14 and 24.0% of consortium PDM were inoculated to a petroleum medium, 78.9% of petroleum was degraded under the optimal conditions. The synthetic bacterial consortium has 34.8% higher petroleum degradation than the original bacterial community PDM. Total 40% of the petroleum in the contaminated soil was removed after 20 days of soil bioremediation using the reconstructed consortium. This is an attempt to remediate petroleum-contaminated pollution with synthetic biology via reconstructing a synthetic bacterial community, providing a new idea for the remediation of other pollution problems.

Business Roundup

BUSINESS Business Roundup ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2020, 98 (12), p 17March 30, 2020Cite this:C&EN 98, 12, 17AbstractEvonik Industries will buy innovativeHealth Group by the end of March for an undisclosed sum. The Spanish firm uses artificial intelligence to screen combinations of cosmetic and skin care ingredients for synergistic effects. The move is part of Evonik’s push into ingredients for personal care products. Celanese has filed an antidumping complaint in the US against Korea Petrochemical Industry Co. over the latter’s pricing of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. The polymer is used for its high strength and chemical resistance in applications including bulletproof vests and replacement hips. Ube Industries is buying Premium Composite Technology North America, a Toyota affiliate that makes polymer compounds at a plant in Franklin, Indiana. Ube says the US purchase will complement its compounding operations in Japan, Spain, and Thailand. Zymergen, a synthetic biology discovery firm, has bought enEvolv, a specialist in high-throughput microbial screening and engineering, for an undisclosed sum. Zymergen says the deal will boostView: PDF | Full Text HTML

A progesterone biosensor derived from microbial screening

Bacteria are an enormous and largely untapped reservoir of biosensing proteins. We describe an approach to identify and isolate bacterial allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) that recognize a target analyte and to develop these TFs into biosensor devices. Our approach utilizes a combination of genomic screens and functional assays to identify and isolate biosensing TFs, and a quantum-dot Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) strategy for transducing analyte recognition into real-time quantitative measurements. We use this approach to identify a progesterone-sensing bacterial aTF and to develop this TF into an optical sensor for progesterone. The sensor detects progesterone in artificial urine with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use, while being compatible with an inexpensive and portable electronic reader for point-of-care applications. Our results provide proof-of-concept for a paradigm of microbially-derived biosensors adaptable to inexpensive, real-time sensor devices.

Azo dying of α-keratin material improves microbial keratinase screening and standardization.

SummaryMicrobial conversion through enzymatic reactions has received a lot of attention as a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly way to recover amino acids and short peptides from keratin materials. However, accurate assessment of microbial keratinase activity is not straightforward, and current available methods lack sensitivity and standardization. Here, we suggest an optimized Azokeratin assay, with substrate generated directly from azo‐dyed raw keratin material. We introduced supernatant filtration in the protocol for optimal stopping of keratinase reactions instead of the widely used trichloroacetic acid (TCA), as it generated biases and impacted the sensitivity. We furthermore suggest a method for standardization of keratinase activity signals using proteinase K, a well‐known keratinase, as a reference enabling reproducibility between studies. Lastly, we evaluated our developed method with several bacterial isolates through benchmarking against a commercial assay (Keratin Azure). Under different setups, the Azokeratin method was more sensitive than commonly used Keratin Azure‐based assays (3‐fold). We argue that this method could be applied with any type of keratin substrate, enabling more robust and sensitive results which can be used for further comparison with other studies, thus representing an important progress within the field of microbial keratin degradation.

Oral Site Specific Sampling Reveals Differential Location for Scardovia wiggsiae

Introduction: The newly discovered cariogenic pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae has been the subject of intense scientific interest due to the role it may play in the development or progression of caries and oral disease. The primary objective of this study was to perform DNA microbial screening from five specific oral sites, including the gingival crevice between the upper central incisors, biofilm of the upper first molar and lingual incisor, as well as the dorsum of the tongue – for comparison with unstimulated saliva. These data may provide significant insights into site-specific oral locations that harbor S. wiggsiae.
 Methods: More than one hundred previously collected clinical samples (n=105) were identified for inclusion in this study. DNA isolates were screened using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer to determine overall DNA quantity and quality. Samples with sufficient quality and quantity were screened for the presence of S. wiggsiae using validated PCR primers.
 Results: More than one hundred patient samples (n=105) were identified, which were comprised of mostly female (57%) versus male (43%) and minority (71%) versus White (29%). The average DNA concentrations ranged between 13.74 and 14.69 mg/mL, with A260:A280 ratios ranging between 1.62 – 1.70. Results of molecular screening using S. wiggsiae specific primers demonstrated only a small percentage of pooled samples (7.6%) harbored this DNA, which was highly concentrated among the samples from tooth surfaces (Upper First Molar, Lingual Incisor) and saliva compared with the gingival crevice and dorsum of the tongue.
 Discussion: These data provide novel information regarding specific oral locations, including tooth surfaces that harbor S. wiggsiae. In addition, these sites also provide new information regarding oral sites that do not appear to harbor this organism, including the gingival crevice and dorsum of the tongue. This information may be particularly useful to oral health researchers as they strive to limit and reduce the cariogenic microbiome among high-risk populations.

The accumulation of rare-earth yttrium ions by Penicillium sp. ZD28

To obtained fungal resources with excellent tolerance and accumulation capacity to rare earth yttrium ions (Y3+), rare earth ore samples were collected and used for microbial screening. A fungus hyper-resistant to Y3+ was obtained and the effects of the fungus in three physiological states (growth process, mycelial pellets with physiological activity and the fungus powder after being ground) on the Y3+ accumulation were investigated. The Y3+ resistant fungus was identified as Penicillium sp. ZD28, and its mycelium pellets (about 1 mm in diameter) showed poor ability to accumulate Y3+ with an adsorption capacity of less than 81 μmol/g. However, the fungus was able to remove 99% of Y3+ during the growth process, at an initial concentration of less than 600 μM. Bioaccumulation of Y was observed on the cell surface of the ZD28 strain by elemental mapping using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The adsorbent (the dry fungal powder) had a remarkable adsorption property for Y3+ that was greater than 455 μmol/g in conditions of 465 μM < [Y3+] < 6382 μM. Penicillium sp. ZD28 has major potential applications in the accumulation of yttrium group rare earth ions. This research has formed a theoretical foundation for the application of this biological method to extract rare earth ions in the mining and smelting of yttrium group rare earth elements.

Biological purification of acidic Fenton effluent by a fungal consortium without pre-neutralization upon base addition: Microbial screening and performance

Great progresses have been made to carry out Fenton oxidation under neutral or alkaline pH in which, nevertheless, organic acids and other acidic intermediates usually result in acidic Fenton effluent. To eliminate the classical neutralization step prior to biological treatment, acid-tolerant microbes were here screened and used for purification of acidic Fenton effluent to achieve pH increase and further COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal. The bacterial and fungal community diversity was analyzed before and after screening for acid-tolerant microbes. After screening the bacterial diversity sharply decreased while the fungal diversity at the genus level became richer, mainly including Phialemoniopsis (relative abundance 38.69%), Vanrija (20.08%), Hypocreaceae (18.44%) and Candida (14.74%). Acidic pH and residual H2O2 are the features of Fenton effluent; hence, effects of pH and H2O2 on the screened acid-tolerant microbes were investigated in the aspects of growth rate and oxygen uptake rate. The kinetic parameters, including YH–biomass yield coefficient; Kd–biomass decay coefficient; μm–specific maximum COD removal rate; Ks–half saturation constant for COD removal, of the acid-tolerant microbes using 1/5 YM (yeast extract and malt extract culture medium) as substrate at 25 °C were measured by respirometric methodology. In BAC (biological activated carbon) inoculated with acid-tolerant microbes to treat actual Fenton effluent, the average COD removal efficiency was 72% at HRT (hydraulic retention time) of 3 h and the effluent pH was above 6 after removing the dissolved CO2 by air stripping. This study will provide a basis for developing a new combined process including Fenton and biological oxidation without pH adjustment.

Novel mutagenesis and screening technologies for food microorganisms: advances and prospects.

Microorganisms are indispensable in the food industry, but wild-type strains hardly meet the current industrial demands due to several undesirable traits. Therefore, microbial strain improvement offers a critical solution to enhance the food industry. Traditional techniques for food microbial improvement, such as the use of chemical mutagens and manual isolation/purification, are inefficient, time-consuming, and laborious, restricting further progress in the area of food fermentation. In this review, the applications of novel mutagenesis and screening technologies used for the improvement of food microbes were summarized, including random mutagenesis based on physical irradiation, microbial screening facilitated by a microtiter plate, fluorescence-activated cell or droplet sorting, and microscaled fermentation in a microtiter plate or microbioreactor. In comparison with conventional methods, these new tools have the potential in accelerating microbial strain improvement and their combined applications could create a new trend for strain development. However, several problems that could affect its potential application may include the following: the lack of specific mutagenesis devices and biosensing systems, the insufficient improvement of the mixed culture system, the low efficiency when using filamentous fungi and flocculating bacteria, and the insufficient safety assessment on harnessing genome-editing technology. Therefore, future works on strain improvement remain challenging for the food industry.

Semen bacterial contamination: Antibiotics susceptibility pattern and standard sperm parameters in men of Birjand, 2017

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 samples were detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) (P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P&lt;0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance; Bacterial Contamination; Infertility; Semen fluid; Sperm

Semen Bacterial contamination: Antibiotics susceptibility pattern and standard sperm parameters in men of Birjand,2017

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 sampleswere detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of UTI(Urinary ??? infection) (P = 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P &lt;0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance; Bacterial Contamination; Infertility; Semen fluid; Sperm

Combination of ARTP mutagenesis and color-mediated high-throughput screening to enhance 1-naphthol yield from microbial oxidation of naphthalene in aqueous system

Strain QCG of the aerobic bacteria Bacillus cereus is capable of producing 1-naphthol from naphthalene, this strain was first isolated and characterized in this study. Strain QCG was mutagenized to enhance 1-naphthol production, using atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) technology. Then, a microbial clone screening system was used to accelerate the operation. Meanwhile, a novel color-mediated high-throughput screening using 4-aminoantipyrine was performed to screen mutants. The optimal mutant strain QCG4 produced 19.58±0.34 mg∙L−1 1-naphthol from naphthalene that was 47.32% higher than that of the original strain (13.29±0.28 mg∙L−1). In addition, the optimal conditions for 1-naphthol production via whole-cell catalysis of strain QCG4 were determined to be an OD600 of 40,150 mg∙L−1 naphthalene, and 7.5% dimethyl formamide as a co-solvent at pH 7.5 and 26°C for 3 h, resulting in 41.18±0.12 mg-L−1 1-naphthol, i.e., the mutant strain produces a 2.1-fold higher yield compared to the original strain.

DISCOVER: A facile structure-based screening method for vinyl compound producing microbes

Here we report a novel structure-based microbial screening method for vinyl compound discovery, DISCOVER (direct screening method based on coupling reactions for vinyl compound producers). Through a two-step screening procedure based on selective coupling reactions of terminal alkenes, the thiol-ene reaction (1st step of screening) and Mizoroki-Heck reaction, followed by iodine test (2nd step of screening), microbes producing vinyl compounds like itaconic acid (IA) can be isolated from soil samples. In the 1st step of screening, soil sources are plated on agar medium supplemented with an antimicrobial agent, α-thioglycerol (TG), and a radical initiator, VA-044 (VA). In the 2nd step of screening, vinyl compounds produced in the cultures are labelled with iodobenzene via the Mizoroki-Heck reaction, followed by an iodine test, leading to the detection and characterisation of labelled products. We evaluated the validity of DISCOVER using IA and its producer Aspergillus terreus. Experimental data supported our hypothesis that IA reacts with TG in the medium via the thiol-ene reaction and consequently, A. terreus rapidly forms colonies on the agar medium because of the loss of the antimicrobial activity of TG. Using DISCOVER, high throughput and selective isolation of A. terreus strains producing IA was possible from soils.

Microbial Screening for Biotransformation of Glycyrrhizin into 18α-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and their HPLC Analysis

Microbial Screening for Biotransformation of Glycyrrhizin into 18α-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and their HPLC Analysis