Metropolitan Areas In Spain Research Articles

Families at social risk and access to 0–3 Early Childhood Education and Care in Spain: a model to understand diverse conditions in the current system (Familias en situación de riesgo social y acceso a la educación preescolar de 0 a 3 años en España: un modelo para comprender las situaciones diversas en el sistema actual)

ABSTRACT It is acknowledged that fewer children from families at social risk and/or socio-economic disadvantage participate in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) across Europe. The article examines who among these families has special difficulties in accessing the first cycle of ECEC for infants 0–3 years of age (0–3 ECEC) in Spain. It presents a model that reveals diverse strategies taken by families in relation to 0–3 ECEC and a particular segment of families who are served ‘worst’ by the current system and whose access to 0–3 ECEC is especially hindered. In the analysis, we also highlight gender; gender appears as a fundamental dimension to understand the forms of participation (or non-participation) in 0–3 ECEC within families at risk of social exclusion. The article is based on a study in which we conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with families at social risk as well as group discussions with a total of 40 family and education professionals in five metropolitan areas of Spain.

Access and egress times to high-speed rail stations: a spatiotemporal accessibility analysis

Access and egress times to high-speed rail stations: a spatiotemporal accessibility analysis

The location of creative clusters in non-metropolitan areas: A methodological proposition

The location of creative clusters in non-metropolitan areas: A methodological proposition

South Asian immigration to Spain: Socio-demographic profile and territorial distribution, 2000–2014

The South Asian group, which includes people from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, is one of the oldest and least known immigrant groups in Spain. Because of its relatively small size (131,230 in 2014) very limited research work has been done about this community. Existing studies mainly focus on their economic participation while their socio-demographic characteristics remain unexplored. In this paper, we examine the evolution and demographic profile of their flow and stock during 2000–2014, their socio-economic characteristics and territorial distribution. The recent huge flow of young males has made this group more masculine and younger. Their low education level and lack of professional skills result in occupational segregation in a few sectors, which is contributing to their residential concentration in the big metropolitan areas of Spain. The economic crisis in Spain has halted further growth, but the continuation of family reunification process is consolidating their settlement in Spain.

Propensity Score Analysis of the Role of Initial Antifungal Therapy in the Outcome of Candida glabrata Bloodstream Infections.

Candida glabrata isolates have reduced in vitro susceptibility to azoles, which raises concerns about the clinical effectiveness of fluconazole for treating bloodstream infection (BSI) by this Candida species. We aimed to evaluate whether the choice of initial antifungal treatment (fluconazole versus echinocandins or liposomal amphotericin B [L-AmB]-based regimens) has an impact on the outcome of C. glabrata BSI. We analyzed data from a prospective, multicenter, population-based surveillance program on candidemia conducted in 5 metropolitan areas of Spain (May 2010 to April 2011). Adult patients with an episode of C. glabrata BSI were included. The main outcomes were 14-day mortality and treatment failure (14-day mortality and/or persistent C. glabrata BSI for ≥48 h despite antifungal initiation). The impact of using fluconazole as initial antifungal treatment on the patients' prognosis was assessed by logistic regression analysis with the addition of a propensity score approach. A total of 94 patients with C. glabrata BSI were identified. Of these, 34 had received fluconazole and 35 had received an echinocandin/L-AmB-based regimen. Patients in the echinocandin/L-AmB group had poorer baseline clinical status than did those in the fluconazole group. Patients in the fluconazole group were more frequently (55.9% versus 28.6%) and much earlier (median time, 3 versus 7 days) switched to another antifungal regimen. Overall, 14-day mortality was 13% (9/69) and treatment failure 34.8% (24/69), with no significant differences between the groups. On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for baseline characteristics by propensity score, fluconazole use was not associated with an unfavorable evolution (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for 14-day mortality, 1.16, with 95% confidence interval [CI] of 0.22 to 6.17; adjusted OR for treatment failure, 0.83, with 95% CI of 0.27 to 2.61). In conclusion, initial fluconazole treatment was not associated with a poorer outcome than that obtained with echinocandins/L-AmB regimens in patients with C. glabrata BSI. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01236261.).

Epidemiology and outcome of candidaemia in patients with oncological and haematological malignancies: results from a population-based surveillance in Spain

Epidemiology and outcome of candidaemia in patients with oncological and haematological malignancies: results from a population-based surveillance in Spain

Impact of Therapeutic Strategies on the Prognosis of Candidemia in the ICU*

To determine the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections, variables influencing mortality, and antifungal resistance rates in ICUs in Spain. Prospective, observational, multicenter population-based study. Medical and surgical ICUs in 29 hospitals distributed throughout five metropolitan areas of Spain. Adult patients (≥ 18 yr) with an episode of Candida bloodstream infection during admission to any surveillance area ICU from May 2010 to April 2011. Candida isolates were sent to a reference laboratory for species identification by DNA sequencing and susceptibility testing using the methods and breakpoint criteria promulgated by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Prognostic factors associated with early (0-7 d) and late (8-30 d) mortality were analyzed using logistic regression modeling. We detected 773 cases of candidemia, 752 of which were included in the overall cohort. Among these, 168 (22.3%) occurred in adult ICU patients. The rank order of Candida isolates was as follows: Candida albicans (52%), Candida parapsilosis (23.7%), Candida glabrata (12.7%), Candida tropicalis (5.8%), Candida krusei (4%), and others (1.8%). Overall susceptibility to fluconazole was 79.2%. Cumulative mortality at 7 and 30 days after the first episode of candidemia was 16.5% and 47%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that early appropriate antifungal treatment and catheter removal (odds ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.91), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.19), and abdominal source (odds ratio, 8.15; 95% CI, 1.75-37.93) were independently associated with early mortality. Determinants of late mortality were age (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), intubation (odds ratio, 7.24; 95% CI, 2.24-23.40), renal replacement therapy (odds ratio, 6.12; 95% CI, 2.24-16.73), and primary source (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.06-5.95). Candidemia in ICU patients is caused by non-albicans species in 48% of cases, C. parapsilosis being the most common among these. Overall mortality remains high and mainly related with host factors. Prompt adequate antifungal treatment and catheter removal could be critical to decrease early mortality.

Using GIS and Teledetection data to assess mobility and land consumption in polynucleated landscapes

Polycentrism has become the keystone in a major number of regional and urban policies, since it has been seen as a sustainable and equilibrated urban model. In this paper, the problem has been focused in case study the biggest metropolitan areas in Spain and pretends test whether polycentric urban growth does effectively reduce land consumption and travel-to-work journeys, protecting in this way agricultural and forest areas around cities and at the same time reducing energy and air emissions produced by cars. The methodology used has been departed from land-use, transport and census data, and using ArcGIS and TransCAD a group of spatial indicators is calculated and introduced in a family of regression models, where explained variables are per capita land consumption and excess commuting respectively. The results suggest that polynucleation has little effect both in the reduction of land consumption and excess commuting. On the contrary, other variables associated to urban form do highly influence land and mobility patterns, such as fragmentation of urban fabrics, job ratio balance, and the diversity of economic activities and housing offer. Such conclusions may shed light in the design of urban policies, and focus the attention on the definition of small-scale urban variables instead of structural ones at metropolitan scale.

Gentrification in Spain and Latin America — a Critical Dialogue

AbstractMajor social and political transformations such as the shift towards neoliberal urban policies have widely altered the contemporary structuring of metropolitan areas in Spain and Latin America. One key consequence is the recapture of city centres by wealthy tenants and the eviction of poorer households, a phenomenon usually designated by the term gentrification. In comparison to the comprehensive documentation of gentrification in the Anglophone environment, few scholars have paid attention to this phenomenon in this area of the world so far. This article responds to this gap, providing an exhaustive revision of the debates about gentrification occurring in Spain and Latin America during the last decade and tracking two theoretical motivations. First, it stresses the necessity of characterizing gentrification discourses in Spain and Latin America, preparing a conceptual appropriation and contextualization of the term itself. Second, it confirms that gentrification in Spain and Latin America varies substantially from processes observed in the Anglophone world. As a result, the review develops insights into emancipating and challenging debates that remain useful for the mainstream gentrification discourse too. Addressing this, it proposes a reconsideration and repoliticization of gentrification through the territorial and linguistic lens of Spanish and Latin American researchers.

Marshallian Agglomeration Economies and Entrepreneurship: The Spanish Case

Marshallian Agglomeration Economies and Entrepreneurship: The Spanish Case

Industrial Revitalization of the Metropolitan Areas in Spain

International Journal of Urban and Regional ResearchVolume 18, Issue 2 p. 220-233 Industrial Revitalization of the Metropolitan Areas in Spain INMACULADA CARAVACA, INMACULADA CARAVACA Department of Human Geography, University of Seville, C. Da Maria de Padilla s/n, 41004-Sevilla, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorRICARDO MENDEZ, RICARDO MENDEZ Department of Human Geography, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this author INMACULADA CARAVACA, INMACULADA CARAVACA Department of Human Geography, University of Seville, C. Da Maria de Padilla s/n, 41004-Sevilla, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorRICARDO MENDEZ, RICARDO MENDEZ Department of Human Geography, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1994.tb00263.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume18, Issue2June 1994Pages 220-233 RelatedInformation