Trisomy 21 Variants among 3,124 Mexican Patients with Down Syndrome: A Three-Decade Experience of a Referral Laboratory.

Traditional markets in Mexico are longstanding centers of biocultural exchange where wild plants are commercialized for diverse purposes, with important socio‑ecological implications. However, research in this topic remains fragmented across disciplines. This review critically examines and synthesizes scientific literature on the trade of wild plants in traditional Mexican markets to assess accumulated knowledge, prevailing theoretical approaches, and the extent to which this activity has been conceptualized within a socio‑ecological systems (SES) framework. We conducted a systematic search of major academic databases and analyzed studies documenting wild plant trade in traditional markets across Mexico. We identified traded species, their origin, and their uses, and examined reported social, ecological, and economic variables, emphasized their integration within an SES perspective. Ethnobotanical potential and knowledge gaps were also evaluated for each Mexican state. Based on 32 studies documenting 60 traditional markets, we recorded 902 species (528 genera, 131 families), primarily Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cactaceae, and Bromeliaceae. Most of the species were native to Mexico and were frequently harvested from the wild, including numerous taxa listed under conservation status. Medicinal and food uses predominated, while ornamental and ritual uses reflected strong cultural drivers of demand. Although most studies reported variables relevant to SES analyses, they were largely descriptive and rarely applied integrative, hypothesis‑driven SES frameworks. Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, State of Mexico, and Puebla exhibited the highest ethnobotanical potential; while the highest ethnobotanical gap values were found in Chiapas, Veracruz, Guerrero, and San Luis Potosí. Key ethnobotanical theories guiding plant selection and use where identified, along with critical research gaps related to governance, consumer behavior, ecological impacts, and management practices. Traditional markets represent strategic settings for advancing SES‑based ethnobotanical research and promoting sustainability that balance biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and cultural continuity.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) represents one of the most significant fruit crops cultivated across multiple regions of Mexico. In recent years, cases of stem-end rot and dieback have been observed in mango-producing areas. This research aimed to characterize the diversity of Lasiodiplodia species associated with these symptoms, determine their geographic distribution in five Mexican states, and evaluate their pathogenicity on mango fruits. During 2014, samples exhibiting dieback and stem-end rot symptoms were collected from 27 commercial orchards located in five states, resulting in the obtention of 87 Lasiodiplodia isolates. From these, 36 representative isolates were selected and identified through phylogenetic analyses (ITS, tef1-α, tub2), employing the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approach. Eight Lasiodiplodia species were resolved: L. brasiliense, L. laeliocattleyae, L. subglobosa, L. theobromae, L. iraniensis, L. mexicanensis, L. hyalina, and L. pseudotheobromae. Among them, L. brasiliense, L. laeliocattleyae, L. subglobosa, L. iraniensis, L. mexicanensis, and L. hyalina are reported for the first time in association with mango tissues in Mexico. Pathogenicity tests conducted on detached mango fruits using the mycelial plug inoculation method demonstrated that all species were capable of inducing necrotic lesions. However, L. laeliocattleyae and L. brasiliense exhibited the highest levels of aggressiveness, while L. mexicanensis, L. hyalina, and L. pseudotheobromae were the least aggressive.

IntroductionHigh-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) is a cornerstone of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. It's safe administration requires timely pharmacokinetic monitoring and comprehensive supportive care, which are frequently limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In Mexico, variability in HD-MTX practices may compromise treatment safety and efficacy. This study aimed to characterize national practice patterns and identify context-specific adaptations in the delivery of HD-MTX in resource constrained settings.MethodsA nationwide, cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted between May and November 2023 among pediatric hematologists and oncologists treating patients younger than 18 years with ALL. The questionnaire assessed institutional guidelines, availability of pharmacokinetic monitoring, and supportive care practices, including hydration, urinary alkalinization, and folinic acid rescue. Data were analyzed descriptively.ResultsA total of 111 specialists from 27 Mexican states participated. Only 56% reported having institutional HD-MTX guidelines. While 97% administered HD-MTX to high-risk ALL patients, only 61% used full protocol-recommended doses, and nearly one-third reported dose reductions. Methotrexate plasma level monitoring was only available in 56% of centers. Most centers (86%) administered HD-MTX exclusively in the inpatient setting. Supportive care practices varied substantially across institutions and risk groups. Reported barriers included limited laboratory capacity (61%), lack of standardized protocols (44%), and delays related to bed availability (39%).ConclusionsOptimizing HD-MTX delivery in Mexico requires integrating standardized clinical practices with targeted system-level interventions to ensure timely access to pharmacokinetic monitoring. The development and implementation of context-adapted national guidelines may improve safety, reduce variability in care, and mitigate outcome disparities in children with ALL.

The Northern states along the US-Mexico border face some of Mexico's most serious public security problems. Mexican federal, state, and municipal police struggle to create and sustain effective crime reduction strategies. This study identifies the challenges facing the state police officials that prevent the development of effective crime reduction strategies. Utilizing thematic analysis to examine interview data from police authorities in two northern border states, this study identifies five primary challenges: institutional, legal frameworks, collaboration, data issues, and community perception. These themes offer insight into how a lack of institutional cohesion, limited resources, and public mistrust collectively undermine effective policing. The study provides recommendations for how the Mexican state police can address these challenges, ultimately enabling the implementation of effective policing strategies, fostering public trust, and reducing crime.

Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens in Otobius megnini from Central Mexico with special emphasis on Bartonella detection.

This article examines the impact of the demographic dividend on economic growth in Mexico. Using panel data for 30 Mexican states from 1990 to 2021, we apply panel data estimations and the System GMM estimator to address endogeneity concerns. Results indicate that demographic dividend alone does not have a statistically significant effect; however, economic growth increases when labor force participation is ensured. Accordingly, policies promoting labor force participation should be implemented, alongside a forward-looking approach to converting the demographic dividend into savings that will increase productive investment.

The Atoyac river basin is one of the most polluted watershed basins in Mexico. Recent studies have reported the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in this highly urbanized region through environmental monitoring, raising concerns about potential health risks, particularly for children and adolescents. We still lack information about its human exposure through biological samples that represent a more realistic measure of OCPs body burden. To evaluate, we compared the serum concentrations of OCPs in children and adolescents living within and outside the Atoyac watershed basin. We included 428 individuals under 20years old who participated as controls in a population-based study conducted in three central-southern Mexican states (2021-2024). We collected sociodemographic characteristics through face-to-face interviews and obtained serum samples in which we quantified 24 OCPs by gas chromatography. To georeference, we classified the participants as living within or outside the Atoyac basin and compared their respective serum concentrations for those OCPs detected over 10% of samples. We found two heterogeneous spatial distribution patterns of OCPs serum concentrations. HCB, dieldrin, oxychlordane, and endosulfan sulfate were higher in the Atoyac basin, with the two formers being statistically significant. In contrast, p,p'-DDE was significantly higher outside the Atoyac basin. The two patterns of exposure between the two regions emphasized one pattern driven by industry and agriculture, and the second driven by vector-borne disease control. It reinforces the need for regulation and increased monitoring in the Atoyac river basin to provide information about adverse health effects in children and adolescents.

Objective: To characterize and evaluate the agronomic diversity of 31 native tomato populations from Mexico, cultivated under greenhouse conditions in Sinaloa. Design/Methodology/Approach: The biological material was collected from eight Mexican states and transplanted into soil beds in 2022. The experimental design consisted of plots arranged in rows with three replications, where the experimental unit comprised the three central rows, totaling 279 plants. Agronomic traits and fruit quality variables were measured and analyzed using the SAS 9 statistical package. Results: Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed across the evaluated variables. Mean comparisons highlighted key traits: number of fruits per plant reached 89 (Hidalgo), fruit weight was 46.6 g (Oaxaca 7), yield was 2.5 kg per plant (Veracruz 3), number of locules reached 9 (Veracruz 1), and total soluble solids were 9.2 °Brix (Oaxaca 5). Limitations/Implications: Genotypes with small fruits (~2 g) require intensive labor due to their high shoot production, representing a challenge for large-scale cultivation. Findings/Conclusions: The evaluated genotypes exhibit strong potential for hybrid vigor, particularly in agronomic performance (Veracruz 4), yield (Veracruz 3), and fruit quality (Oaxaca 5). These findings are valuable for future hybridization efforts in tomato breeding programs.

ABSTRACT This study examines Mexico’s productivity performance as a middle-income economy by estimating Total Factor Productivity (TFP) at the establishment level. The TFP estimation uses a revenue-based production function to address price bias and is parameterized with the Wooldridge panel data model. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity in productivity among Mexican establishments. Within this heterogeneity, some establishments are more productive than others due to TFP determinants, which are captured by internal and external efficiency attributes that promote better production practices leading to higher TFP. Seven determinants are identified as key drivers of TFP. The productivity heterogeneity also reveals substantial TFP dispersion across Mexican establishments, as measured by the 90:10 TFP ratio. This ratio indicates that an establishment at the 90th percentile is approximately eight times more productive than one at the 10th percentile. At the national level, TFP dispersion tends to increase as TFP growth falls. Furthermore, the retail and wholesale sectors exhibit higher TFP dispersion, and Mexican states with higher concentrations of these sectors also exhibit higher TFP dispersion. The study concludes by proposing industrial strategies to enhance the determinants of TFP and narrow the productivity gap among Mexican establishments.

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Sesame (<em>Sesamum indicum</em> L.) is an oilseed with demand for direct and industrial consumption due to its nutritional value and phytochemical components. The color of the coat appears to be related to the seed biochemical properties, antioxidant activity and biological properties. <strong>Objective:</strong> To identify and generate knowledge on seed coat color variability in sesame accessions from central and northwestern Mexico. <strong>Methodology:</strong> 73 sesame populations were collected in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Michoacán, Guerrero, Sinaloa and Sonora. Color parameters L*, a*, and b* were recorded through readings in a Hunter-Lab miniScan XEPLUS colorimeter. The tone (hue) was calculated by means of arctan expression (b*/a*) and chroma as: [(a*)<sup>2</sup> + (b*)<sup>2</sup>]<sup>1/2</sup>. Readings were taken in triplicate on a 10-g seed sample. The data were processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal components (PCA) and hierarchical clusters. <strong>Results:</strong> Low coefficients of variation were found in the parameters of the HunterLab scale, 0.64, 1.85, 0.91, 0.97 and 1.06% for L*, a*, b*, chroma and hue, respectively, indicating that the color information of the seed coat is consistent, allowing to identify groups of populations by color as follows: 5 light color populations, 37 cream color, 23 brown and 8 dark color. The PCA, based on L*, hue and chroma, indicated that the first PC explains 95% of the total variation among populations, and the cluster analysis allowed differentiation among non-dark coat populations. <strong>Implications:</strong> Complete chemical and proximal determinations are required with special interest in black sesame due to its nutraceutical quality. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Producers preserve genetic diversity by cultivating different local genotypes based mainly on yield and grain color diversity.</p>

Higher Education must be conceived as part of our human education, as provided for in the Constitution itself and the International Treaties, that is, it must be universal and free of all discrimination, which we can translate into inclusion, which implies important challenges for the Mexican State, due to the material, formal and legal structure that prevails, which has generated a new paradigm which we will address in this article, which is based on the existing statistical data, the current regulatory framework and the observations of the Committee. of the United Nations for people with disabilities, although some changes in legal matters are already visible, the application of the Law and the effects it will bring are still pending.

This paper looks at the importance of analysing access to health as a human right for migrant children in an irregular situation in Mexico, who are considered a vulnerable group due to the disadvantages they face because of their biological age and mobility. The State's obligation to protect these rights, as mentioned in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, is analysed. Access to health should be granted by the Mexican state to all people equally, regardless of their migratory status, through health services that should be linked to a system of political and administrative organisation. For this reason, this paper uses the theory of social systems (Luhman, 2012). This paper studies the Mexican health system and analyses the legal, political and governmental subsystems, as well as the communication that must exist between them, for the correct functioning of the health system.

Between July 2021 and July 2022, a cross-sectional parasitological survey was conducted on 97 free-ranging Crocodylus moreletii individuals across four Mexican states: Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán, and Tabasco. Sampling was conducted out at 12 sites representing varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, categorized as conserved, moderately disturbed, and highly disturbed habitats. Parasitological analysis identified seven nematode taxa: Contracaecum sp. type 1, Contracaecum sp. type 2, Terranova crocodili, Micropleura sp., Dujardinascaris helicina, Eustrongylides sp., and Goezia nonipapillata, belonging to four families: Ascarididae, Anisakidae, Micropleuridae, and Dioctophymidae. The most prevalent species were Contracaecum sp. type 1 (51%), followed by Contracaecum sp. type 2 (41%) and D. helicina (28%), while Eustrongylides sp. showed the lowest prevalence (4.1%). Parasite composition differed significantly among sites with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). Contracaecum sp. type 1 reached a prevalence of 100% in moderately disturbed habitats. Additionally, Contracaecum sp. type 2, D. helicina, and T. crocodili exhibited moderate to high prevalence across all surveyed localities, irrespective of habitat disturbance levels. Eustrongylides sp. and G. nonipapillata were found exclusively in urban environments. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring host-parasite dynamics across environmental gradients of anthropogenic impact to better assess zoonotic risks and promote both public and wildlife health.

Public security is one of the main functions of the Mexican State, articulating different instances and corporations, where the police are responsible for maintaining security and public order, as well as protecting the population from harm and danger, from an unrestricted respect for human rights. However, some of them are singled out as the main perpetrators of serious violations and violations of these rights, so often all members of these police forces are often stigmatized and criminalized. On the other hand, public security institutions are in a situation of institutional neglect, mainly in terms of equipment, training, and benefits, without taking into account the patterns of abuse and discretion that deprive them within them, so it is necessary to recognize these elements as subjects of rights. This study analyzes the observance of the rights of police officers who provide their services in the context of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, based on the operationalization of the "Main rights of police officers in the exercise of their functions", published by the National Human Rights Commission, from a qualitative approach and a hypothetical-deductive, analytical and hermeneutic epistemic methodology; under an exploratory, non-experimental and descriptive design. The results obtained show that, in this context, the elements of the corporations accused of violating rights also carry out their functions in conditions of vulnerability.

Chrysina karenrobackerae Robacker and Hawks and C. queretaroensis Robacker and Hawks (Cole¬optera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) are described as new species from the northeastern Mexican states of Nuevo León and Querétaro, respectively, based on morphometric comparisons of adults and genitalia with those of C. adelaida (Hope, 1841) and C. occidentalis Robacker and Hawks, 2022. Both new species were previ¬ously regarded as C. adelaida and remain in the adelaida group (sensu Hawks 2001). Te primary diagnostic characters that defne these species are genitalic, including male-capsule enantiomorphy, a character not previously used in Chrysina Kirby identifcation.

This article problematizes situations of mistreatment and racism directed at highly educated Indigenous and Afro-descendant women. It begins by examining how access to higher and postgraduate education for Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities has developed in parallel with processes of criminalization affecting these groups. Subsequently, the article draws on a body of literature that documents the entry of Indigenous and Afro-descendant individuals into higher education. Through a critical perspective on mestizaje in Mexico and on whiteness as an institutional practice embedded within racial formation projects, the analysis examines institutional practices through cases of racism in research centers and postgraduate programs across different Mexican states. These cases reveal how racism based on skin color, linguistic racism, and epistemic racism operate. Finally, the article concludes by addressing the following questions: What does it mean to close the doors of academia to highly educated Indigenous and Afro-descendant women? And how does this compel a rethinking of the logics of privilege and whiteness in Mexico?

Human activities such as industrialization, recreation, domestic water use, agriculture, and energy production have significantly increased pollution in water bodies, especially within urban regions. This pollution affects ecological biodiversity, exerting broad impacts on various environmental and public health factors. In response, this study utilized proteomic analysis to characterize the macro- and microbiota community compositions of natural water bodies located across diverse urban and semi-urban regions. Our strategy involved collecting samples from Mexico City as well as the Mexican states of Mexico, Morelos and Guanajuato. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography, coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HDMS), to detect organisms. Using this approach, we identified protein peptide sequences belonging to diverse taxa, including Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa and Bacteria, encompassing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Some identified pathogens are known contributors to disease outbreaks in Mexico. Additionally, other detected organisms provided insights into the ecological structure and biodiversity of the regions surrounding each sampled water body. Further analyses included assessments of species richness, relative abundance, and overall biological diversity. Results provide a fundamental proteomic basis for studying biodiversity in Mexican water bodies, which may serve as a reference for future longitudinal research. Moreover, this approach offers a powerful method for detecting and modeling water contamination caused by human activity.

Background: Rickettsioses disproportionately affect vulnerable populations and are frequently misdiagnosed as other febrile illnesses in Yucatan, the Mexican state with the greatest diversity of Rickettsia spp. Although significant seroprevalence has been reported in rural communities, the last population-based study was conducted over two decades ago, despite environmental and social changes that have likely increased transmission risk. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) of Rickettsia in an endemic area of southeastern Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 390 participants. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect IgG antibodies against SFG and TG of Rickettsia. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants, along with environmental and community-level variables from their regions of residence, were analyzed. Results: The overall seroprevalence of both Rickettsia groups was 31.2%. Higher maximum temperatures were associated with an increase in Rickettsia seroprevalence (PR = 4.18; 95% CI: 3.40–5.14), while higher population density was associated with a decrease in seroprevalence (PR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98). Conclusions: Rickettsia seroprevalence in Yucatan remains high and is shaped by both environmental and demographic factors. These findings highlight the need to strengthen surveillance and prevention strategies that integrate ecological and social determinants within a One Health framework.

Mexico has the highest number of Indigenous Peoples in the American hemisphere: 23.2 million, according to the 2020 census. Yet, Mexico faces significant challenges in the production of official statistics concerning the identification and enumeration of Indigenous populations. This paper presents an analysis of the statistical visibility of Indigenous populations and the methodologies employed in census enumeration in Mexico. The paper, in particular, proposes a different approach to the production of statistics on Indigenous people, one that involves these population groups directly in the survey process, conducts surveys in Indigenous languages, and incorporates questions on self-perception, including identification with the Indigenous group to which they belong. Following the 2020 Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in five Mexican states, an analysis was undertaken using quantitative, descriptive, and comparative methodologies with attention to gender, human rights, and intercultural perspectives. The results demonstrate that Indigenous populations in Mexico are disadvantaged in many aspects. These populations experience greater poverty and food insecurity, lower income, reduced access to health services, education, and water, more precarious housing conditions, and higher rates of child mortality. The most disadvantaged group consists of Indigenous language speakers (ILS), followed by those belonging to or identifying as Indigenous (BIP), compared with the total population. Moreover, substantial disparities among Indigenous language speakers were identified for women and children, and also between States.