Supercritical Fluid Extraction Method Research Articles

Supercritical fluid extraction of chebulagic acid from Terminalia bellirica fruits (Baheda)

Chebulagic acid is a hydrolyzable tannin found in the fruits of Terminalia bellirica and has been extensively used in traditional Indian medicine. Currently, most of the chebulagic acid is extracted from Terminalia chebula and a lesser extent, from T. bellirica. Crude chebulagic acid extracts from these fruits are usually extracted using Soxhlet extraction or reflux methods before purification using column chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We examined supercritical fluid extraction efficiency with or without a modifier in extracting chebulagic acid from T. bellirica fruit powder in the present study. Our results demonstrated that supercritical fluid extraction with 50% ethanol as a modifier (SFEM) was the most efficient method in extracting chebulagic acid from T. bellirica fruit powder compared to supercritical fluid extraction without modifier (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods. This new extraction method (SFEM) yielded 96.10% ± 3.34 (w/w) chebulagic acid with 96.9% ± 1.34 purity and 95.21% ± 0.14 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, requiring no further purification. HPLC was used to confirm the purity of chebulagic acid and the chemical structure was confirmed using their mass spectroscopy (MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. This one-step extraction and purification method is clean, uses less liquid solvent compared to the conventional Soxhlet method, and the extraction process requires 92% less time. Novelty impact statement In this current study, the supercritical fluid extraction method yielded 96.10% ± 3.34 (w/w) chebulagic acid with 96.9% ± 1.34 purity and required no further purification. In addition, this one-step extraction and purification method is clean, uses less liquid solvent compared to the conventional Soxhlet method, and the extraction process requires 92% less time.

Extraction possibilities of lipid fraction and authentication assessment of chaga (Inonotus obliquus)

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) (Fr.) Pilát is a black perennial fungus that grows on adult birch trunks and has been traditionally used as a health promoting remedy in different countries. The lipophilic compounds of chaga were isolated applying conventional (Soxhlet), intensive (ultrasound assisted, accelerated solvent extraction) and environmentally friendly (supercritical fluid) extraction methods utilizing both polar and non-polar solvents. Soxhlet extraction showed the highest inotodiol yield (231 mg/100 g chaga) using cyclohexane. For authentication of chaga samples, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and multi-elemental analysis was performed. The extraction yield and profile of lipids, sterols and triterpenoids depend on the chaga origin. The amount of lipids in chaga samples varied in the range from 0.5 to 1.0%. The antimicrobial activity of chaga extracts against pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms was demonstrated. The results showed that extraction using supercritical CO2 delivered yields comparable to those obtained by conventional and intensive extraction techniques. Amount of target compounds (sterols and triterpenoids) obtained using supercritical CO2 extraction could represent the future for sustainable industrial-scale production of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity. Authentication using IRMS allowed to differentiate between natural (fruiting bodies) and cultivated (mycelium) chaga.

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodological Approach and Its Antioxidant Activity.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed oil is an edible vegetable oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction method was employed to obtain the maximum yield of moringa seed oil. The effects of temperature, time, and pressure, three characteristics of extractions, on the extraction rate of Moringa seed oil were investigated by single factor test and response surface methodological approach. The optimal process conditions of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction of moringa seed oil were determined as extraction temperature of 45°C, extraction time of 2.5 h, extraction pressure of 50 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 240 L/h, resulting in a maximum yield of 38.54%. Composition analysis shows that the extracted moringa seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, etc. Furthermore, we found that Moringa seed oil exerted potent antioxidant activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and its efficacy was comparable to commercial peanut oil and tea oil. Overall, this novel extraction method of moringa seed oil may increase its potential value and application in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and thermal desorption methods for analysing organic compounds in house-dust

<p>This study has been focused on the comparison of the application of Thermal Desorption (TD) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) methods for the identification and quantification of organic chemicals in house dust samples. To investigate how the results obtained by SFE and TD of house dust compare to one another and whether the SFE has advantages over the TD method, an aliquot of a house dust sample has been subjected to desorption at successively increasing temperatures. The thermal desorption unit used cryo - focusing on capillary tubing and was connected to a GC-MS combination. A quantity of the same house dust sample was extracted, using a method consisting of a two-step SFE with CO2 and CO2 + 5% of methanol, and GC-MS analysis of the eluates. The comparison of the results showed that the SFE method was superior to the TD for analysing indoor dust samples because of the pre-separation and the absence of thermal degradation, particularly for compounds of low volatility. However, TD could be more appropriate for relatively volatile or lower molecular weight range compounds and thermally stable compounds.</p>

Black Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Polyphenolic Extract Exerts Antioxidant and Antiaging Potential.

Phenolic compounds present in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been reported to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protective properties. UVR from sunlight, which consists of UV-B and UV-A radiations, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical formation, consequently activating proteinases and enzymes such as elastase and tyrosinase, leading to premature skin aging. The objective of this work was to extract, characterize and evaluate the antioxidant and antiaging potential of polyphenols from a black bean endemic variety. The polyphenolic extract was obtained from black beans by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 with a mixture of water–ethanol as a cosolvent and conventional leaching with a mixture of water–ethanol as solvent. The polyphenolic extracts were purified and characterized, and antioxidant potential, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory potentials were measured. The extract obtained using the SFE method using CO2 and H2O–Ethanol (50:50 v/v) as a cosolvent showed the highest total phenolic compounds yield, with 66.60 ± 7.41 mg GAE/g coat (p > 0.05) and 7.30 ± 0.64 mg C3GE/g coat (p < 0.05) of anthocyanins compared to conventional leaching. Nineteen tentative phenolic compounds were identified in leaching crude extract using ESI-QTOF. Quercetin-3-D-galactoside was identified in crude and purified extracts. The purified SFC extract showed IC50 0.05 ± 0.002 and IC50 0.21 ± 0.008 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The lowest IC50 value of tyrosinase inhibition was 0.143 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 0.005 ± 0.003 mg/mL of elastase inhibition for leaching purified extract. Phenolic compounds presented theoretical free energy values ranging from −5.3 to −7.8 kcal/mol for tyrosinase and −2.5 to −6.8 kcal/mol for elastase in molecular docking (in silico) studies. The results suggest that the purified extracts obtained by SFE or conventional leaching extraction could act as antioxidant and antiaging ingredients for cosmeceutical applications.

Characterisation of taste‐active compositions, umami attributes and aroma compounds in Chinese shrimp

SummaryChinese shrimp is one of the most important aquatic resource in China due to its unique flavour and high nutritional value. In this study, the taste‐active components including free amino acids (FAAs), 5'‐nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic ions, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and betaine were analysed. The synergistic effect between amino acids and 5'‐nucleotides was determined by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The taste activity value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) were calculated to analyse the major taste‐active components and umami attributes. Then, the aroma compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), head‐space solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods, respectively, and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Arginine (Arg), glycine (Gly), guanosine 5'‐monophosphate (5'‐GMP), inosine‐5´‐monophosphate (5'‐IMP), de‐nosine‐5´‐monophosphate (5'‐AMP), succinic acid, lactic acid and inorganic ions with TAV higher than 1 contributed greatly to the taste. The umami intensity for 100 g of Chinese shrimp was equivalent to 4.58 g monosodium glutamate (MSG), indicating that Chinese shrimp had relatively high umami taste value. Ninety‐seven volatile compounds including esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, heterocycles, aromatics and alkanes were identified. This research might help consumers to understand the flavour compositions and promote the development of flavour products of Chinese shrimp.

Anti-dengue activity of super critical extract and isolated oleanolic acid of Leucas cephalotes using in vitro and in silico approach

BackgroundsLeucas cephalotes is a common ethnomedicinal plant widely used by traditional healers for the treatment of Malaria and other types of fever. Oleanolic acid and its derivatives have been reported for various types of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-HIV and anti-HCV activity.MethodsL.cephalotes plant extracts were prepared by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method and oleanolic acid was isolated by preparatory thin-layer chromatography. The compound was identified and characterize by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The structure of the compound was elucidated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1CNMR) and the purity checked by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The MTT assay was used to determine the toxicity of plant extract and oleanolic acid using a microplate reader at 595 nm. The anti-dengue activity of plant extract and oleanolic acid was tested in vitro and in silico using real-time RT-PCR.ResultsThe optimum yield of the extract was obtained at 40 °C temperature and 15Mpa pressure. The maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of plant extract and oleanolic acid were found as 46.87 μg/ml and 93.75 μg/ml, respectively in C6/36 cell lines. UV spectrophotometer curve of the isolated compound was overlapped with standard oleanolic acid at 232 nm. Superimposed FT-IR structure of the isolated compound was indicated the same spectra at 3433, 2939, 2871, 1690, 1500,1463, 1387, 1250, 1209, 1137 and 656 position as per marker compound. HPTLC analysis showed the retention factor of L. cephalotes extract was 0.19 + 0.06 as similar to the standard oleanolic acid chromatogram. The NMR structure of the isolated compound was identified as similar to the marker oleanolic acid structure. DSC analysis revealed the purity of isolated oleanolic acid was 98.27% with a melting point of 311.16 °C. Real-time RT PCR results revealed that L. cephalotes supercritical extract and isolated oleanolic acid showed 100 and 99.17% inhibition against the dengue − 2 virus when treated with MNTD value of plant extract (46.87 μg/ml) and the test compound (93.75 μg/ml), respectively. The molecular study demonstrated the binding energy of oleanolic acid with NS1and NS5 (non-structural protein) were − 9.42 & -8.32Kcal/mol, respectively.ConclusionsThe SFE extract L. cephalotes and its active compound, oleanolic acid inhibiting the activity of dengue-2 serotype in the in vitro and in silico assays. Thus, the L.cephalotes plant could be an excellent source for drug design for the treatment of dengue infection.

Solubility of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide and its application for removal of lead and nickel in simulated matrices

The solubility of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured at 313–333 K and 10–20 MPa, using a flow-saturation technique. The influence of methanol on solubility behavior is investigated. The solubility in neat supercritical carbon dioxide ranged from 0.44 × 10−6 mol·moltot−1 to 3.4 × 10−6 mol·moltot−1, while its solubility in presence of methanol ranged from 0.17 × 10−5 mol·moltot−1 to 18.1 × 10−5 mol·moltot−1. The solubility data was modeled with Chrastil, Mendez-Teja, Garlapati equations and Peng-Robinson equation of state model. The solubility in the presence of methanol was correlated using modified Chrastil, modified Mendez-Teja and Thakur models. Among the models employed, Chrastil model (binary system) and modified Mendez-Teja model (ternary system) shown highest accordance with experimental data. Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid was employed as a chelating agent for development of a supercritical fluid extraction method for removal of Pb2+ and Ni2+ from simulated aqueous/soil matrices.

Strategies for enhancing terpenoids accumulation in microalgae.

Terpenoids represent one of the largest class of chemicals in nature, which play important roles in food and pharmaceutical fields due to diverse biological and pharmacological activities. Microorganisms are recognized as a promising source of terpenoids due to its short growth cycle and sustainability. Importantly, microalgae can fix inorganic carbon through photosynthesis for the growth of themselves and the biosynthesis of various terpenoids. Moreover, microalgae possess effective biosynthesis pathways of terpenoids, both the eukaryotic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and the prokaryotic methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. In recent years, various genetic engineering strategies have been applied to increase target terpenoid yields, including overexpression of the rate-limited enzymes and inhibition of the competing pathways. However, since gene-editing tools are only built in some model microalgae, fermentation strategies that are easier to be operated have been widely successful in promoting the production of terpenoids, such as changing culture conditions and addition of chemical additives. In addition, an economical and effective downstream process is also an important consideration for the industrial production of terpenoids, and the solvent extraction and the supercritical fluid extraction method are the most commonly used strategies, especially in the industrial production of β-carotene and astaxanthin from microalgae. In this review, recent advancements and novel strategies used for terpenoid production are concluded and discussed, and new insights to move the field forward are proposed. KEY POINTS: • The MEP pathway is more stoichiometrically efficient than the MVA pathway. • Advanced genetic engineering and fermentation strategies can increase terpene yield. • SFE has a higher recovery of carotenoids than solvent extraction.

Impact of supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, and conventional method on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of bhimkol ( Musa balbisiana ) banana blossom

Three extraction techniques, namely, conventional, ultrasound-assisted, and supercritical fluid extractions (SCFE) were used to study the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity in bhimkol (Musa balbisiana) banana blossom. Optimization was carried out to attain major phytochemicals by response surface methodology-central composite design. Various parts of blossom and whole banana blossom (WB) were investigated for their major phytochemical constituents by conventional method and RP-HPLC (at the optimized condition). The WB revealed higher phytochemical contents than other parts. Highest TPC (2,750.37 mg GAE/100 g) was obtained in WB by the SCFE method vis-à-vis the antioxidant activity (79.41%) under optimized condition (60°C, 210 bar, 40 min, and 5 g/min CO2 flow-rate). RP-HPLC analysis revealed various phytochemicals of different concentrations depending on the extraction method used. SCFE revealed higher phytochemical contents as compared to ultrasound-assisted extraction and conventional methods. The results of the present investigation will be useful in the development of functional foods. Novelty impact statement Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) was found to be a novel extraction technique of phytochemicals as compared to ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional method. SCFE and UAE revealed that extraction process parameters (viz., temperature, pressure, and amplitude) had a strong positive effect on TPC and antioxidant activity. The optimum condition obtained for SCFE was 60°C, 210 bar, 40 min, and 5 g/min flow rate whereas, for UAE it was 60°C, 35% amplitude, and 20 min.

Multivariate optimization of a combined static and dynamic supercritical fluid extraction method for trace analysis of pesticides pollutants in organic honey.

The intensive application of pesticides to increase crop production has resulted in contamination of the agricultural products. Due to their occurrence at trace levels and the complexity of food samples, analysis of pesticide residues requires selective and efficient sample preparation methods. For this purpose, an extraction method based on supercritical carbon dioxide and acetonitrile as entrainer solvent was developed for trace analysis of atrazine, diazinon, chlorothalonil, and deltamethrin pesticides in honey samples. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to optimize extraction variables including static extraction time (5-15min), pressure (200-700bar), and temperature (45-70°C). The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 11.5min static extraction time, 252bar, and 70°C. The proposed analytical method showed a good linearity (≥0.998), low limit of detection (0.005-0.009mg/kg), and good extraction recovery (74-111%). The precision study of the proposed method at two concentration levels of each pesticides, 0.25 and 1.0mg/kg was found to be in the ranges of 2.3-4.21% for intraday (n=3) and 3.93-8.02% for interday precisions (n=3). The developed method is promising for use in trace analysis of pesticides in complex food samples including honey.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potentials of Carica papaya Leaf Extracts: A Comparison of Supercritical Fluid and Conventional Extraction Methods.

The leaves of Carica papaya (CP) are rich in natural antioxidants. Carica papaya has traditionally been used to treat various ailments, including skin diseases. This study aims to decipher the antioxidant effects and phytochemical content of different CP leaf extracts (CPEs) obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and conventional extraction methods. The antioxidant activities of CPEs were evaluated by cell-free (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reduced antioxidative power (FRAP)) and cell-based (H2O2) assay. Both C. papaya leaf scCO2 extract with 5% ethanol (CPSCE) and C. papaya leaf scCO2 extract (CPSC) exhibited stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity than conventional extracts. In the FRAP assay, two hydrophilic extracts (C. papaya leaf ethanol extract (CPEE) and C. papaya freeze-dried leaf juice (CPFD)) showed relatively stronger reducing power compared to lipophilic extracts. Cell-based assays showed that CPFD significantly protected skin fibroblasts from H2O2-induced oxidative stress in both pre-and post-treatment. CPEE protected skin fibroblasts from oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner while CPSCE significantly triggered the fibroblast recovery after treatment with H2O2. GC-MS analysis indicated that CPSCE had the highest α-tocopherol and squalene contents. By contrast, both CP hydrophilic extracts (CPEE and CPFD) had a higher total phenolic content (TPC) and rutin content than the lipophilic extracts. Overall, CPEs extracted using green and conventional extraction methods showed antioxidative potential in both cell-based and cell-free assays due to their lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, respectively.

Supercritical Fluid Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Seeds Mitigates Fertility Impairment in a Zebrafish Model

Putrajeevak (Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.; synonym Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus) seeds have been used since ancient times in the treatment of infertility in the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India. In this study, the oil component of Putrajeevak seeds (PJSO) was extracted using the supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) method using liquid CO2 and the constituents were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionized detectorand high-performance thin-layer chromatography. PJSO contained trace amounts of β-sitosterol with oleic and linoleic acids as the major fatty acid constituents. Male and female zebrafish were mutagenized with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and fish that produced less than 20 viable embryos were selected for the study. SCFE oil extracts from the P. roxburghii seeds were used in this study to reverse fertility impairment. The mutant fish were fed with PJSO for a period of 14 days and the rates of fertility, conception, and fecundity were determined with wild-type healthy fish as a breeding partner. Treatment with PJSO increased the ovarian follicle count as well as the number of mature eggs, while reducing the number of ovarian cysts. Sperm count as well as sperm motility were greatly enhanced in the ENU-mutagenized male zebrafish when treated with PJSO. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the effectiveness of P. roxburghii seed oil in reversing impaired fertility in both male and female zebrafish models.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Combined with Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Extractables to Evaluate Compatibility of Drugs with Rubber Closures.

Biological activity and pharmacological efficacy of protein drugs may be affected by the compatibility between drug and packaging materials. The compatibility of rubber closures seal cap has become the focus of many studies due to its complicated formulation. Despite of the significance of the issue, currently, there is little available data about organic leachables in drugs which is also not comprehensive. Since the concentration of migrants in drug is usually low and the matrix is complicated, the establishment of overall profile of extractables is crucial for the characterization of leachables. Herein, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was used because of its great extraction capacity and efficiency for low to medium polar extractables in rubber stoppers. The SFE conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Experimental results of the extract yield were close to the predicted values (R2 = 0.95). Then the extractables were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Finally, risk assessment was made by comparing predicted exposure with injection permitted daily exposure (pPDE) limit or threshold recommended by threshold of toxicological concern (TTC). The results showed that there are many extractables such as glyceride, fatty acids and derivatives, antioxidants, and degradation products. Among them degradation products were in the majority and content of 17 substances exceeded corresponding limits. Considering their unknown toxicology, more experiments are therefore needed to provide information on their toxicology and risk assessment. The study provides a reference for the compatibility of drugs, and quality supervision of pharmaceuticals packaging.

Application of Plant Oils as Ecologically Friendly Hydraulic Fluids

This paper presents the results of physicochemical and tribological tests of vegetable oils obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction method from berry seeds. The research was conducted by using these oils as the raw material for the biodegradable hydraulic working fluids. The oils were assessed in terms of kinematic viscosity, anti-wear properties, resistance to oxidation and corrosive effects to copper and the pour point. The best results were achieved in the case of the blackcurrant seed oil. In order to confirm the practical possibility of using vegetable oils as working fluids for hydraulic couplings, experimental tests of the hydrodynamic clutch filled with blackcurrant seed oil were carried out. Based on the obtained research results, it was found that oils from berry plant seeds produced by supercritical extraction could be used in the future as potential working fluids for hydraulic systems.

FRESHWATER SAPROPEL: BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS AND METHODS OF EXTRACTION

Previously, sapropel has been commonly used in agriculture, cosmetology and medicine in its raw form and there has been no generally accepted method or standard for realizing sapropel extract. However, for sapropel usage in medicine, balneology and pharmacy, it is essential to develop quality criteria for raw sapropel and its extracts.&#x0D; This review aims at discussing and summing up different techniques for extracting bioactive compounds from sapropel as well as the possibilities of creating quality criteria. This paper covers existing analytical techniques and methodologies; currently, there are few extraction methods using several extractants for obtaining bioactive components from raw sapropel. Different freshwater sapropel types have been described and characterized. Bioactive components in sapropel have been identified and explained. Humic acids and fulvic acids have been identified as the main substances and their extraction methods have been listed. Solid-liquid, ultrasound assisted and supercritical fluid extraction methods have been pointed out as the most suitable. Additionally, analysis and storage conditions of the extracts have been discussed.&#x0D; There have been found to be no commonly accepted standard methods for sapropel extraction, or for the analysis and characterization of the sapropel extracts. For pharmacological applications, a common approach for the extraction process of active substances from sapropel and the analysis procedures of the extracts need to be established. This review will help equip other researchers with the latest information on this topic.

A step to shell biorefinery—Extraction of astaxanthin-rich oil, protein, chitin, and chitosan from shrimp processing waste

Management of waste generated in fish processing industries is of great concern worldwide. Shrimp processing waste can be used for the generation of various biobased products along with its remediation. The present work was carried out to valorize shrimp processing waste using biorefinery approach. Ridgeback shrimp (Solenocera choprai) waste was used to produce commercially important biomolecules such as astaxanthin-rich oil, protein, chitin, and chitosan. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was performed for the extraction of astaxanthin and oil. Astaxanthin yield using super critical fluid extraction method was 30.26 ± 0.06 mg/kg dry shell weight. Extracted oil was found to have high content of health promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular omega-3 fatty acids, viz, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The remaining waste after the supercritical fluid extraction was used for protein extraction and the recovery yield was found to be 22.25 ± 0.15%. The residue left after extraction of astaxanthin and protein was used to extract chitin and the extracted chitin was used to produce chitosan. The yield of chitin and chitosan was 224.36 ± 0.32 g/kg and 156.99 ± 0.16 g/kg, respectively. The significant findings of the study suggest the potential of biorefinery in utilizing shrimp processing waste to produce commercially important products.

Supercritical fluid extraction of Algerian Melissa officinalis L. 1753 (Lamiaceae) and its biological activity against two species of the genus Chaitophorus (Homoptera-Aphididae)

The aim of this study was to further our understanding of the chemical composition of Algerian Melissa officinalis plant and to evaluate the insecticidal action of the extract against heterogeneous larval and apterous adult populations of Chaitophorus populialbae and Chaitophorus populeti on populus alba as an eco-friendly alternative control method. M. officinalis was extracted using the supercritical fluid extraction method with a yield of 1.43% ± 0.16. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enabled identification of 20 chemical compounds including eugenol, geraniol 6.71 mg/L, D-limonene 0.48 mg/L and ortho-cresol with insecticidal activity. Our results showed that a concentration of 0.4 μL/mL had an effect on the heterogeneous larval stages of both species of the Chaitophorus genus during the first 9 h of exposure. The larval population of both Chaitophorus species was shown to be more sensitive than adults of the two species.

Comparative antidandruff efficacy of plant extracts prepared from conventional and supercritical fluid extraction method and chemical profiling using GCMS

ABSTRACT: Background To combat dandruff associated pathogens, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be used as an alternative eco-friendly technique to obtain antimicrobial plant extracts over conventional methods. Objectives The purpose of the study was to compare the yield and antimicrobial potential of extracts obtained by different extraction methods. Methods Extraction was carried out by cold percolation method using ethyl acetate (EA) and SFE using CO2. Antimicrobial activity was studied against dandruff causing microbes; Malassezia furfur, Propionibacterium acne, and Staphylococcus epidermidis by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution method. Statistical evaluation was done by principal component analysis (PCA). Results The yield was found higher in the ethyl acetate extracts. PCA indicated that among the sixteen extracts, SFE extract of Azadirachta indica leaves was the most influential with the highest F1 score and maximum antimicrobial activity. Cinnamomum zeylanicum SFE extract demonstrated the lowest MIC against P. acne and M. furfur. GC-MS analysis of A. indica extract inferred that ganoderic acid, 13,14-epoxyoleanan-3-ol acetate, henicosanal, 2-heptadecycloxirane were the major phytoconstituents whereas cinnamaldehyde, α- muurolene and caffeic acid were primarily found in cinnamon. Conclusion Bioactive compounds identified in the extracts of A. indica and C. zeylanicum can be used in natural antidandruff products.

Simultaneous extraction and fractionation of petroleum biomarkers from tar balls and crude oils using a two-step sequential supercritical fluid extraction

In this study a novel sustainable method based on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction and fractionation of petroleum biomarkers. We herein proposed a two-step supercritical fluid extraction method for crude oil and tar ball to separate the petroleum biomarkers into aliphatic and aromatic fractions. In the first step, pure scCO2 was used, while scCO2 modified was used as a solvent in the subsequent step. CO2 SFE can serve as an environmental-friendly alternative to common column chromatography method for petroleum biomarker or compositional analysis by GC–MS. The extraction process was shown to be selective, according to the polarity of the solvent, providing fractionation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Yet the total extraction procedure in SFE was significantly faster than column chromatography methods (~80 min vs. 8 h). We will discuss the implications of this SFE method as a novel sustainable alternative to the existing extraction techniques.