Mg Of Lecithin Research Articles

Encapsulation of essential oil to prepare environment friendly nanobio-fungicide against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici: An experimental and molecular dynamics approach

This study aims to develop a nano-biofungicide comprising of volatile essential oil molecules to enhance its efficacy in the field of agriculture through easily scalable green synthesis technique. It was prepared through one pot hot melt ultrasonication technique with easy water dispersability and long term stability. The effective surface-active agent concentration which controls the size and stability of nano bio-fungicide was studied. The small particle size (158 nm) and narrow particle distribution (0.36) were obtained for the nano bio-fungicide at 20 mg of lecithin and 100 mg of surfactant concentration. The physico-chemical analysis revealed that, nano bio-fungicides were amorphous sphere-shaped nanoparticles with low melting point. The greater molecular level affinity of essential oil towards lipids and their interfacial interaction towards essential oil to achieve stabilised dispersion in aqueous environment were deciphered through molecular dynamics simulation. The unique preferential binding of eugenol, bornanone and cinnamaldehyde with the hydrocarbon chain of glycerol monostearate and phospholipid enhanced their biological stability in aqueous environment by preventing its autoxidation. It was further confirmed through accelarated ageing studies. The major components of essential oil like alpha-terpineol, linalool, thymol and cinamaldehyde had an encapsulation efficiency of 29 %, 65 %, 21 % and 50 % respectively. Subsequently, all these bioactives of essential oil follows Higuchi model of release kinetics. Besides, the essential oil loaded nanostructured lipid carrier had significantly higher mycelial growth inhibition than pure essential oil at the same concentration. Thus, our results suggest that essential oil compactly packed at the intramolecular spaces of lipids and surfactants were having enhanced bio-efficacy with long term storage potential. Hence, the present nano-biofungicide could be a good alternative to the harsh pesticidal chemicals with easy and simple large scale production protocol for the eco- friendly management of wilt disease caused by Fuarium oxysporum.

Preparation of Barije (Ferula gummosa) Essential Oil–Loaded Liposomes and Evaluation of Physical and Antibacterial Effect on Escherichia coli O157:H7

The aim of this study was to load liposomes with Barije (Ferula gummosa) essential oil (EO) and to evaluate their physical and antibacterial properties. Liposomes were produced with specific ratios of lecithin/cholesterol by thin-film hydration and sonication. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The physical properties of the liposomes (particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency) were evaluated. The antimicrobial effects of these liposomes against Escherichia coli O157:H7 were determined based on the MIC and disk diffusion results. The effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of EO against the growth of the bacterium over 24 h was evaluated before and after encapsulation. The major components of EO were β-pinene (60.84%) and α-pinene (9.14%). The mean liposome radius of EO-loaded liposomes was 74.27 to 99.93 nm, which was significantly different from that of the empty liposomes (138.76 nm) (P < 0.05). Addition of cholesterol to the lecithin bilayer increased the particle size and reduced the encapsulation efficiency (P < 0.05). The electrostatic stability of the empty liposomes was improved by adding cholesterol, but when the EO was replaced in the liposomes, there was no significant change in electrostatic stability of liposomes with cholesterol (P < 0.05). MICs were 14.5 μg/mL for the EO-loaded nanoliposomes containing 30 mg of lecithin and 30 mg of cholesterol and 10 μg/mL for nonencapsulated EO. This trend was confirmed by measuring the inhibition zone diameter. Sub-MICs of liposomal EO (containing 60 mg of lecithin) decreased bacterial levels to a greater degree than did free EO, especially at 50 and 75% of the MIC.

Development of zolmitriptan transfersomes by Box–Behnken design for nasal delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

The aim was to prepare an optimized zolmitriptan (ZT)-loaded transfersome formulation using Box–Behnken design for improving the bioavailability by nasal route for quick relief of migraine and further to compare with a marketed nasal spray. Here, three factors were evaluated at three levels. Independent variables include: amount of soya lecithin (X1), amount of drug (X2) and amount of tween 80 (X3). The dependent responses were vesicle size (Y1), flexibility index (Y2) and regression coefficient of drug release kinetics (Y3). Prepared formulations were evaluated for physical characters and an optimal system was identified. Further, in vivo pharmacokinetic study was performed in male wistar rats to compare the amount of drug in systemic circulation after intranasal administration. Optimized ZT-transfersome formulation containing 82.74 mg of lecithin (X1), 98.37 mg of zolmitriptan (X2) and 32.2 mg of Tween 80 (X3) and had vesicle size of 93.3 nm, flexibility index of 20.25 and drug release regression coefficient of 0.992. SEM picture analysis revealed that the vesicles were spherical in morphology and had a size more than 1 µm. The formulations were found to be physically stable upon storage at room temperature up to 2 months period, as there were no significant changes noticed in size and ZP. The nasal bioavailability of optimized transfersome formulation was found to be increased by 1.72 times than that of marketed nasal spray (Zolmist®). The design and development of zolmitriptan as transfersome provided improved nasal delivery over a conventional nasal spray for a better therapeutic effect.

The Preparation of Matrine Liposome and Its Antiglioma Activity Study

The aim of the study was to study the preparation of matrine liposome and its activity for resisting cells, to study the preparation of matrine liposome by orthogonal design, and to observe the inhibiting effect of matrine on glioma through MTT method, Flow Cytometer, and electron microscope. The results showed that we take the encapsulation efficiency as the index; the optimal preparation of matrine liposome is 100 mg of lecithin, 40 mg of cholesterol, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with pH value 6.4, and 40 mg of matrine. The result of MTT testing is shown that the tested group with medium and high dosage (0.75, 1.0, 1.25 mg/L) of matrine has significant inhibiting rate to the growth of BT 325 cells. TheAvalue in tested group with medium and high dosage is up to0.19±0.03. The methods of Flow Cytometer and electron microscope prove that matrine can inhibit the growth of BT 325 cells. Matrine is active in inhibiting brain glioma.

Enhancement of oral bioavailability of pentoxifylline by solid lipid nanoparticles

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a highly water-soluble, hemorheologic drug that undergoes first-pass effect with 20% bioavailability. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of PTX were prepared to enhance its oral bioavailability by homogenization, followed by the sonification method. Seven different variables, each at two levels, were studied: lipid type, surfactant type and concentration, speed of homogenizer, acetone:dichloromethane (DCM) ratio, lecithin:lipid ratio, and sonication time. The mean particle size and size distribution, drug entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential, and drug release of the SLNs were investigated. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in male Wistar rats after oral administration of 10 mg kg−1 PTX in the form of free drug or SLNs. The z-average particle size, zeta potential, and EE% of the SLNs were at least 250 nm, −30.2 mV, and 70%, respectively. Among the studied factors, the lipid type, surfactant type, and percentage had a significant effect on the particle size. Zeta potential was more affected by lipid type, acetone:DCM ratio, and sonication time. Speed of homogenizer and acetone:DCM ratio had a significant effect on the EE%. The optimized SLN was prepared by 80 mg of cetyl alcohol, 10 mg of lecithin, acetone:DCM ratio (1:2), 30-second sonication, 3% Tween 20, and a mixing rate of 800 rpm. In vitro drug release lasted for about 5 hours. It was found that the relative bioavailability of PTX in SLNs was significantly increased, compared to that of the PTX solution. SLNs offer a promising approach to improve the oral bioavailability of PTX that is affected by a high first-pass effect.

Determination of lecithin and soybean oil in dietary supplements using partial least squares–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Lecithin and soybean oil in dietary supplements were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry transmission measurements in dichloromethane in combination with a partial least squares (PLS) regression. Two different PLS models were developed, using 16 synthetic mixtures of analytes in dichloromethane, making measurements in the spectral range from 931.8 to 1252.3 cm −1 for lecithin and from 911.4 to 1246.9 cm −1 and 1695.3 to 1774.5 cm −1 for soybean oil. Seven products from the Spanish market with lecithin concentrations between 21.1% and 99.1% and soybean oil concentrations between 0% and 37.2% were analyzed by the proposed method and the data was compared to a chromatographic reference procedure obtaining accurate results. For samples spiked with amounts between 50 and 250 mg of lecithin and soybean oil recovery percentages between 98.0% and 102.1% and between 93.6% and 102.0% with an average precision of 0.35% and 0.41% were achieved for lecithin and soybean oil, respectively. This method can be applied for the quality control of dietary supplements.

Linking Adhesive and Structural Proteins in the Attachment Plaque of Mytilus californianus

The byssal attachment of California mussels Mytilus californianus provides secure adhesion in the presence of moisture, a feat that still eludes most synthetic polymers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was used to probe the footprints of byssal attachment plaques on glass cover slips for adhesive proteins. Besides the abundant mcfp-3 protein family (Zhao, H., Robertson, N. B., Jewhurst, S. A., and Waite, J. H. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 11090-11096), two new proteins, mcfp-5 and mcfp-6, with masses of 8.9 kDa and 11.6 kDa, respectively, were identified in footprints, partially characterized and completely sequenced from a cDNA library. mcfp-5 resembles mcfp-3 in its basic pI and abundant 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (Dopa; 30 mol %), but is distinct in two respects: it is more homogeneous in primary sequence and is polyphosphorylated. mcfp-6 is basic and contains a small amount of Dopa (<5 mol %). In contrast to mcfp-3 and -5, tyrosine prevails at 20 mol %, and cysteine is present at 11 mol %, one-third of which remains thiolate. Given the oxidative instability of Dopa and cysteine at pH 8.2 (seawater), we tested the hypothesis that thiols serve to scavenge dopaquinones by adduct formation. Plaque footprints were hydrolyzed and screened for cysteine dopaquinone adducts using phenylboronate affinity chromatography. 5-S-Cysteinyldopa was detected at nearly 1 mol %. The results suggest that mcfp-6 may provide a cohesive link between the surface-coupling Dopa-rich proteins and the bulk of the plaque proteins.

Formation and inhibition of genotoxic glyoxal and malonaldehyde from phospholipids and fish liver oil upon lipid peroxidation

Many aldehydes formed from lipid peroxidation are reportedly implicated in various diseases, including arteriosclerosis. Lecithin, a blood plasma lipid, and cod liver oil (known to have a beneficial effect on coronary artery disease) were oxidized by Fenton's reagent. The oxidation products, malonaldehyde (MA) and glyoxal, were analyzed in the presence of α-tocopherol or 2″-O-glycosylisovitexin (2″-O-GdM) by gas chromatography after derivatization to 1-methylpyrazol and quinoxaline, respectively. α-Tocopherol inhibited MA and glyoxal formation effectively from 5 mg of lecithin at low doses (1 μmol), whereas 2″-O-GdM required 6 μmol to produce the same level of inhibition

Bioavailability of four oral Coenzyme Q 10 formulations in healthy volunteers

The bioavailability of four different Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ) formulations was compared in ten healthy volunteers in a four-way randomised cross-over trial. The included formulations were: A hard gelatine capsule containing 100 mg of CoQ and 400 mg of Emcompress ®. Three soft gelatine capsules containing: 100 mg of CoQ with 400 mg of soy bean oil (Bioquinon ®); 100 mg of CoQ with 20 mg of polysorbate 80, 100 mg of lecithin and 280 mg of soy bean oil; and 100 mg of CoQ with 20 mg of polysorbate 80 and 380 mg of soy bean oil, respectively. The result suggests that the soya bean oil suspension of CoQ (Bioquinon ® has the highest bioavailability. A difference in basic AUC and AUC after p.o.administration of CoQ was observed with respect to sex. A characteristic two peak-pattern was observed at the concentration-time profile.