Acid Methyl Ester Research Articles

Tumor Cell Membrane-Encapsulated MLA Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Targeted Diagnosis and Radiosensitization Therapy of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common nonmelanoma skin cancer. Radiotherapy plays an integral role in treating SCC due to its characteristics, such as diminished intercellular adhesion, heightened cell migration and invasion capabilities, and immune evasion. These problems lead to inaccurate tumor boundary positioning and radiotherapy tolerance in SCC treatment. Thus, accurate localization and enhanced radiotherapy sensitivity are imperative for effective SCC treatment. To address the existing limitations in SCC therapy, we developed monoglyceride solid lipid nanoparticles (MG SLNs) and enveloped them with the A431 cell membrane (A431 CM) to create A431@MG. The characterization results showed that A431@MG was spherical. Furthermore, A431@MG had specific targeting for A431 cells. In A431 tumor-bearing mice, A431@MG demonstrated prolonged accumulation within tumors, ensuring precise boundary localization of SCC. We further advanced the approach by preparing MG SLNs encapsulating 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester (MLA) and desferrioxamine (DFO) with an A431 CM coating to yield A431@MG-MLA/DFO. Several studies have revealed that DFO effectively reduced iron content, impeding protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) biotransformation and promoting PpIX accumulation. Simultaneously, MLA was metabolized into PpIX upon cellular entry. During radiotherapy, the heightened PpIX levels enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inducing DNA and mitochondrial damage and leading to cell apoptosis. In A431 tumor-bearing mice, the A431@MG-MLA/DFO group exhibited notable radiotherapy sensitization, displaying superior tumor growth inhibition. Combining A431@MG-MLA/DFO with radiotherapy significantly improved anticancer efficacy, highlighting its potential to serve as an integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for SCC.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities, Antidepressant Effect, and Lipid Peroxidation of Peruvian Blueberry: Molecular Docking Studies on Targets Involved in Oxidative Stress and Depression.

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are cultivated worldwide and are among the best dietary sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the components of Peruvian blueberry using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), identifying 11 compounds. Furthermore, we assessed in vitro the antioxidant activity and in vivo the antidepressant effect using a rat model and protective effect on lipid peroxidation (in the serum, brain, liver, and stomach). We also conducted molecular docking simulations with proteins involved in oxidative stress and depression for the identified compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazin (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS•+), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Peruvian blueberries demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than Vaccinium corymbosum fruits from Chile, Brazil, the United States, Turkey, Portugal, and China. The results showed that oral administration of Peruvian blueberries (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly (p < 0.001) increased swimming and reduced immobility in the forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg, oxidative stress was reduced in vivo (p < 0.001) by decreasing lipid peroxidation in brain, liver, stomach, and serum. Molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions were performed. In the molecular docking studies, quercitrin and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid showed the best docking scores for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase; while 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and caffeoyl coumaroylquinic acid had the best docking scores for monoamine oxidase and serotonin receptor 5-HT2. In summary, our results suggest that the antidepressant and protective effects against lipid peroxidation might be related to the antioxidant activity of Peruvian Vaccinium corymbosum L.

Tandem hydroformylation-amine condensation and reduction of canola fatty acid methyl esters for production of diesel renewable antioxidant additives

A canola fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) mixture was synthesized through transesterification and modified by rhodium homogeneous tandem hydroformylation-amine condensation, with primary amines, yielding imine products. The obtained imines were reduced by maceration with sodium borohydride and alumina, yielding secondary amine products. The synthesized fatty imines and amines were evaluated as additives for commercial diesel and biodiesel on concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 %, while tested for oxidative stability fallowing the EN14112 standard method. The tested amino products exhibited higher oxidative stability, which justifies its application as antioxidant additives, while the diesel blends did not show expressive physicochemical modifications. The modified amino-FAME antioxidant performance, justifies a renewable biorefinery application, extend the biodiesel shelf-life prior to diesel blending, complies with UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and if prepared from residues, enhance the circular economy appeal.

Effect of fermentation on color characteristics and metabolite profiles of purple potato flour

The effect of fermentation on color characteristics and metabolite profiles of purple potato flour (PPF) were evaluated. The results showed that fermentation had a significant effect on the color attributes of samples. The bioactive compounds in PPF were identified using untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). There were 63 compounds found in unfermented PPF (UF), while fermented samples showed more abundant compounds, including 69 compounds in naturally fermented PPF and 73 compounds in lactobacillus fermented PPF. The quantitative results showed that bioactive compounds with larger molecular weight decreased, but small molecules with high bioavailability increased after fermentation. The levels of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and kaempferol in amylolytic L. plantarum CGMCC 14177 fermented PPF (ALF) were more than 3 times higher than those in UF. Foodomics analysis indicated that natural fermentation and lactobacillus fermentation had obvious differences in the conversion effect of metabolites in PPF. Based on orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, 17 key bioactive compounds affected by fermentation were screened. L. plantarum CGMCC 15358 and CGMCC 14177 showed similar conversion effects on bioactive compounds, and their marker metabolites were trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid isomer 2, caffeic acid, 12,15-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, and lactic acid.

Irciniaplysins A-D: New Psammaplysin Derivatives from Philippine Marine Sponge Ircinia sp.

Four new psammaplysin derivatives (1-4) with fatty acyl substituents, designated irciniaplysins A-D, and three known psammaplysins (5-7) were isolated from a marine sponge Ircinia sp. Their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses. The positions of the double bonds and the branch points of the fatty acyl side chains were determined by GC-MS analysis of their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives. Irciniaplysins A (1) and B (2) contained an unusual long-chain fatty acyl substituent with a 5,9-diene unit. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the human colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116) cells, however, none of these compounds showed significant activity.

Mechanistic insight into the mode of inhibition of dietary flavonoids; targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

Introduction: The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), a key pro-inflammatory mediator, is responsible for modulating immune responses. An array of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has been linked to the dysregulated activity of MIF. The significance in physiological as well as pathophysiological phenomena underscores the potential of MIF as an attractive target with pharmacological relevance. Extensive research in past has uncovered a number of inhibitors, while the ISO-1, or (S, R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester being recognized as a benchmark standard so far. Recent work by Yang and coworkers identified five promising dietary flavonoids, with superior activity compared to the standard ISO-1. Nevertheless, the exact atomic-level inhibitory mechanism is still elusive. Methods: To improve the dynamic research, and rigorously characterize, and compare molecular signatures of MIF complexes with ISO-1 and flavonoids, principal component analysis (PCA) was linked with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. Results: The results suggest that by blocking the tautomerase site these small molecule inhibitors could modify the MIF activity by disrupting the intrinsic dynamics in particular functional areas. The stability matrices revealed the average deviation values ranging from 0.27-0.32nm while the residue level fluctuations indicated that binding of the selected flavonoids confer enhanced stability relative to the ISO-1. Furthermore, the gyration values extracted from the simulated trajectories were found in the range of 1.80-1.83nm. Discussion: Although all the tested flavonoids demonstrated remarkable results, the one obtained for the potent inhibitors, particularly Morin and Amentoflavone exhibited a good correlation with biological activity. The PCA results featured relatively less variance and constricted conformational landscape than others. The stable ensembles and reduced variation in turns might be the possible reasons for their outstanding performance documented previously. The results from the present exploration provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular complexes formed by flavonoids and MIF, shedding light on their potential roles and impacts. Future studies on MIF inhibitors may benefit from the knowledge gathered from this investigation.

Silver coordination-induced n-doping of PCBM for stable and efficient inverted perovskite solar cells

The bidirectional migration of halides and silver causes irreversible chemical corrosion to the electrodes and perovskite layer, affecting long-term operation stability of perovskite solar cells. Here we propose a silver coordination-induced n-doping of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester strategy to safeguard Ag electrode against corrosion and impede the migration of iodine within the PSCs. Meanwhile, the coordination between DCBP and silver induces n-doping in the PCBM layer, accelerating electron extraction from the perovskite layer. The resultant PSCs demonstrate an efficiency of 26.03% (certified 25.51%) with a minimal non-radiative voltage loss of 126 mV. The PCE of resulting devices retain 95% of their initial value after 2500 h of continuous maximum power point tracking under one-sun irradiation, and > 90% of their initial value even after 1500 h of accelerated aging at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity.

GC/MS evaluation of the composition of the Aloe vera gel and extract

This study aimed to investigate the potential use of Aloe vera (AV) as a food additive given its critical importance in food safety and health. Specifically, the natural antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of AV were examined to prevent food spoilage and extend its shelf life. This study was conducted using commercially available aloe vera gel (AVG) and aloe vera extract (AVE). These samples were tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysis involves identifying and quantifying the components using natural helium gas. The antimicrobial and antifungal effects of these components were evaluated and compared with those reported in the literature. GC–MS analysis revealed that the Aloe vera gel and extract contained various volatile components, including phenolic compounds, anthraquinone glycosides, and different esters. According to GC–MS results of the two different forms of AV, the main volatile compounds of the gel form were levoglucosan, tridecanoic acid, decanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid, nonadeca-1.18-diyn-4.16-diol and squalene, whereas the extract form contained volatile compounds with antifungal activity such as tridecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid, nonanoic acid and eicosyl acetate. Both samples exhibited antimicrobial and antifungal activities, especially against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Escherichia coli. This study demonstrated the potential of Aloe vera gel and extract as a natural preservative for use in food because of its constituent components. This study highlights the potential use of Aloe vera as a natural additive in the food industry. Due to its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, Aloe vera offers an organic alternative to chemical additives. Aloe vera is effective at preventing food spoilage and extending shelf life, making it a suitable option for meeting consumer demand for organic and natural products.

Cohesive phycoremediation of pyrene by freshwater microalgae Selenastrum sp. and biodiesel production and its assessment.

In this study, the freshwater microalgae Selenastrum sp. was assessed for the effective degradation of pyrene and simultaneous production of biodiesel from pyrene-tolerant biomass. The growth of algae was determined based on the cell dry weight, cell density, chlorophyll content, and biomass productivity under different pyrene concentrations. Further, lipids from pyrene tolerant culture were converted into biodiesel by acid-catalyzed transesterification, which was characterized for the total fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. Increased pyrene concentration revealed less biomass yield and productivity after 20days of treatment, indicating potent pyrene biodegradation by Selenastrum sp. Biomass yield was unaffected till the 20mg/L pyrene. A 95% of pyrene bioremediation was observed at 20days of culturing. Lipid accumulation of 22.14%, as evident from the estimation of the total lipid content, indicated a marginal increase in corroborating pyrene stress in the culture. Fatty acid methyl esters yield of 63.06% (% per 100g lipids) was noticed from the pyrene tolerant culture. Moreover, fatty acid profile analysis of biodiesel produced under 10mg/L and 20mg/L pyrene conditionshowed escalated levels of desirable fatty acids in Selenastrum sp., compared to the control. Further, Selenastrum sp. and other freshwater microalgae are catalogued for sustainable development goals attainment by 2030, as per the UNSDG (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals) agenda. Critical applications for the Selenastrum sp. in bioremediation of pyrene, along with biodiesel production, are enumerated for sustainableand renewable energy production and resource management.

Effects of varied exercise intensities on growth, muscle quality and volatile compounds in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) cultured in recirculating aquaculture system

To explore the impact of different exercise intensities on the growth, muscle quality, and volatile compounds of largemouth bass, this study involved 270 fish with an initial weight of 96.05 ± 18.87 g. They were divided into three groups: a control group (CG) exposed to a constant current speed of 0.30 cm/s for 24 h/day; an interval exercise group (IE) exercising at a rate of 2 body lengths per second (bl/s) for 8 h/day; and a sustained exercise group (SE) exercising continuously at 2 bl/s for 24 h/day. The experiment was conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system over a period of 90 days. Results revealed that SE exhibited remarkably greater body mass and condition factor (CF), with higher weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to IE and CG (P < 0.05). SE exhibits superior growth performance. No significant differences was observed among the three groups in terms of centrifugal loss, drip loss, liquid loss, stored loss, and cooked rate. However, in terms of frozen leakage, the IE was considerably lower than the CG and SE (P < 0.05).In terms of raw meat texture, the hardness, chewiness, and shearing of the SE were notably greater than the CG (P < 0.05), and the SE were superior in hardness compared to the IE (P < 0.05). Regarding cooked meat texture, the SE exhibited significantly superior hardness, chewiness, springiness, and shearing compared to both the CG and IE (P < 0.05). The IE demonstrated higher levels of chewiness, springiness, and shearing compared to the CG (P < 0.05). With respect to nutritional indicators, the crude protein content of both the SE and IE was significantly higher than that of the CG. In terms of volatile substances, the CG had relatively high levels of carboxylic acid compounds and alcohol compounds in this experiment. The ketone compounds in the IE were significantly higher than those in the CG and SE. 2-Methylbutanoic acid methyl ester had the highest content in the SE. The results show that interval swimming exercise training and sustained exercise training can effectively improve the sensory quality of fish muscle, effectively remove the irritating smell in the muscle, and produce aromatic odor. Consequently, exercise training at varying intensities has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the growth and muscle quality of largemouth bass, offering potential strategies for improving fish product quality in the aquaculture industry. This contributes to increased efficiency and sustainability in fish farming practices and provides valuable insights for regulating the nutritional quality of fish muscle in future recirculating aquaculture system models.

Machine Learning for Characterizing Biofuels Based on Femtosecond Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

A sample mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was measured by femtosecond laser ionization mass spectrometry (fsLIMS) using the fifth (206 nm) and fourth (257 nm) harmonic emissions of an ytterbium (Yb) laser (1030 nm). Molecular ions were observed as the major signals in this technique, providing valuable information concerning the molecular weight and the number of double bonds in the molecule. The mass spectral data were then used as explanatory variables in machine learning based on artificial intelligence (AI) to correlate with objective variables such as the cetane number, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, a higher heating value, an iodine value, flash point, oxidative stability index, and a cloud point measured for reference biofuel samples containing various FAMEs. The properties of biofuels, i.e., the objective variables, were evaluated from the mass spectral data obtained for unknown samples. The errors in the evaluation were a few percent when the distribution of the FAMEs in the unknown biofuel sample was similar to those of the biofuels used for machine learning. As demonstrated herein, the present approach, involving a combination of fsLIMS and AI, has the potential for use in evaluating the properties of a biofuel and then in solving of environmental issues associated with global warming.

Surface plasmon resonance synergistic coupling effects of gold nanoparticulates with silver grating in P3HT: PC61BM-based organic solar cell

A systematic study was carried out to observe possible boosts in the performance of poly-(3-hexyl thiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC61BM) based organic solar cell via synergistic coupling of plasmonic effects. Various volume concentration ratios of gold nanoparticles and nanorods ranging from 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% were used to determine an optimum condition. An indicative 2% optimum condition led to synergistic tests. The synergistic coupling of gold nanorods with backcontact grating revealed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.88%. Since post-thermal annealing process results in optimum interfacial surface morphology and structural reorganization, a post-process hypothesis was performed to observe the behavior of the devices at RT with further comparisons at 40 °C. A further increase in the initial performance of the devices was observed with an optimum PCE of 5.43%. The behavior in the performances revealed stable measurements mostly attributed to conditions below the glass transition temperature of P3HT:PC61BM.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the ‘Shixia’ Longan Quality under Postharvest Ambient Storage: The Volatile Compounds Played a Critical Part

Longan fruit generally undergoes rapid quality deterioration during the postharvest stage, with the manifestation of flavor loss as well as pronounced off-odor production. Nevertheless, the unapparent aroma makes people ignore the odor change in postharvest longan. Sensory analysis serves as an indispensable method combining instrumental detection and the perceptibility of human sensation in a comprehensive evaluation of quality during production and consumption. In this study, we established the evaluating data of the appearance, flavor, taste substances, volatile profiles, and deterioration of ‘Shixia’ longan throughout room-temperature storage using instrument assessment and descriptive measurements. Our results indicated that both the appearance state and the taste condition notably engendered confusion or trouble for consumers to judge under the quality transition period. Conversely, the development of odor was highly consistent with that of quality deterioration. Some unpleasant volatile substances including alcohol (ethanol), acid (acetic acid), and esters (acetic acid methyl ester and ethyl acetate) were probably the cause of off-odor during the storage. The result of the sensory evaluation also presents a more significant relevance between the overall quality and the odor. Generally, the work paved the way to reveal the importance of odor profiles for assessing the comprehensive quality condition of postharvest room-temperature stored longan.

Microparticles Incorporating Dual Apoptotic Factors to Inhibit Inflammatory Effects in Macrophages

New approaches to treat autoimmune diseases are needed, and we can be inspired by mechanisms in immune tolerance to guide the design of these approaches. Efferocytosis, the process of phagocyte-mediated apoptotic cell (AC) disposal, represents a potent tolerogenic mechanism that we could draw inspiration from to restore immune tolerance to specific autoantigens. ACs engage multiple avenues of the immune response to redirect aberrant immune responses. Two such avenues are: phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the cell and engaging the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. We incorporated these two avenues into one acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticle (MP) for evaluation in vitro. First phosphatidylserine (PS) was incorporated into Ace-DEX MPs and evaluated for cellular association and mediators of cell tolerance including IL-10 production and M2 associated gene expression when particles were cultured with peritoneal macrophages (PMacs). Further PS Ace-DEX MPs were evaluated as an agent to suppress LPS stimulated PMacs. Then, AhR agonist 2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) was incorporated into Ace-DEX MPs and expression of M2 and IL-10 genes was evaluated in PMacs. Further the ITE and PS Ace-DEX MPs (PS/ITE MPs) were evaluated for suppression of T cell priming and Th1 polarization. Our results indicate that the PS/ITE-MPs stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and suppressed inflammation following LPS stimulation of PMacs. Moreover, PS/ITE MPs induced the anti-inflammatory enzyme IDO1 and suppressed macrophage-mediated T cell priming and Th1 polarization. These findings suggest that PS and ITE-loaded Ace-DEX MPs could be a promising therapeutic tool for suppressing inflammation.

Study on anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic acids from Leucas ciliata

The chemical constituents from Leucas ciliata belonging to Leucas genus in Lamiaceae were systematically explored by silica gel column chromatography, ODS column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and seventeen phenolic acids were isolated. The chemical structures of the compounds were identified by their physicochemical properties, spectroscopic data, and literature. They were 4-hydroxyphenethyl ethyl succinate(1), 4-hydroxyphenethyl methyl succinate(2), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl acetate(3), p-hydroxyphenylethyl anisate(4), cassia cis-trans diphenylpropanoid(5), p-coumaric acid(6), 3,4-dihydroxybenzenepropionic acid methyl ester(7), caffeic acid(8), trans-p-hydroxyl ethyl cinnamate(9), methyl p-hydroxybenzeneacetate(10), 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol(11), syringic acid(12), vanillin(13), protocatechuic acid(14), salicylic acid(15), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(16), and diorcinol(17). Among them, compound 1 was new, and compounds 2-10, 12, 14, and 16-17 were isolated from the plants belonging to Leucas genus for the first time. All compounds were obtained from L. ciliata for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1-17 on NO production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mouse leukemia cells of monocyte macrophage(RAW264. 7) cells was evaluated. The results showed that compounds 5, 7, and 9 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, with IC50values of(10. 14±0. 36)-(21. 17±0. 11) μmol·L~(-1).

Repurposing Citrus paradisi L. waste seed oil in the renewable production of biodiesel using phytosynthesized lead oxide nanoparticles

Global interest in developing a state-of-the-art circular economy has been driven by the desire to generate bioenergy and bioproducts from biowaste streams. Biodiesel, synthesized from used, non-edible oils has emerged as a sustainable and ecofriendly alternative fuel for diesel engines. This study investigates the feasibility of employing an innovative circular economy to convert waste Citrus paradisi L. seed oil into sustainable biodiesel using green lead oxide nanoparticles (PbONPs). The synthesized biodiesel is noted for its ecofriendly characteristics, being non-toxic, biodegradable, cost effective and comparable to traditional petroleum-based diesel. PbONPs were prepared using aqueous leaf extract of Nasturtium officinale L. Analytical characterization of PbONPs revealed an average particle size of 42 nm. PbONPs demonstrated recyclability with maximum catalytic activity maintained through four consecutive cycles of transesterification. An optimal yield of 93 % was achieved under specific reaction conditions: a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7:1, a reaction time of 105 min, a temperature of 92.5 ˚C, and a catalyst load of 0.32 wt%. The predominant fatty acid methyl ester identified in the biodiesel was 5, 8-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester. The biodiesel produced from C. paradisi met the criteria for international standards with an impressively low sulfur content of 0.0001 %, underscoring its clean and benign nature.

Oleochemical Synthesis of Sucrose Esters from Methyl Esters of Palm Stearic and Oleic Fatty Acids

Abstract Palm oil contains fatty acids such as stearic ranges from 3.40 – 5.47% and oleic ranges from 34.85 – 40.78% which can be used as materials for the synthesis of sucrose ester. This study aimed to increase and optimize the potential of palm oil raw materials through the oleochemical synthesis of sucrose ester. The process of sucrose ester synthesis consisted of two stages, i.e., the esterification process of fatty acids into methyl esters and the transesterification process of fatty acid methyl esters with sucrose to become sucrose esters. Esterification of stearic and oleic fatty acids was performed using H2SO4 catalyst and methanol as a solvent. Transesterification of sucrose with stearic and oleic methyl esters was performed using two types of catalysts K2CO3 6% and Na2CO3 6%, without solvents. The results showed that sucrose ester made from stearic acid methyl ester with K2CO3 catalyst tended to achieve better performance and physicochemical properties as follows: pH ranged from 10.29 – 10.45, foam stability ranged from 55.497 – 88.082%, emulsion stability ranged from 40.211 – 78.435%, surface tension ranged from 25.4 – 27.60 dyne/cm, and interfacial tension ranged from 9.69 – 10.91dynes/cm.

Comprehensive biochemical analysis and nutritional evaluation of fatty acid and amino acid profiles in eight seahorse species (Hippocampus spp.)

Seahorses are increasingly recognized for their nutritional potential, which underscores the necessity for comprehensive biochemical analyses. This study aims to investigate the fatty acid and amino acid compositions of eight seahorse species, including both genders of Hippocampus trimaculatus, Hippocampus kelloggi, Hippocampus abdominalis, and Hippocampus erectus, to evaluate their nutritional value. We employed Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of the seahorse species. GC-MS was used to detect 34 fatty acid methyl esters, while HPLC provided detailed amino acid profiles. GC-MS analysis demonstrated high precision with relative standard deviations (RSDs) generally below 2.53 %, satisfactory repeatability (RSDs from 6.55 % to 8.73 %), and stability (RSDs below 2.82 %). Recovery rates for major fatty acids ranged from 98.73 % to 109.12 %. HPLC analysis showed strong separation of amino acid profiles with theoretical plate numbers exceeding 5000. Precision tests yielded RSDs below 1.23 %, with reproducibility and stability tests showing RSDs below 2.73 % and 2.86 %, respectively. Amino acid recovery rates ranged from 97.58 % to 104.66 %. Nutritional analysis revealed significant variations in fatty acid content among the species. Female H. erectus showed higher levels of hexadecanoic acid and saturated fatty acids, while male H. abdominalis had lower concentrations of n-3 full cis 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Total lipid yields varied from 3.2491 % to 12.3175 %, with major fatty acids constituting 17.9717 %–74.6962 % of total lipids. In conclusion, this study provides essential insights into the fatty acid and amino acid composition of seahorses, supporting their potential as valuable dietary supplements. The differences between genders in specific fatty acids suggest a nuanced nutritional profile that could be exploited for targeted dietary applications. Further research is needed to explore the seasonal and environmental variations affecting seahorse biochemical composition.

Formulation of Body Lotion with Sucrose Ester Emulsifier

Abstract Sucrose ester is synthesized from palm fatty acid methyl ester and sucrose using a base catalyst. Emulsifiers that replace palm oil with sucrose esters are biodegradable and potentially non-toxic to the skin. The efficiency of sucrose ester production was obtained by using water as a solvent for sucrose, with a mass ratio of 3:5 for water and sucrose. Dilution of sucrose with water reduces caramelization during reaction. Based on laboratory research, sucrose ester has good emulsion stability from sucrose myristate ester, sucrose palmitate ester, and sucrose laurate ester. The design used a random block design with three levels of variation in sucrose ester concentration, namely 2%, 6%, and 10%. Based on ANOVA, there is a very significant effect between variations in concentration on specific gravity, pH, viscosity and surface tension. Verification tests were carried out on consumer references in the form of organoleptic tests on 35 respondents. Then, microbial tests are carried out based on Indonesian National Standards, namely the maximum number of total plates (10−2 colonies), negative tests for fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Coliform (maximum 3). Determining the best combination uses the Composite Performance Index (CPI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on organoleptic tests, the best sample is 10% myristate. The analysis of organoleptic results is consistent with the analysis of laboratory results which states that the lotion sample made from 10% sucrose myristate ester is the best sample. The best lotion samples have good emulsion stability and are not contaminated by microbes.

الدراسة التركيبية والطاقية لأيونات الليثيوم مع الأحماض الدهنية ميثيل استر [[FAME (9Z-18:1) + Li+ باستخدام الطريقة الكيميائية الكمومية (PM3)

Lithium (Li) ions are being used in a variety of fields ranging from energy storage to the treatment of mental illnesses including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Lithium caton (Li+) is able to form cationic adducts with various compounds and they can stabilize the biomacromolecules that interact with. Here, the interaction of lithium ions with fatty acid methyl ester [FAME (9Z-18:1)] has been theoretically investigated to gain insight into the structure and energetics of [FAME (9Z-18:1) + Li+]. All theoretical calculations were performed using Gaussian09 software via a graphic user interface. Geometry optimisations with harmonic vibrational analysis of conformations for chelated and extended forms of [FAME (9Z-18:1) + Li+] were carried out using semi-empirical method PM3. To obtain accurate energetic, zero-point energy (ZPE) corrections were included in all optimized energies and relative energies between conformers. The calculations indicated that the chelated form is relatively more stable than extended forms by 25 and 118 kJmol-1 when lithium is bound to the carbonyl oxygen (O-Li+) or olefin (C=C-Li+), respectively. The comparison between the relative stabilization energies of extended (O-Li+) versus extended (C=C-Li+) reveals that the lithium cation energetically prefers to bind to with carbonyl oxygen over the carbon-carbon double bond. Keywords: lithium ions, geometry optimization, sim-empirical method, Gaussian 09.