Mg Of Oil Research Articles

Gas chromatographic analysis of cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed oils

AbstractA gas chromatographic method of analysis for cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed oil, as the methyl esters, is described. With a glass column packed with a methyl silicone substrate on an inert support, methyl sterculate and methyl malvalate can be chromatographed without decomposition. Although methyl malvalate was not well resolved from methyl linoleate, it could be quantitated accurately at concentrations as low as 0.03% by a peak‐height method. Quantitation can be done manually with an internal standard, or with a data system without an internal standard. The method does not require calibration with a cyclopropenoid acid standard, i.e., it is a primary method. Results compare favorably with those obtained by HBr titration. Less than 1 mg of oil is required for an analysis.

Inhibitory effects of various progestins and deoxycorticosterone on the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced by ovariectomy-hysterectomy during late pregnancy in rats

The inhibitory effects of progesterone (P), 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) upon the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced during late pregnancy in primigravid rats by ovariectomy-hysterectomy (OH) were examined. Progesterone administration at a dosage of 5.0 mg in oil vehicle daily (beginning on Day 17 and ending when the subject responded maternally to foster pups) significantly delayed by about 1.5 to 2.0 days the onset of maternal behavior. In contrast, P at dosages of either 1.0 or 2.5 mg daily, 5α-DHP at 5.0 mg administered daily in either an oil or Tween-80 vehicle, 17-HP at 5.0 mg in oil daily, and DOC at dosages of either 5.0 or 10.0 mg in oil daily failed to affect the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced by ovariectomy-hysterectomy on Day 17 of pregnancy. These data suggest that during pregnancy the onset of maternal behavior is inhibited in a rather specific manner by progesterone.

Sequential growth of bacteria on crude oil.

By modification of the enrichment culture procedure three bacterial strains capable of degrading crude oil in sea water were isolated in pure culture, UP-2, UP-3, and UP-4. Strain UP-2 appears to be highly specialized for growth on crude oil in sea water since it showed strong preference for oil or oil degradation products as substrates for growth, converted 66% of the oil into a form no longer extractable by organic solvents, quantitatively degraded the paraffinic fraction (gas chromatographic analysis), emulsified the oil during exponential growth, and produced 1.6 x 10-8 cells per mg of oil. After exhaustive growth of UP-2 on crude oil the residual oil supported the growth of UP-3 and UP-4, but not a previously isolated oil-degrading bacterium, RAG-1. Strains UP-2, UP-3, and UP-4 grew on RAG-1-degraded oil (specifically depleted of n-alkanes). The growth of UP-3 and UP-4 on UP-2 and RAG-1-degraded oil resulted in the production of new paraffinic compounds as revealed by gas chromatography. When the four strains were grown either together in a mixed culture or sequentially, there was over 75% oil conversion. By plating on selective media, growth of the individual strains was measured kinetically in the reconstituted mixed culture, revealing competition for common growth substances (UP-2 and RAG-1), emhanced die-off (UP-2), and stabilization (UP-4) during the stationary phase.

Sequential Growth of Bacteria on Crude Oil

By modification of the enrichment culture procedure three bacterial strains capable of degrading crude oil in sea water were isolated in pure culture, UP-2, UP-3, and UP-4. Strain UP-2 appears to be highly specialized for growth on crude oil in sea water since it showed strong preference for oil or oil degradation products as substrates for growth, converted 66% of the oil into a form no longer extractable by organic solvents, quantitatively degraded the paraffinic fraction (gas chromatographic analysis), emulsified the oil during exponential growth, and produced 1.6 x 10-8 cells per mg of oil. After exhaustive growth of UP-2 on crude oil the residual oil supported the growth of UP-3 and UP-4, but not a previously isolated oil-degrading bacterium, RAG-1. Strains UP-2, UP-3, and UP-4 grew on RAG-1-degraded oil (specifically depleted of n-alkanes). The growth of UP-3 and UP-4 on UP-2 and RAG-1-degraded oil resulted in the production of new paraffinic compounds as revealed by gas chromatography. When the four strains were grown either together in a mixed culture or sequentially, there was over 75% oil conversion. By plating on selective media, growth of the individual strains was measured kinetically in the reconstituted mixed culture, revealing competition for common growth substances (UP-2 and RAG-1), emhanced die-off (UP-2), and stabilization (UP-4) during the stationary phase.

Failure of high uterine concentrations of progesterone to inhibit myometrial activity in vivo in the post-partum rat.

In a pilot experiment to test the feasibility of studying the progesterone 'block' in a species other than the rabbit, it was found that the myometrial activity of the post-partum rat recorded in vivo by means of small indwelling recording balloons was not reduced following intramuscular injections of progesterone (10 mg in oil). In view of the ample evidence that progesterone is essential in maintaining pregnancy in the rat after ovariectomy (Johnson & Challans, 1930; Rothchild & Meyer, 1940), this paradoxical finding was investigated in more detail. On the day following parturition, six Holtzman rats were anaesthetized with tribromoethanol intraperitoneally and a small latex recording balloon attached to a polyethylene catheter (0·015 in. i.d. × 0·043 in. o.d.) was placed in one uterine horn through a

Tracing Oil as a Pollutant in Water

Every kind of spilled oil has its unique characteristics, however subtle. A series of tests can sort out the characteristics until they reveal the "fingerprints" of that oil. Efforts are now being concentrated on building a source data bank for matching fingerprints, and when that is accomplished, you can be sure that the spiller's sins will find him out. Introduction What is the law on oil pollution? Historically, Congress in 1899 passed a Refuse Act (33 USC 407) that made it unlawful (without a permit) to discharge refuse into navigable waters. In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled that refuse includes all foreign substances and pollutants. Thus, today the "Refuse Act" is still a vehicle to prevent pollution. The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 amended for administration in 1966 Pollution Act of 1924 amended for administration in 1966 deals with the discharges of oil from boats or vessels. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, containing the laws passed in 1961, 1965, and 1966, and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 define the control of pollution by oil. The discharges of oil that violate water quality standards and discharges of oil that cause a film or sheen upon or discoloration of the surface of the water or produce an oil-water emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or upon adjoining shorelines, are prohibited. One can next ask the question, How much oil does it take to produce a sheen or a film? Specifically, this concerns the solubility of oils in water and how solubilities differ as a function of the molecular structure of the oil. However, in the Report of the International Joint Commission United States and Canada on the Pollution of Boundary Waters, the section on chemicals and oils states that protection should be provided for the international waters when discharges provided for the international waters when discharges are limited to 15-ppm oils as defined by the extraction procedure. Thus, it appears that if effluents contain procedure. Thus, it appears that if effluents contain less than 15 mg of oil per liter of water, no polluting effects would be visible. However, the Water Quality Act was very specific in stating, "The purpose of this Act is to enhance the quality and value of our water resources and to establish a national policy for the prevention, control, and abatement of water pollution." The impact of the compendium of legislation pollution." The impact of the compendium of legislation requires that no discernible quantity of oil be discharged into receiving streams. When oil is present in water or on water, the job of the chemist is to determine where the discharge originated. It is our purpose here to delineate an approach to trace an oil purpose here to delineate an approach to trace an oil or a petroleum product found in or on water (that is, a spill) to a source. Tracing Approach The EPA (formerly FWQA) Northwest Region Laboratory, formerly located at Portland, Ore., and now located at Redmond, Wash., has been tracing oil samples to their sources since 1963. During the period from 1963 to the present, the EPA Regional Laboratory has established a routine from the time of collection of the sample to the preparation of the final report on the sample. preparation of the final report on the sample. Samples are collected by various governmental agencies. The agency is responsible for delivering the sample to the EPA Regional Laboratory. To establish a chain of evidence, all information on the samples is logged in a bound and numbered log book.

Sampling and determination by ultraviolet absorption of oil mists and solvent vapors.

Oil mist can be efficiently collected on filter paper or by an electrostatic precipitator. Samples containing 0.05 mg of oil can be accurately determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Gross amounts of sample contaminants, such as soil, water, and pipe scale, can be tolerated without appreciable loss in accuracy. Petroleum distillate vapor is efficiently collected on silica gel or in a midget bubbler containing chloroform. Maximum collection efficiency is achieved at sampling rates not exceeding 100 cc/min. Samples containing as little as 0.5 mg in 10 ml of chloroform or ethanol may be determined by spectrophotometry. With both oil and petroleum distillate determinations, it is necessary to obtain a sample of the particular product in question in order to construct a standard spectrophotometric curve.

Effects of progesterone and estrogen on blood levels of oxytocin during vaginal distention.

Normally cycling ewes were treated with intramuscular injections of either progesterone or estradiol dipropionate. Daily injections of progesterone (50 mg in oil) diminished the amount of oxytocin that appeared in jugular vein blood when the vagina was distended with an air-filled balloon. Before treatment, distention increased plasma oxytocin from a prestimulated level of 7 + 1 (mean ±se) to 24 ± 6 μU/ml. After 1 week, the plasma oxytocin level increased from 6 ± 1 to 15 ± 8 μU/ml when the vagina was distended. After 2 weeks of progesterone treatment, no significant increase in plasma oxytocin occurred during the vaginal distention. On the other hand, twice weekly injections of estradiol dipropionate led to marked elevations in the amount of oxytocin appearing in the blood during vaginal distention. From a resting level of 5 ± 1 μU/ml, stimulation increased plasma oxytocin concentration to 87 ± 16 μU/ml in animals treated for 1 week and to 138 ± 53 μU/ml in animals treated for 2 weeks. Several interpreta...

Analysis of oil content of maize by wide-line NMR.

AbstractA series of experiments to define feasibility, accuracy, and precision of wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a nondestructive analytical tool for the oil content of living seeds is described. Corn samples, ranging from single seeds to 25 g, were scanned by NMR and gravimetrically analyzed. A high positive correlation (r = 0.99+) was invariably encountered. Single, 30‐sec NMR scans on 25‐g corn samples gave estimates within ŷ33 ing of the “true” oil content 95% of the time. Error associated with single, 30‐sec scans of individual corn kernels amounted to ŷ1.3 mg of oil at the same confidence level. Samples containing more than 4.5% moisture contribute to the NMR signal, and therefore oil content is overestimated.A new dimension is added to the breeding and genetics of oil crops by the application of the NMR technique in that the process is non‐destructive and feasible even for single seeds. The usefulness of the technique in studies involving the nature of water and its surrounding medium is suggested.

Norethindrone blockade of pituitary gonadotropin release; counteraction by estrogen.

Norethindrone (0.5 mg/kg combined with 3.0 μg of estrogen), injected sc 15–24 hr prior to mating, prevents ovulation in rabbits. Following norethindrone the postcoital elevation in ovarian progestin output, indicative of the discharge of pituitary ovulating hormone, failed to occur, and no increase in gonadotropin activity could be demonstrated in the peripheral circulation. Ovarian progestin output was rapidly activated, however, by iv injection of a minimal stimulating amount of LH or by intra-arterial ovarian infusion of peripheral blood from mated control donors. Estradiol benzoate (0.1 mg in oil) injected sc at 48 and 24 hr before mating partially overcame the blocking action of norethindrone. In the estrogen-primed, norethindrone- treated series, 7/16 rabbits ovulated to mating, and this ratio, as well as the average number of ruptured follicles per ovulating rabbit (3.8), approximated the effect induced by a single iv injection of 2 μg/kg LH; whereas, in the control series, 100 % of the animals ovu...

THE OESTROGENIC AND ANTI-OESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF COMPOUNDS RELATED TO DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL.

ABSTRACT The activities of some dihydroxyphenylalkanes in mice have been compared with those of dihydroxyphenylalkenes already investigated. All are both pro-oestrogenic and anti-oestrogenic, the latter when applied to the vagina in much less than the pro-oestrogenic dose. Peak anti-oestrogenic activity is seen in the dimethyl substituents of both series (dimethylstilboestrol and meso-butoestrol). The other alkanes showed no detectable oestrogenic activity in subcutaneous doses of up to 5 mg in oil in vaginal smear tests, but some activity in intravaginal tetrazolium reduction tests in doses of less than 1 mg, although with very shallow dose-response lines. The same compounds were weakly anti-oestrogenic and did not interfere with early pregnancy in daily doses of 2 mg. The high correlation between pro-oestrogenic, anti-oestrogenic and antifertility potencies in these compounds makes it hazardous to ascribe the latter action to either of the former without further evidence.

Synchronization of oestrus in sheep by orally active progesterone derivative

In a preliminary experiment with 40 Merino ewes of 45 kg liveweight, oral doses of 0, 6.6, 20, and 60 mg 6-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone were administered daily for 14 days. The highest dose level completely prevented oestrus during treatment, and all 10 ewes came into oestrus during the 5-day period beginning 24 hr after the last dose; seven of the 10 ewes conceived and lambed. Daily doses of 6.6 and 20 mg reduced the incidence of oestrus during treatment, but produced little synchronization subsequently. In the main experiment 77 similar ewes were treated over 17 days with either 6-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone (50 mg orally per day, 39 ewes), or progesterone (10 mg in oil intramuscularly every second day, 38 ewes). There were 19 untreated ewes. Some ewes from each group were marked by rams during the treatment period. In the 6 days following the final dose of progestagen 75% of ewes were marked by rams, with a peak on the third day. There was no difference between treatments. The proportion of ewes that lambed following mating in the 6 days after cessation of treatment was 15/29 and 11/29 for 6-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone and progesterone treatments respectively. In the main experiment half the ewes were injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin 24 hr after the last dose of progestagen, and 24 hr later, with human ohorionic gonadotrophin. This supplementary treatment did not further reduce inter-animal variation in time of onset of oestrus, but tended to reduce the proportion of ewes exhibiting oestrus.

The behavioural and vaginal response of the spayed ewe to oestrogen injected at various times relative to the injection of progesterone.

SUMMARY Three trials, each using seventy-two ovariectomized Suffolk cross-bred ewes, were conducted to determine the interaction on the behavioural and vaginal response of varying the time of injection of oestradiol benzoate (ODB; dose levels 16, 20 and 25 μg in oil) relative to that of progesterone (six injections each of 6 mg in oil, spread over 3 days). When ODB was injected before or during the period of progesterone treatment no ewe was served, and the vaginal response was partially suppressed. Maximal behavioural responses were observed when ODB was injected 24–48 hr after the final injection of progesterone. Responses decreased as this interval increased. Maximal vaginal responses were observed when ODB was injected 48 hr or more after the final injection of progesterone. Vaginal sensitivity did not decline with increase in this interval. For assay purposes, using both criteria, it is necessary to inject oestrogen 48 hr after cessation of progesterone treatment in order to obtain a maximal response.

Quantitative studies on the hormonal induction of oestrus in spayed ewes.

SUMMARY Seven trials were conducted with sixty-nine ovariectomized Suffolk cross-bred ewes to determine the requirements of oestradiol benzoate (ODB), given alone or preceded by 75 mg progesterone (6 × 12·5 mg in oil over 3 days, followed 2 days later by oestrogen), for oestrous behaviour and characteristic vaginal changes. Progesterone pretreatment resulted in a marked increase of sensitivity to oestrogen. For oestrus, the respective values of the median effective dose (ED 50) for ODB preceded by progesterone and for ODB alone were 22 and 64 μg, the difference being significant (P<0·001). The 99% fiducial limits associated with these estimates were respectively 19 and 26 μg and 52 and 81 μg. For vaginal changes the corresponding values were 10-14-17 and 20-24-28 (P<0·001). Progesterone pretreatment resulted in an apparently steeper dose-response line for oestrus, and advanced the mean time of onset by about 12 hr. The behaviour pattern following progesterone—ODB appeared to differ from that following ODB alone. Oestrus in the ewe appears to be under dual hormonal control. Endogenous oestrogen production is insufficient to induce the full psychic and physiological changes associated with normal oestrus, unless the animal has been conditioned previously by progesterone.

Energy Losses of Electrons Passing through an MgO Foil

Energy Losses of Electrons Passing through an MgO Foil

Methylandrostenediol: a non-virilizing derivative of testosterone in metastatic cancer of the breast.

Methylandrostenediol was chosen for clinical trial in patients with metastatic cancer of the breast because it was the first of a series of compounds tested which on bioassay showed renotropic effects on experimental hydronephrosis in female adult mice resembling those of testosterone propionate. The method and results of these bioassays will be published elsewhere(l). The marked degree of protection afforded the tubular epithelial cells by testosterone propionate and methylandrostenediol in experimental hydronephrosis is illustrated in Fig. 1. This renotropic property of methylandrostenediol is at present under investigation in human renal disorders. Testosterone, vinyl testosterone, cis testosterone, testosterone tocap-tate and testosterone carbonate failed to give such renal protection. Methylandrostenediol was given to 7 women with metastasizing cancer of the breast for periods of 1 to 7 months, and in doses varying from 25 mg in oil given intramuscularly to 100 mg per day intramuscularly in aqueous suspension. The latter dose was found to be clinically the most effective. Pellets of 60 mg implanted every 20 to 30 days were also used. The maximal total dose was 10 g given intramuscularly in aqueous suspension.§ The patients were women ranging in age from 34 to 64 years, in whom cancer of the breast had been diagnosed as being of from 1 to 8 years duration prior to the initiation of methylandrostenediol therapy. Subjective improvement with varying degrees of euphoria and a sense of well-being occurred in all cases and lasted for from 1 to 7 months under therapy. Objective clear-cut calcification of bone lesions studied by X-ray was found in 2 patients and one is shown in Fig. 2 and 3. Soft tissue lesions regressed in 2 other instances under methylandrostenediol therapy. Studies of blood chemistry (phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, NPN and total protein) showed trends comparable to those seen in the course of chemotherapy of breast cancer with testosterone and are illustrated in Fig. 4.