Notation Method Research Articles

Information access at the point of care: what can we learn for designing a mobile CPR system?

Objectives: Hospitals have started to migrate their paper-based records to computerized patient records (CPR). The majority of today’s CPR systems are stationary, which means that physicians use a clinical workstation to access CPR information. But health care professionals need to request and enter information at different locations, for example, on their daily ward round. This suggests the use of mobile computers, enabling an ubiquitous access to needed data. Different studies show that health care professionals are reluctant to use poorly designed mobile CPR systems, as the work at the point of care is very time-pressured and hectic. To design a system with high acceptance, it is essential to obtain empirical insight into the work practices and context in which the mobile CPR system will be used. Method: We investigated the physicians’ work with the patient record during their daily round. With the help of a compact notation method, the physicians’ interaction with the information system was recorded in real time. Fourteen physicians from three different departments (internal medicine, surgery, and geriatrics) of a middle-sized Swiss hospital participated in our study. Results: Physicians have clear access preferences when they interact with the patient record during their daily round. There exists a clear profile of access frequencies and patterns, respectively. As an example, approximately 50% of all patient record accesses concern information about medications, vital signs and lab test results. Discussion/ conclusion: A CPR system which is designed to reflect the access frequencies and patterns should improve the efficiency of data entry and retrieval and thus result in a system with high acceptance among physicians in the demanding environment during hospital rounds.

Reverse polish notation method

The reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a well-known method for the expression notification in a postfix manner, instead of using the usual infix notation. Authors made a method for symbolic computation based on RPN. This method is successfully applied on a number of problems. In this article, there is a brief survey of these applications. In addition, the application of the method on algebraic computation of unary pairfunctions is presented.

A non-recursive algorithm for polygon triangulation

In this paper an algorithm for the convex polygon triangulation based on the reverse Polish notation is proposed. The formal grammar method is used as the starting point in the investigation. This idea is "translated" to the arithmetic expression field enabling application of the reverse Polish notation method. .

Effects of design dimensions on the driving force variation of a hybrid TRR’XY parallel kinematic machine tool

Using parallel-link mechanism as the basic structure of the parallel kinematic machine (PKM) tool is a new design concept and has become one of the most important research fields, attracting many previous researchers. Research on the actuator driving force variation of a PKM tool is essential for the applications of a PKM tool to real machining processes. For machining a component, the smaller actuator driving force required means that the PKM tool has a higher machining performance. To improve the machining performance, understanding of the required actuator driving is very important. A generalized force analysis of the developed system was obtained using the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) notation method. The force reactions on the joints and actuator driving forces are obtained on the basis of various cutter locations and a given external cutting force. The prediction of the cutter location with the singularity condition can be also obtained on the basis of the infinite force of the joints. The geometry relationship between the tool platform and the links is adopted to verify the singularity conditions of the system. The driving force variation of the hybrid TRR- XY five-degree-of-freedom machine tool is further investigated.

Actuator driving force analysis and modelling of TRR-XY PKM

The main aim of this work is to investigate the actuator driving force variations of a parallel kinematic machine (PKM) for different cutting paths. To meet this aim, a TRR-XY five-degrees-of-freedom (5DOF) PKM was selected and built for this research, and a dynamic analysis model of the PKM was developed. Here, ‘T’ stands for translational DOF and ‘R’ stands for rotational DOF of the platform. In this research, the dynamic analysis and modelling for the TRR-XY PKM are derived on the basis of the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) notation method. The parametric tool concept and Lagrange equation theory are also included in the derivation. The actuator driving force variations for different cutting paths are obtained using the developed dynamic modelling. Five cutting paths are selected to represent the possible cutting paths inside the workspace. The obtained actuator driving force variations on A, B, C chains are useful for obtaining a good dynamic performance PKM machining application. The main results show that the required actuator driving forces are mainly affected by the inclination angle, ϕ of the tool platform. The angular acceleration of the tool platform has only very little effect. For obtaining a better PKM machining application, a working space with smaller ϕ is recommended.

Use of Topological Constraints in Construction and Processing of Robust Solid Models

This paper introduces topological constraints to robustly and comprehensively process interference calculation in solid modeling and feature modeling, and describes a method of symbolic notation of their expressions and algorithms to handle them. The interference calculation should be processed consistently against the contradictions in numerical values and should output the result model in the same form of representation as that in the input. To satisfy this, the topological constraints are relied on in the processing rather than numerical values, and represented symbolically and explicitly in the solid model, which is based on the Face-based representation using a table of sequences of face names around each face of the solid. The topological constraints represent degeneracy and connectedness among faces, edges and vertices, and are used against errors derived from the ambiguities caused in the numerical calculation as well as in the input data, while the errors are deliberately kept within a given tolerance. The constraints are also specified by a designer for representing his intention. When the intersection is regarded as degenerate at a point such as vertex-vertex coincidence, its topological constraint is represented by a cluster of multiple basic intersection points between edges and faces, and the name of the cluster is expressed with face names around the degenerate point. In the calculation for the set operation, the symbols of cluster names and non-cluster intersection points are used to make intersection line loops, to divide the faces of both solids along the intersection lines and to reconnect the divided ones to make the result solid. Examples are shown to demonstrate that the algorithms generate output solids even when they are subtly intersected.

The group‐noted state transition method applied to a PC management system

AbstractTo improve software productivity, my colleagues and I pointed out in a previous paper that the state transition method is suitable as the functional description and implementation method. In that paper we proposed the distributed state transition method, which was derived from the model of distributed sequential machines and showed results obtained by applying it to an electronic switching system. In this paper, to enlarge the application range of the state transition method, I consider applying it to a PC management database system, and propose a new integrated design method derived from the single sequential machine model as being suitable. First I propose the “group‐noted state transition method” by introducing the sequential machine model. Then I propose this design method as follows. Initially, the function of the outer world of the system is classified into several groups, and management jobs are then divided into the same number of groups corresponding to them. The database information can also be classified in the same way and can support the design of the database system. After that, the state transition description is defined from the input/output information to/from the groups of the outer world. Furthermore, the method of notation in which the status group is added to the status name is proposed by classifying statuses using the concept of the management cycle. I also propose a new method for designing the software structure in which state transition diagram information is stored in the database system by converting it to table format. Results clarify that it is possible to make an integrated management database system by using this state transition method. They also clarify how to make a more advanced system by cooperating with the workflow system. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(10): 13–21, 2001

The Nature of patterning in Japanese narrative music: Formulaic musical material in Heikyoku, Gidayū-bushi, and Kiyomoto-bushi

As in other areas of Japanese culture, patterning is central to music narratives. This article introduces the term ‘formulaic musical material’ as the equivalent of kata in other performing arts. The formulaic musical material of various narrative genres has been systematised over the centuries. Especially when named, patterning has functioned as a compositional device, as a means of transmission, as a method of notation, and more recently, as a research tool. The article points to facing research in this area: treating patterns in isolation; the need to recognise patterned versus non-patterned material and named versus unnamed patterns; the need for intergenre research to attain agreement on concepts and terminology; the need to recognise patterning at the structural levels of the section, and the phrase, in combination with the concept of narrative sub-style. Using the case studies of the genres heikyoku, gidayü and kiyomoto, continuities and differences in structure and formulaic musical material are discussed.

Game Strategy Used by the World’s Top Female Squash Players in International Competition - A Notational Analysis

The purpose of this paper was to profile game strategy used by world’s top female squash players in international competitions using postevent notational analysis methods. A total of 10 matches from the Ladies Hong Kong Open 1993 and 1994 were selected for analysis. A total of 15 right-handed competitors, who were ranked in the top 15 in the world at that time, were involved in the matches. Matches were played under the International scoring system. A 3-CDD video camera, positioned behind the court, was used to record the player’s performance throughout the matches. Frame-by-frame video notation was used to record the player, the kind of stroke, the position where the stroke was made, and the success or failure of that stroke. Shots were classified as “effective”, “ineffective”, “winning” and “losing” shots. Statistics show that the mean number of games per match was 4, rallies per game was 13.57 and shots per rally was 12.44. Of all the shots, 57.13% were “effective”, 31.36% were “ineffective”, 6.24% were “winning” and 5.27% were “losing” shots. Over half (62.01%) of all shots played were the drive, followed by drop (18.20%), volley (11.23%), boast (5.06%) and lob (3.50%). Of all shots played, 43.81% were in the back left court, 32.66% in the back right court, 13.04% in the front left court, and 10.49% in the front right court, showing that these right-handed players preferred to attack the backhand of the opponent. The drive (45.9%) was found to provide the greatest contribution shots to winning scores, with the next greatest being the drop (27.9%), then the volley (20.2), the boast (5.6%) and, finally, the lob (0.5%). Almost an equal number of cross-court shots and straight shots were played. In an average game, the winner played 50% more winning shots than the losing player, showing that in high level competition of female squash, the attacking shots, which produce the most winning scores, are required for success.

Social network analysis: A new methodology for counseling research.

Social network analysis (SNA) is a set of procedures that use indices of relatedness among individuals to produce representations of social structures and positions inherent in dyads or groups. This approach differs from traditional research strategies in that the focus is on developing an understanding of the ongoing transactions and the implications of transactional patterns between individuals, groups, or other social units. Although the primary emphasis in SNA is on the social context, network analysts also include traditional individual-differences variables as potential explanatory factors. SNA methods provide the means to derive a more complete view of a given social environment. A group-psychotherapy example is used to provide an overview of SNA, introducing the concepts, notation, and statistical methods used by the current generation of network researchers. Methodological issues are discussed, applications are reviewed, and resources are recommended for those wishing to learn more about SNA.

COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR A MOBILE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

This paper gives a brief and systematic presentation of the computer simulation techniques of satellite communications, especially for a mobile satellite channel, based on a summarization of the author's exploration and experience in this area. It includes the equivalent complex baseband notation (ECBN) method, a very convenient mathematical form for software simulation; development of a multi-functional and expandable channel simulation system on a computer from L-band to Ka-band; channel impulse or frequency response estimation in real time by the technique burst-mode link analyser with least-squares algorithm (BMLA/LS), modelling and simulation of the channel fast fading due to multipath and shadowing; acquisition of the equivalent normalized binary signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/N0) data at the channel input; and bit-error rate (BER) evaluation by the directly error-counting approach and the computational approach at the channel output in simulation.

COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR A MOBILE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

This paper gives a brief and systematic presentation of the computer simulation techniques of satellite communications, especially for a mobile satellite channel, based on a summarization of the author's exploration and experience in this area. It includes the equivalent complex baseband notation (ECBN) method, a very convenient mathematical form for software simulation; development of a multi-functional and expandable channel simulation system on a computer from L-band to Ka-band; channel impulse or frequency response estimation in real time by the technique burst-mode link analyser with least-squares algorithm (BMLA/LS), modelling and simulation of the channel fast fading due to multipath and shadowing; acquisition of the equivalent normalized binary signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/N0) data at the channel input; and bit-error rate (BER) evaluation by the directly error-counting approach and the computational approach at the channel output in simulation.

Computerized Sound Microscopy. Application of Sound Microscopy: Comparison of Notation by Ear and Sound-Microscopic Analysis Data on a Folk Fiddle Music Example

Folk musicians often apply a technique, as expressed by them, to fortify sound. A folk fiddle player, mentioned in the referred paper of Lujza Tari,l also makes use of this special technique. Though it is easy to recognise this technique, it is difficult to explore the acoustic phenomenon by which this characteristic effect is realised. As artists implement it in a spontaneous and empirical way, the detailed process and the nature of the effect are unknown even to themselves. As mentioned in the first part of this series2 on computerized sound microscopy, the ear, although it can be considered as an extremely sensitive sensor, perceives the sound in its complexity, thus a more detailed sound analysis by ear can be achieved only after considerable musical training. Furthermore, beyond a certain limit, the ear is unable even to follow the variation in intensity of partials of sounds of short duration and quick spectrum variation (Tarnoczy, 1991). Therefore, a demand arised to analyse certain sequences of sounds by spectroscopy (Hesselmann, 1985), and to compare the result with the data of notation by ear. The aim of this paper is the intetpretation of the difference between the two notation methods.

PIERRE BEAUCHAMPS, CHOREOGRAPHER TO MOLIERE'S TROUPE DU ROY

THE CAREER of Pierre Beauchamps, the most famous dancer and dancing-master of the seventeenth century, lasted for most of the long reign of Louis XIV. During this time, Beauchamps performed in ballets and operas at court, served as the principal choreographer for Lully's Academie Royale de Musique, composed ballets for Jesuit colleges in Paris, and invented a method of dance notation (the so-called Feuillet notation). These various activities have been the subject of a number of scholarly studies.' Yet his twelve-year association with Moliere's public theatre in Paris has remained a largely neglected aspect of Beauchamps's long and distinguished career. Pierre Beauchamps was born into a family of Parisian violinists and dancingmasters who for generations had supplied both town and court orchestras with able musicians.2 His grandfather, Christophe de Beauchamps, belonged as early as 1560 to the famous musicians' guild, the Confrerie de StJulien-des-Menetriers, and was later one of the 'violons ordinaires de la chambre du roi' in Louis XIII's grand bande.3 Pierre Beauchamps's uncle, Pierre de Beauchamps (1564-1627), also belonged to this orchestra in 1593,4 and Praetorius numbered him among the best French composers and violinists of his day.' Uncle Pierre signed over his position in the grande bande (soon known as the 'Vingt-quatre Violons du Roy') in 1622 to his brother, Louis de Beauchamps, who was also a dancer and choreographer.6 Louis's

The Evaluation of Route Guide Sign System and Detection of Stray Crossing Points in a Network.

The route guide sign system is one of the route induction system in the road traffic. However, there are partially miss-match notation in the network because it includes contradiction in each notation addresses.Under these background, we are going to study on the method of notation addresses decision for the route guide sign boards, and will evaluate its network.In this paper, we describe the methods of evaluation for the route guide sign system and detection of stray crossing points in a network, using the induction route by drive-simulation. In the method of evaluation, we use the standard induction routes. The standard induction routes are imaginative one by route guide sign system. By comparing the standard route's distance with the result of drive simulation's one, evaluation values are calculated and stray crossing points are detected.By using this method, the route guide sign systems are evaluated in quantity, and the wrong route guide sign boards are likely detected.Finally, we show an application example of this evaluation method and detection of the stray crossing points for the route guide sign systems at the Northwest CHIBA area.

Music Notational Software based on Children's Own Symbolic Representations of Sound

The use of computer hardware and software in the music classroom setting is becoming commonplace. For software to be effective at a primary school level, it must take into account the way that children use sound and the way that they notate those sounds. This paper describes part of a study which examined the way in which primary school children notated music to determine if this was adaptable to a software interface. The study involved 179 children and results suggest that the children appeared to have their own symbol system which (a) appears to be pitch based, (b) caters for loudness and duration of notes, and (c) does not appear to follow melodic contour. A pilot learner interface, based on this method of notation, is described.

Notations, Conventions, and Constraints: Contributions to Effective Uses of Concrete Materials in Elementary Mathematics

Twenty fourth-grade children were matched according to performance on a whole-number calculation and concepts pretest and assigned at random to one of two groups: wooden base-ten blocks and computerized microworld. Instruction in each group was designed to orient students toward relationships between notation and meaning. Instruction given the two groups was based upon a single script that extended whole number numeration to decimal numeration, and emphasized solving problems in concrete settings while inventing notational schemes to represent steps in solutions. Neither group changed in regard to whole-number notational methods. Blocks children understood decimal numerals as if they were funny whole numbers; Microworld children attempted to give meaning to decimal notational methods, but were largely in a state of disequilibrium at the end of the study.

Normative Representation of Stress and Strain Applied to Fiber Reinforced Composites

A novel method of contracted notation to represent stress and strain in the form of normative representation has been employed in this article to describe the global mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composite materials. A unified set of transforma tion equations governing orientational changes in stress and strain as well as that in stiffness and compliance was derived. A coordinate independent stress-strain law, the normal Hooke's law, was presented and several related concepts including the elastic eigenmodulus, elastic mode and modal stress were introduced. Considered also was the decomposition of the elastic strain-energy density mto irreducible, independent energy- orthogonal components which are related with distinct types of energy. Based on the nor mative representation approach and the various unique properties of the normal Hooke's law, a theory of material strength for anisotropic materials was established which encom passes the classical von Mises yield criterion for isotropic materials as its particular case.

Keeping up-to-date with tooth notation.

Methods of tooth notation have evolved over the years and there is now an increasing desirability for a system which offers the maximum in precision, clarity and compatibility with typing and computing requirements. A review of the many available methods leads to the FDI two-digit system as being highly appropriate for today's needs. This system is being adopted increasingly, worldwide.

Variations of supraorbital bony structures in Sienese skulls.

Various non-metrical traits were examined in the supraorbital region in a series of skulls of recorded sex (147 males, 130 females), age (18-80 years) and provenance (Siena and surroundings), using a standard method of categorization and notation introduced by two of the authors in 1983. The results are discussed from a topographic-anatomical point of view in relation to trait variation and with respect to the usefulness of the method applied for population studies.