Methodological Basis Research Articles

Values and interests as fundamental categories in the sphere of national security. Part 1. National values

Relevance. The effectiveness of the national security system is determined by a clear understanding of its structural and functional elements. Management and other activities in the sphere of ensuring national security must be carried out on an appropriate theoretical and methodological basis, which requires defining the content of such key categories as “national values” and “national interests” and their delineation. The significance of the problem of defining and perceiving national values as a fundamental basis for ensuring national security and public administration in this area is determined by the fact that they directly affect the formation and development, existence of a person, society, state, and the loss (degradation) or rejection of the value component results in the loss of national identity and unity of society and the legitimacy of the state in the domestic and foreign spheres.Purpose. Definition of the content and formulation of the concept of national values as a fundamental category in the sphere of national security.Objectives: to analyze doctrinal and normative approaches to defining the essence and content of the category of “national values”, to determine its place in the national security system and its relationship with the category of “national interests”.Methodology. In preparing the work, the methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, general scientific (logical) techniques, systemic and value (axiological) approaches were used.Results. The essence and content of the category of “national values” as a system-forming element of national security have been established, which determines the organization of public administration in this area based on a value-oriented approach; its relationship with the category of “national interests” has been determined.Conclusion. National values form the basis of national identity and serve as a guide for the long-term development of society. Fundamental national values are enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; their affirmation (recognition and observance) and protection determine the conceptual basis for ensuring Russia's national security. National values form the semantic space for formulating national interests and are a key factor in choosing a strategy for their implementation.

Institutionalization of powers and functions of the prosecutor's office in the field of supervision over compliance with constitutional human and civil rights and freedoms

Relevance. The function of prosecutorial supervision over the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms has not received a succinct and concise resolution in legislation or in theoretical and methodological developments. The relevance of this study is due to the need for a comparative analysis of the powers of the prosecutor’s office and a number of other structural units of the state apparatus, whose competence includes the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms.The purpose. This study is an attempt by the author to systematize the powers and functions of the prosecutor’s office in the field of implementation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Objectives. The stated goal involves solving a number of research problems, including studying the content of theory, legislation and law enforcement practice in the field of prosecutorial humanitarian supervision.Methodology. The methodological basis of the study includes general and special methods and techniques that have been developed and tested by modern legal science: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, dialectical approach.Results. The author proves that the balance and internal consistency of the system of state protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is guaranteed mainly due to the constitutional principles of non-departmental and intersectoral nature of prosecutorial supervision.Conclusion. The effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision over the observance of citizens' rights is facilitated by: the prosecutor's non-interference in the operational and economic activities of supervised persons, the inadmissibility of interference by the prosecutor's office in the competence of other government bodies and officials, the discretion of the prosecutor's office in choosing the means of prosecutorial response depending on the prevailing circumstances and the legal content of the applicant's case.

Multimodal anomaly detection in complex environments using video and audio fusion

Due to complex environmental conditions and varying noise levels, traditional models are limited in their effectiveness for detecting anomalies in video sequences. Aiming at the challenges of accuracy, robustness, and real-time processing requirements in the field of image and video processing, this study proposes an anomaly detection and recognition algorithm for video image data based on deep learning. The algorithm combines the innovative methods of spatio-temporal feature extraction and noise suppression, and aims to improve the processing performance, especially in complex environments, by introducing an improved Variable Auto Encoder (VAE) structure. The model named Spatio-Temporal Anomaly Detection Network (STADNet) captures the spatio-temporal features of video images through multi-scale Three-Dimensional (3D) convolution module and spatio-temporal attention mechanism. This approach improves the accuracy of anomaly detection. Multi-stream network architecture and cross-attention fusion mechanism are also adopted to comprehensively consider different factors such as color, texture, and motion, and further improve the robustness and generalization ability of the model. The experimental results show that compared with the existing models, the new model has obvious advantages in performance stability and real-time processing under different noise levels. Specifically, the AUC value of the proposed model is 0.95 on UCSD Ped2 dataset, which is about 10% higher than other models, and the AUC value on Avenue dataset is 0.93, which is about 12% higher. This study not only proposes an effective image and video processing scheme but also demonstrates wide practical potential, providing a new perspective and methodological basis for future research and application in related fields.

Transparency, public and open trial as a guarantee of the completeness and effectiveness of judicial protection of human rights

Relevance. The right of the public to enter a courtroom is as old and ancient a legal institution as the trial itself. A closed court is not fully a “court” in its true historical and legal content. In general, the development of state legal institutions both in Russia and in foreign countries followed the path of publicity in the administration of justice, although there were periods during which instead of “justice” there was “retribution” in a regime closed from society. These circumstances pose new research challenges for legal science.The purpose of this study is to attempt the author’s interpretation of the principles of transparency, publicity and open court at the present stage of the state and legal genesis of Russia.Objectives. To reveal the intent of this article, the following tasks were set and solved: to determine the characteristics of the concepts of “publicity”, “publicity”, “openness”; identify their relationship with the constitutional functions and social purpose of justice.Methodology. The methodological basis of the study includes general and special methods and techniques that have been developed and tested by modern legal science: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, dialectical approach.Results. This study allows us to substantiate the point of view that the state and law only during the latest stages of the country’s history demonstrate a significant inclination towards transparency, publicity and openness, public involvement in public legal activities and support of partnerships between government and society.Conclusion. An open court session presupposes the right to be present and observe what is happening in the courtroom for a wide range of people, with exceptions and exceptions that can only be established by law, which must comply with the criteria of Part 3 of Art. 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and can be verified by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation based on complaints from citizens and requests from government bodies.

Problems of providing Kursk Polytechnic Institute with highly qualified personnel (1964–1970)

Relevance. The process of personnel formation of the teaching staff in the initial period of the Kursk Polytechnic institute is of considerable research interest, since it allows us to identify the specifics of the mechanisms of work of newly created institutions of higher education both in general and in a single institution of higher education. The data obtained on the basis of archival materials of a particular educational institution can be used to reconstruct the historical dynamics of the development of the university system, as well as to identify patterns in the staffing process in the regions.The purpose of the study is to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of the staffing of the Kursk polytechnic institute in the early years of its operation.Objectives: to reveal the specifics of the selection of teaching staff in the organization of the Kursk polytechnic institute; to study the dynamic changes in the staff of the Kursk polytechnic institute; to identify the main problems of staffing the institute in the early years of work.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is based on the fundamental principles of objectivity and historicism. In the process of solving research problems, the authors used historical-genetic, historical-systemic, biographical, and retrospective methods.Results. The generalization of archival sources allowed to objectively evaluating the process of formation and effectiveness of personnel policy of Kursk polytechnic institute at the initial stage of its functioning. Two basic problems of the effectiveness of personnel provision of Kursk Polytechnic Institute were identified.Conclusions. The active recruitment of staff from among the teaching staff has led to a significant increase in the number of employees, despite the difficulties in providing housing and the lack of postgraduate studies. The measures taken in the form of attracting nonresident teachers, teachers from other higher educational institutions in Kursk, practicing specialists from industrial enterprises, training and advanced training, and the direction of targeted postgraduate studies have made it possible to form a stable staff in more than five years, laying a solid foundation for the further development of the institute.

Organization of the production process in the artels of blockaded Leningrad in the second half of 1941

The relevance of the topic under study is due to the scientific interest in the organization of the industrial process at the enterprises of besieged Leningrad. Currently, most of the archival office documents are becoming declassified and available for more detailed, in-depth research in this area.The purpose of the study is to consider the features of the organization of the production process at the artels of besieged Leningrad in the second half of 1941.Objectives: to consider the organization of the work process at enterprises (artels); to study the range of manufactured products; to analyze the results of the production activities of the artels.Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was built on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Problem-chronological, historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods were also used.Results. In the study, the author examines the organization of the production process in four artels of blockaded Leningrad in the second half of 1941: the Primus artel, the Leningradsky Metallist artel, the Elektrotekhpribor artel and the Elektromet artel. With the onset of military action, their production capacities were rebuilt for the production of ammunition. This required the reorganization of workshops, the repair of pre-war equipment and the search for new equipment, special tools for technical operations and workers. Difficulties arose in all of the above areas, since the general situation in the city remained extremely difficult. Thanks to the creative initiatives of the engineering and technical staff, the launch of new products in the artels was realized.Conclusion. Thus, in all of the artels under consideration, the organization of the industrial process began to be rebuilt in wartime conditions. New enterprises with a complete production cycle for the manufacture of goods needed by the front appeared.

The Influence of Green Infrastructure on the Acoustic Environment: A Conceptual and Methodological Basis for Quiet Area Assessment in Urban Regions

Urban regions represent complex acoustic environments with few respites from noise other than small or remote patches of green infrastructure (GI). Recent noise action planning in the German Ruhr region indicates that urban expansion is fueling encroachment upon GI and subsequently the loss of quiet areas. A systematic exploration of this loss in Germany is needed. An explorative systematic review on Scopus with snowballing supports the synthesis of a conceptual framework linking acoustically relevant ecosystem services with GI. Our review identifies natural quietness, abatement, connection to nature, positive soundscape perception, fidelity, and bird sound presence as sound-related ecosystem functions or services. Empirical case studies justify the need to better understand the link between GI, ecosystem services, and the acoustic environment. Guidance for quiet area assessments in the EU to address this research gap in noise action planning is an emerging topic and needs further study. To address the knowledge gap and provide quiet area assessment guidance, we present a stratified habitat-based acoustic study design for a multi-community area in the middle of the German Ruhr region. A multi-tier sample of 120 locations across eleven habitat and land use strata in the Ruhr is presented, pointing out the scarcity of protected biotopes and large biotope complexes in the study area. This work is a contribution towards a conceptual and methodological basis for quiet area assessment, especially in German and EU noise action planning.

Optimization of polyphenols extraction by deep eutectic solvent from broccoli stem and characterization of their composition and antioxidative effects

Broccoli stem is known to possess abundant polyphenols. To efficiently extract polyphenols from broccoli stems, we herein describe an updated deep eutectic solvent extraction (DESE) method. Response surface modeling was utilized for optimization of the DESE method, achieving the best yield of 5.10 ± 0.04 mg polyphenols/g broccoli stem powder under the following conditions: solvent, choline chloride-urea (molar ratio 1:3); extraction temperature, 80 °C; extraction duration, 55 min; water content, 60%; and liquid-solid ratio, 41:1 mL/g. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-ElectrosprayIonization-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) was then employed for characterization of the main -composition, which revealed sinapinic acid (5.32%), trans-cinnamic acid (88.8%), quercetin (3.06%) and isochlorogenic acid (2.88%) as the dominant polyphenol compounds, and the extraction mechanism of the high efficiency of DES was dicussed. Moreover, the extracts from (ChCl-urea) DES exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro antioxidant test. These findings provide a viable and practical approach for broccoli culm polyphenol extraction and analysis, providing a methodological and knowledge basis for recycling broccoli wastes in an eco-friendly fashion.

Activity of photosynthetic membranes in Fusarium oxysporum-infected cucumber (Сucumis sativus L.) plants under different proportions of blue LED illumination

The effect of LED illumination with different proportions of blue light (BL, 20 and 60 %) and different durations on the functionality of photosystems (PS) in healthy and infected with the fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fus. oxy.) cucumber leaves was studied. Long-term exposure (25 days) to a light regime with a high share of BL, 60 % and subsequent infection with Fus. oxy., suppressed the functional activity of PSII relative to white light (WL), which was reflected in a significant decrease in the maximum fluorescence of temporarily closed PSII reaction centers (Fm), the effective quantum yield of photochemical reactions (Fv/Fm), the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Y(II)), as well as in changes to the nature of the redistribution of absorbed light energy. This resulted in a decline in the intensity of photochemical conversion (qP), the number of open PSII reaction centers (qL) and the rate of electron transport through PSII (ETR(II)). During a 7-day exposure of plants to different light conditions, the main changes in PSII parameters were observed only in infected leaves formed in the BL, 60 %.Growing on WL and BL, 20 % only slightly changed the contribution of the electron flow on the donor and acceptor sides of PSI in infected cucumber leaves, without affecting the level of P700 oxidation and the quantum yield of photochemical reactions. Infection of plants grown for a long time on BL, 60 % caused a 10-fold decrease in the quantum yield of photochemical reactions of PSI and a significant increase in non-photochemical energy dissipation on the donor and acceptor sides of PSI. The stress effect of the pathogen also enhanced the suppressive effect of BL, 60 % at short exposure, which was reflected in a significant decrease of such parameters as the quantum yield of PSI (Y(I)) and the efficiency of electron transfer in the electron transport chain of PSI (ETR(I)).The results obtained can be used as a methodological basis for the development of energy-saving LED light sources optimized for growing cucumber plants in closed soil, as well as for monitoring the degree of infection of plants in the early stages of Fusarium infection.

Hierarchical System of Landscape-geographial Spaces and Mechanisms of its Formation

A strategy for quantitative analysis of mono- and polysystemic organization of multi-level geospaces is described, with the construction of a series of empirical models of inter-component and inter-complex connections. The “micro-” and “macrosubstrate” approaches to the structural and functional analysis of the state of the natural environment are combined. As a methodological basis, a provision on the structural levels of natural-territorial organization is proposed, based on the conceptual cybernetic model of the natural complex as a hierarchical control system. A cybernetic model of the natural complex has been created as a hierarchical control system; the model has enriched modern ideas about the mechanisms and structural levels of the spatial organization of the natural environment. Model has enriched modern ideas about the mechanisms and structural levels of the spatial organization of the natural environment. An experiment was performed in order to analysis the state of geographical spaces by three blocks of cybernetic model: landscape frame, processor, and landscape pattern. Based on this model, a system of conjugation of different-level characteristics of natural components with the taxonomic rank of geographic spaces (from the geographical sector and natural zone to landscape facies and biogeocoenosis) was constructed. Using the Volga River basin as an example, a comparative assessment of environmental factors in their landscape-forming influence was carried out.

Modeling the Process of Crop Yield Management in Hydroagro-Landscape Saline Soils

To study the impact of soil salinity type and degree in irrigated lands on the process of crop yield formation, multiparametric and single-parameter mathematical models were used. The methodological basis of the study was the materialist theory of scientific knowledge (analysis and synthesis) and the laws of ecology, using graph-analytical methods based on artificial intelligence and the applied software product Microsoft Office. To create the database, an empirical method of generalizing research results was used to study the effect of soil salinity type and degree in irrigated lands on the yield of agricultural crops in various natural and climatic zones of Central Asia for the period from 1932 to 2020. Based on plotting graphs of the dependence of the relative yield of agricultural crops on the dimensionless (relative) value of soil salinity type and degree, based on research data, the following results were obtained: first, differential equations describing the studied process were derived; second, within the framework of a very high determination index confirming a strong correlation between the function arguments and yield, a system of exponential, logarithmic, and polynomial equations was obtained using the applied software product Microsoft Office, which enables the management of agricultural crop yields on saline soils; and third, it creates prerequisites for the design of ecologically sustainable agro-landscapes.

Methodological basis of modern psychological research: an interdisciplinary approach

The article examines the methodological foundations of modern psychological research, emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in psychological scientific developments. The authors analyze the key principles, methods and strategies used in psychology, and also focus on the need to integrate different disciplines to achieve deeper and more comprehensive results. An interdisciplinary approach allows us to take into account various aspects of the human psyche, the interaction of the individual and the environment, which opens up new prospects for the development of psychological theories and practices. The article emphasizes the importance of the synergy of psychology with other sciences, such as neurobiology, sociology, philosophy and medicine, which contributes to a more comprehensive study of mental processes and behavior. Particular attention is paid to describing the main areas of application of an interdisciplinary approach in psychology, which include the study of cognitive, emotional and social processes of a person. The article emphasizes that the methodology of modern psychological research is no longer limited to the classical methods of psychological experiments or observations. It actively interacts with other sciences, which allows for more accurate measurements and analyses of mental processes in real time, as well as taking into account the influence of biological, psychological and social factors on the development of individual and collective aspects of the human psyche. The role of an interdisciplinary approach in the context of practical aspects of psychology, in particular in the fields of psychotherapy, prevention of mental disorders and mental health of the population, is also considered. The use of an interdisciplinary approach allows for the creation of new therapeutic methods that take into account not only psychological, but also social and biological aspects of mental health. In general, the article highlights the importance of integrating knowledge from various fields of science for the development of psychology as a scientific discipline and increasing the effectiveness of the practical application of psychological knowledge. An interdisciplinary approach allows not only to enrich the theoretical basis of psychology, but also provides new opportunities for the development of applied areas of psychology that are of great importance for society as a whole.

Application of Systems Theory in the Design of System Monitoring Service of Hardware-Software Complex

In this paper, we propose a solution for applying the principles of structural analysis of systems to the design of a monitoring system for a hardware-software warehouse management complex. Taking into account the theoretical and methodological basis of systems theory for the choice of architectural solutions for systems engineering research and in the design of information systems is a non-trivial approach to design because it goes against the established practice of functional design within the boundaries of the market conjuncture of hardware and software architecture means. It is proposed to consider the principles of systems theory application as an approach to science-based information system design through the relationship between systems theory and system monitoring. The study consistently implements the approach to the design of the monitoring system of the hardware-software complex of warehouse management based on the principles of structural analysis of systems. The approach was applied iteratively to all components of the designed system and in describing the order of their interaction in order to find an efficient and resource-saving architectural solution. This allowed me to design the architecture of the system monitoring service. The principles of structural analysis of systems are shown in describing the functionality of the service, implemented for the internal logic of the server. The process and results of this study represent a positive practice of an orderly and informed approach to designing IT solutions without the prevalence of random or opportunistic factors characterizing the external environment of the design process.

Key Personality Qualities: Challenges and Resources of Modern Education

For a sustainable life in the modern world, new personal key flexible qualities of an organizer with critical thinking, teamwork competencies, motivation for continuous self-education and self-improvement are needed. The purpose of the article. To present an overview of the essence of key personality traits from the position of the two-sided (binary) nature of their complex socio-pedagogical nature, simultaneously in two statuses as challenges and as resources of modern education. This gives us the opportunity to find new scientific and practical meanings and values of organizing educational activities for children, adolescents and young people. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is the works on philosophy (G. Hegel, I. Kant, F. Nietzsche, etc.), psychology (A. Maslow, K. Rogers), pedagogy (A. S. Makarenko, A. V. Mudrik, L. I. Novikova, N. L. Selivanova, T. A. Romm, etc.), sociology (A. A. Galaktionov). The analysis of the research methodology allowed us to identify the contradictory challenges of modern education (social networks and virtual reality; new trends and adaptation to them; stress and mental health in the modern world, etc.) and contradictory resources – opportunities (innovative educational technologies; joint projects and cooperation; development of emotional intelligence and personal growth practices, etc.) Results. As a result of studying domestic and foreign sources, we have identified several of the most frequently mentioned groups of personality traits associated with a certain methodological approach: extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, goodwill (psychological approach); leadership, communication skills, problem solving, teamwork, adaptability (competency approach); self-actualization, empathy, authenticity (humanistic approach); optimism, gratitude, resilience (positivistic approach); ethical principles and values that determine human behavior (ethical approach). Conclusion. The author’s new contribution can be expressed in the fact that the challenges and resources of key personality traits have been identified and substantiated. Challenges: the flow of complex information; cultural diversity; the need to work in international teams; stress and pressure, complex moral dilemmas and the need to comply with digital ethical standards and use digital tools. Resources: developing analytical skills; stimulating creative projects; developing active listening and training in intercultural communication; developing self-organization skills, stress resistance, and flexibility of thinking; training in stress management skills and emotional expression; encouraging altruism; critical use of digital resources.

Resilience and Vitality as Pedagogical Categories

One of the most important characteristics of an adolescent’s personality becomes the development of personal resources that contribute to success in a constantly changing world. The complex of issues related to the process, ability or result of successful human adaptation despite difficult or threatening circumstances is considered in the theory and practice of education in the concepts of “resilience”, “sustainability”, “vitality”, “life creativity”. The purpose of the article is to characterize the concepts of “resilience” as pedagogical categories to substantiate theoretical approaches to understanding the development of personal resources that contribute to the successful adaptation of an adolescent. Methodology and research methods. The methodological bases of the study are determined by subject-personal, axiological, comparative-pedagogical approaches, which reveal the key features of the concept of “resilience”. Results of the study. In order to clarify the correlation between resilience as pedagogical categorie, a comparative analysis of more than 30 works by Western European, American and Australian researchers was conducted according to the following criteria: approaches, meaning of the term, structure, diagnostic methods. No significant substantive differences in the interpretation of the concepts of “resilience” were found. The application of these concepts as pedagogical categories should take into account the context of the approach, which sets the meaningful and structural characteristics of the concept. Conclusion. Thanks to the clarification of the concepts of “resilience” as pedagogical categories, it is possible to define more substantively the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of resilience in the educational system of an educational organization.

Formation of Educational and Research Skills by Means of Laboratory Work in Subject Training of Students

The article states the necessity of formation of educational and research skills of senior pupils from the position of their preliminary preparation for implementation of actual research activity. In this regard, the concept of the named category of skills is formulated, their totality is defined in the composition of four groups – organizational, procedural, informational and communicative. The materials of experimental work are presented, reflecting the stage-by-stage formation of educational and research skills during 10-11 grades in the process of subject-biological preparation by means of laboratory work. At the first – preliminary stage, the students actualize and in a generalized form present the material on biology as a science, the importance of application of the corresponding scientific tools for penetration into the essence of living systems and regularities of their existence. At the second – main stage, the students are given the opportunity to perform a set of laboratory works in the direction of studying various objects of living nature and their components – subjects selected for their direct study with the use of the corresponding scientific apparatus. At the third and final stage, the results of the experimental work are summarized and its effectiveness is determined from the standpoint of students’ mastery of educational and research skills by means of laboratory work. Questioning of respondents allows us to state a positive result of the implemented stages. The purpose of the article. Study of educational and research skills by means of laboratory work in the subject training of students. Research methodology. The methodological basis of the work performed is the activity-based approach, which serves as the basis for expressing the author’s version of the concept of “educational and research activity” in relation to wildlife, in accordance with which the composition of educational and research skills for their formation by means of laboratory work in subject-biological training is specified. Research methods. The following methods were used: study and analysis of published sources on the topic of the article, deductive basis for expressing the obtained materials and generalization in the figures. Conclusion. The presented materials allow us to formulate general judgments regarding the formation of educational and research skills in the subject-biological training of students by means of laboratory work.

Representation of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in the Caricature of Great Britain (the «Fun» Magazine)

The article analyzes the coverage of the Eastern question and the RussianTurkish war of 1877–1878 in the British Empire, on the pages of the satirical «Fun». In the context of the modern confrontation between Russia and the collective West, it is an important task to study the origins of Russophobia, the next round of intensification of which occurred in the English society in 1875–1878. The purpose of this article is to study how the events of the Russian-Turkish war were reflected in the English caricature on the pages of the satirical magazine «Fun», and how a negative and hostile image of Russia and its policies was built. This is all the more important in the light of the visual and iconic developments in modern historical science and the achievements of imagology. The methodological basis of the article is interdisciplinary in nature. An important role in the field of interaction between visual and verbal methods is played by the iconological method, which studies and describes the image. Both in English and in Russian historiography, there were no attempts to trace the image of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 on the pages of the «Fun». The materials of the «Fun» for1875–1878 were the main primary source used in the article. The periodical took liberal and anti-Russian positions. The talented cartoonist George Gordon Thomson was the main representative of that point of view. He worked for the weekly for more than 20years and created hundreds of cartoons on foreign policy issues. The «Fun», spreading criticism on Disraeli’s foreign policy line, actually supported and directed the construction of Russofobic attitudes in the English society.

TƏHSİLALANMƏRKƏZLİ TƏLİM SİSTEMİNİN FƏLSƏFİ-METODOLOJİ ƏSASLARI

The article focuses on the diversity of opinions in the interpretations of the concept of "training" in various scientific sources. It is emphasized that working out the theoretical and practical foundations of an excellent educational system is the central problem of didactics. The search for didactic systems aiming at more effective results is a necessary and continuous process. It is claimed that the "perfect training process", which is perceived as one of the important ways of implementing education, should be interpreted as an learner-centered (it is considered as its emergent sign!) system that conditions the formation of skills in the students in accordance with the implications of the IV industrial revolution. It is emphasized that the theoretical-methodological importance of scientific philosophy, which is in step with the achievements of science and practice, for the management of the educational process is very great, and in this process, the management of students' cognitive activity and the development of their mental abilities is possible only on the condition that the regularities of the thinking process, the characteristics of the forms and methods of scientific cognition and dialectical relations should always be taken into account. In this work, the logic of looking at the management of the learning process as a cognitive issue in itself is brought to attention. In order to achieve effective results in the training process, the appropriateness of the practical educator's reference to the components contained in the dialectic and cognitive theory about the methods of understanding and changing reality in determining the management activity is drawn into the center of attention, and the form of thought movement that contains these "enabling components" is the methodological basis of the management of that process. Which is valued as the basis.

Фіскальна вага непрямих податків у сучасній податковій системі

The article examines the fiscal weight of indirect taxes in the modern tax system of Ukraine, with a focus on the changes that have occurred under the influence of martial law and economic instability. The dynamics of indirect tax revenues, such as value-added tax, excise tax, and import and export duties from 2021 to 2024, are considered. The share of these taxes in total budget revenues and tax receipts, as well as the level of performance against planned targets, are analyzed. The study establishes that, although revenues from certain types of indirect taxes have increased in nominal terms, their share in the overall structure of budget revenues has decreased. This is due to both the economic shocks caused by the war and the shift in the structure of fiscal revenues in favor of direct taxes and transfers from international partners. Special attention is paid to comparing the growth rates of various components of indirect taxes, as well as assessing the fiscal efficiency of their administration. The methodological basis of the study includes methods of analysis and synthesis, econometric-statistical methods, and a systemic approach. The article proposes ways to improve the fiscal efficiency of indirect taxes, particularly through enhancing tax administration, combating shadow schemes, and adapting tax policy to the conditions of economic turbulence. Further research prospects include studying the effect of tax procedure digitalization, assessing long-term changes in the structure of tax revenues, and developing models for stabilizing budget revenues in the post-war period.

Artistic and aesthetic phenomenology of video games: multimodal semiotics and educational potential

Introduction. In modern media culture, new forms of representation of the aesthetic are emerging, based on screen modality and interactive mechanics. Video games with artistic and cultural content will allow to form new methodological techniques and conditions of cultural knowledge broadcasting, as well as to create a unique semiotic environment of aesthetic experience acquisition. The aim of the article is to study the theory and practice of the educational potential of video games with artistic, cultural and aesthetic content. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the interpretation of video games through the prism of the concepts of “cybertext” and “procedural rhetoric” proposed by E. Aarseth and J. Bogost. The reconstruction of multimodal semiotics of video games is based on the ideas of J. Havreliak and V. Toch. The educational topicality of the work is based on the Digital Game-Based Learning methodology developed by M. Prensky. Results. Four (iconic, narrative, auditory, and procedural) main semiotic modules of aesthetic content representation in video games are identified and analytically explicated. Attention is emphasized on their multimodal use within the framework of creating a unified semiotic ensemble. The conducted training experiment demonstrated: firstly, the interest in the majority (85%) of students to use DGBL-methodology; secondly, a high (82%) mastery of the factual material present in the video games under consideration, and the formation in 53% of the intension for additional self-education; thirdly, 77% of the students had a noticeable aesthetic response to the video games; fourthly, 20% of the respondents had difficulties in mastering the video games and 27% were concerned about the considerable time required to master the video game cybertexts. KEYWORDS Conclusion. The language of video games has exceptional (among other screen arts) semiotic and mediarhetorical possibilities to construct artistic images and aesthetic messages. Video games created a contour of direct, subject oriented immersion in the aesthetically engaged context of virtual reality, and students were able to act as actors influencing the on-screen creation of an artistic media text. The use of video games in the regular educational process requires, firstly, solving the problem of educational non-profile of video games, which creates the need for methodological support of students in educationally oriented navigation of video game cybertext, and secondly, optimizing the time frame of educational work with video games. After solving these issues, it is possible to create a new, semiotically multimodal educational space of subjective engagement with artistic images and aesthetic values on the basis of the DGBL methodology.