Sociological Methods Research Articles

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRACTICES OF YOUTH CAREER GUIDANCE: CURRENT DIRECTIONS AND APPROACHES

This article is dedicated to current foreign and domestic practices in youth career guidance. It presents the experience of implementing projects such as Erasmus+, “Wake Up Your Vocation”, as well as domestic projects such as “Ticket to the Future” and “Professional Minimum”. Particular attention is paid to integrating pedagogical, psychological, and sociological methods to create a comprehensive career guidance system. Key aspects of adapting foreign practices into the Russian educational system are identified to enhance the effectiveness of career guidance work.

Criterion of non-compliance with a judicial act: a special limit for reviewing judicial acts based on newly discovered and new circumstances, or a temporary tool in the process of manually balancing the principle of legal certainty?

The subject of this article is an analysis of the criterion of non-execution (not fulfilled or partially fulfilled) as a special limit on the review of judicial acts. The author describes the history of the emergence and development of the criterion of non-fulfillment in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and in legislation, provides critiques of the criterion found in literature, its transformation into a criterion for the reviewing a judicial act, and also raises questions about the future of the criterion of non-fulfillment in the system of judicial act review given its modernization. Additionally, based on the characteristic of the specificity of the criterion of non-fulfillment, the author puts forward a hypothesis about the special legal nature of a number of new circumstances (recognition of a norm/its interpretation as unconstitutional, determination or change of the practice of norm application, cancellation of a regulatory act in the course of administrative norm control). The research employs methods such as historical, systemic, axiological, formal-legal, functional, sociological methods, as well as analysis, synthesis, and modeling. The author concludes that despite the fact that the criterion of non-fulfillment is currently formally almost excluded from legal practice, fully abandoning it is premature. In the systematization of legislation on the review of judicial acts, this criterion may be taken into account (with appropriate refinement). The author hypothesizes that the legal nature of the circumstances to which the criterion of non-fulfillment may be applied falls outside the concept of new circumstances and indicates the need to distinguish them into a separate group of grounds for reviewing judicial acts. Considering that in legal reality there are still several situations to which the review mechanisms for newly discovered and new circumstances apply because procedural legislation lacks other tools for a court to review its own act, it is proposed to modernize the content of procedural codes in this part. The results of the work can be used for the development of procedural legislation and the formation of a more coherent view of the system for reviewing judicial acts (extra-institutional and institutional stages), as well as in the educational process when studying relevant disciplines.

Organizational and methodological features of the use of athletics in the physical training of young boxers

The problem of finding the most effective ways and means of increasing the physical fitness of young boxers remains relevant. Some experts recommend physical exercises only from the arsenal of boxing, others - specialized means of various sports. Easily accessible and widely used means of athletics can serve as one of the modern and promising means of developing physical abilities. The purpose of the study is to experimentally verify the influence of athletics on the physical fitness of young boxers (9-10 years old). Research methodology. To solve the tasks set, the following research methods were used: analysis of scientific and methodological literature; sociological methods (surveys, interviews, questionnaires); pedagogical methods (pedagogical observation, testing, pedagogical experiment); methods of mathematical statistics. The scientific novelty of the study lies in improving the methodology for using athletics equipment to improve the physical fitness of young boxers (9-10 years old). Results. T The experimental methodology of general physical training of young boxers using athletics was aimed, first of all, at: general physical development of young boxers, development of all physical abilities that will contribute to increasing the functional capabilities of the child's body; enrichment of the young athlete with a wide variety of natural motor skills thanks to athletics; general harmonious development of the whole organism, development of the entire muscular system, strengthening of organs and systems of the body and increasing its functional capabilities; improvement of the ability to coordinate movements, increase agility, strength abilities, endurance, agility, flexibility of young boxers. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the effectiveness of using athletics equipment in the educational and training process with young boxers (9-10 years old).

Modern approaches to surgical treatment of individual uterine fibroids in pregnant women: ethics and pathology (literature review)

Uterine fibromyoma is a common benign formation that can complicate the course of pregnancy. Modern approaches to the surgical treatment of this pathology in pregnant women require special attention from the point of view of ethics and safety for both mother and fetus. The relevance of this topic is due to the growing number of pregnant women with fibromyomas, which requires the development of optimal treatment strategies. The aim of the study is to analyze modern methods of surgical intervention for uterine fibromyoma in pregnant women, as well as to assess the ethical aspects and possible risks associated with such interventions. Materials and methods. The authors analyzed the domestic and foreign literature on the surgical treatment of uterine fibromyoma in pregnant women, applied a sociological method and content analysis. The analysis was carried out using data obtained from various sources: medical recommendations, follow-up results and clinical recommendations. Results. It turned out that modern surgical methods, such as laparoscopic myomectomy, are the most effective for the treatment of uterine fibromyoma in pregnant women. They have a minimal number of complications and have a positive effect on the course of pregnancy. Conclusions. Timely diagnosis, an integrated approach to patient management and the use of modern treatment methods, including laparoscopic myomectomy, can minimize risks, improve pregnancy and childbirth outcomes, and improve women's quality of life.

Medical and Social Aspects of Reproductive Health of Students

Introduction. The priority in preserving and maintaining the health of the nation is the protection of the reproductive health (RH) of citizens, the formation of favorable conditions for starting a family and having children.The purpose of the study is to identify the attitude of students during higher education towards reproductive health and childbearing.Materials and methods. The study was conducted among 1 419 students (306 men (21,6 %) and 1 113 women (78,4 %)) by anonymous questioning. The work uses the sociological method, the method of descriptive statistics.Results and discussion. 639/1 419 (45,0) %) of the students noted the presence of chronic diseases. The respondents’ positive focus on improving their health was revealed (1 391/1 419 (98,0 %)) mainly through sports, weight control, etc. Among the respondents who had sexual relations (960/1 419 (67,7 %), 720/960 (75,0 %) people are aware of the ways of safe sexual behavior and use them in life, which prevents the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It has been established that the majority of people plan to start their families between the ages of 24 and 27; prior to starting a family, it is essential for 951/1 419 (67,0 %) students to gain self-sufficiency. 809/1 419 (57,0 %) of the respondents want to have two children. The Internet is a popular source of information on RH issues among young people. It is important to develop and implement educational programs to conduct educational seminars aimed at gaining knowledge about RH and STI prevention.Conclusions. Most of the students take care of their health, have a positive attitude towards starting a family and childbearing.

30 APPLICATION OF FAMILY EDUCATION SOCIOLOGY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL THINKING DISORDERS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS

Abstract Background Schizophrenia patients often have significant social thinking disorders, manifested as significantly limited ability to understand the intentions, emotions, and social rules of others, which seriously affects the patient’s social function recovery. Sociology of family education has gradually been introduced into the field of mental illness intervention, emphasizing the improvement of patients’ social thinking and behavioral abilities through family interaction and educational models. Methods The study aims to explore the application effect of sociological methods of family education in the assessment of social thinking disorders in patients with schizophrenia, in order to provide innovative tools for clinical evaluation and guide the optimization of intervention measures. The study recruited 80 patients and their primary family caregivers who met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. They were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 40 patients and caregivers in each group. On the basis of receiving routine psychiatric treatment, the experimental group participated in a 3-month family education intervention course, which included optimizing family interaction patterns, training social thinking, and simulating social situations; The control group only received routine psychiatric treatment. Before and after intervention, the Social Cognition Assessment Scale (SCAS) was used to assess patients’ social thinking abilities, including three dimensions: emotion recognition, social reasoning, and intention understanding. At the same time, the Family Education Quality Questionnaire (FEQQ) was used to evaluate the implementation effect of family education interventions. Statistical analysis uses paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. Results The total score of the SCAS for the experimental group patients significantly increased from 45.3±5.6 to 60.8±6.2 after intervention (P<0.01), while the control group only slightly increased from 44.8±5.4 to 46.2±5.8, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). In the core dimensions, the emotional recognition score of the experimental group patients increased from 14.2±2.1 to 19.1±2.4 (P<0.01), social reasoning increased from 16.3±3.2 to 22.5±3.5 (P<0.01), and intention understanding increased from 14.8±2.3 to 19.2±2.7 (P<0.01). The improvement of the control group in these dimensions was relatively small and not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of the FEQQ showed that the experimental group had a pre-intervention score of 32.4±4.5, which significantly increased to 46.7±5.3 after intervention (P<0.01), while the control group only slightly increased from 33.0±4.2 to 33.8±4.6 (P>0.05). The experimental results showed that sociological intervention in family education significantly improved patients’ social thinking ability and the quality of family education, providing effective support for the social function recovery of schizophrenia patients. Discussion The research results indicate that methods based on family education sociology have significant effects in improving social thinking disorders in patients with schizophrenia, especially in key abilities such as emotion recognition and social reasoning. In addition, the improvement of the quality of family education significantly enhances the supportive role of caregivers in the rehabilitation of patients, providing important references for the comprehensive assessment and intervention of social thinking disorders. In future clinical work, personalized family education programs can be combined to further optimize the social function recovery path of patients with schizophrenia. Funding No. 22JDSZ3017; No. 23ZYJ0206.

Physical fitness of young pupils engaged in the health gymnastics

Numerous studies conducted in recent years indicate an unfavorable trend in children’s health, which prompts the optimization of schoolchildren’s physical activity outside of school hours. The purpose of the study is to determine the level of physical development and physical fitness of children of primary school age. Methods: analysis and generalization; sociological methods; pedagogical observation; methods of assessing the level of physical development and physical fitness; methods of mathematical statistics. The research was conducted on the basis of the sports complex of the Ivan Boberskij Lviv State University of Physical Culture. 33 children, 18 girls and 15 boys, participated in the study. Results: According to the survey data, 57.6% of children like recreational gymnastics classes, 45.5% attend classes for the purpose of improving their health. Harmonious physical development corresponds to 69.4% of children. 69.4% of children have a body mass index within the normal range, 21.1% are underweight and 9.4% are overweight. Adequate adaptation of the cardiovascular system to physical exertion according to the Ruffier test in 93.8% of children. The vital index was normal in 81.1% of the examined. 72.6% of children showed a sufficient level of hand flexor strength. The boys had slightly higher results in the 30 m run and the handstand. In the flexibility test, the girls’ results were better (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the 30 m run and the 4x9 m “shuttle” run (p > 0.05).

Experts’ Perspectives on Private Forest Owners’ Priorities and Motivations for Voluntary Ecosystem Protection in Lithuania

Lithuania has initiated the development of voluntary ecosystem protection measures within private forests, establishing protection agreements between the state and private forest owners. This article examines the priorities and motivations of private forest owners in the voluntary protection of ecosystems, based on the analysis of expert opinions. The Delphi sociological method was employed to assess expert opinions on the priorities and motivations of private forest owners regarding the voluntary protection of ecosystems. Twenty-nine experts responded to the survey, providing insights into the attitudes of Lithuanian private forest owners towards voluntary forest protection models and contract types, potential environmental protection instruments, the necessity of compensation for losses incurred due to forest management restrictions in protected areas, the proportion of protected forests, factors influencing the intention to engage in forest protection, motivations for voluntary forest protection, the “crowd-out” effect, sources of compensation for losses, the effectiveness of ecosystem protection mechanisms in Lithuanian forests, and the factors that diminish their effectiveness. Summarizing the experts’ findings, it can be concluded that the forest protection priorities of Lithuanian private forest owners, concerning the expansion of protected areas in private forests, protection models, and incentives for protection, are likely to align with the priorities and motivations identified in other European countries. A heterogeneity of priorities and motives was identified. Almost three-quarters of experts thought the current amount of protected forest in Lithuania is sufficient or is already more than necessary, and only about one in ten thought that is necessary for owners to protect more forest. Lithuanian private forest owners are mostly motivated by full financial compensation for losses. According to experts, the majority of private forest owners do not support forest protection models that lack financial compensation. It would be appropriate to implement both permanent and fixed-term protection agreements (contracts) with compensation, alongside the option of selling forests to the state. The level of compensation is identified as the most-significant factor influencing private forest owners’ willingness to engage in ecosystem protection. Experts highlight that the primary reasons for the ineffectiveness of private forest protection measures in Lithuania include inadequate and unjustified compensation, compensation amounts that are too low relative to forest owners’ income, insufficient information, and complex bureaucratic procedures.

Uncertainty and deep stories in election conspiracy theory beliefs

ABSTRACT A majority of Republicans question the legitimacy of the 2020 U.S. presidential election – a proportion that poses a risk to U.S. democracy. Action is necessary, but scholarship has primarily focused on extreme beliefs. Scholars should draw from cultural sociology to explore what people mean when they indicate belief in an election conspiracy theory and how these meanings may vary. With this in mind, we interviewed U.S. conservatives that varied in the strength of their election conspiracy theory beliefs. We found that many participants were uncertain about whether there was an election conspiracy, participants identified issues outside of the electoral process as potential evidence, and participants’ responses indicated that their beliefs may be influenced by a deep story of distrust towards Democrats. Our findings demonstrate how cultural sociology methods strengthen our understanding of conspiracy theory believers and suggest that it may be difficult to reduce election conspiracy theory beliefs unless such efforts address this distrust.

Certificate program "Readiness, response and management of emergency situations" as a component in the formation of competencies for public health specialists

In the field of public health, the acquiring of relevant knowledge, skills and competencies for managing emergencies as well as the problem of effective response to them, and how to mitigate their consequences within the healthcare system are the crucial issues. The research employs bibliosemantic, informational, analytical, medical, statistical, sociological methods, method of content analysis, as well as surveys of practitioners from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Public Health Center of Ukraine. The minimum sample size comprises 326 individuals, which was calculated using the statistical package G*Power; a total of 369 respondents participated in the survey. The statistical processing of the materials was carried out using the licensed program Microsoft Excel 2016. In addition, the inclusion criteria for respondents concerned the individuals who participated in rapid response groups (both primary and reserve). The exclusion criteria encompassed specialists who were on leave for various reasons, such as maternity or health-related issues, in addition to individuals who opted not to engage in the survey. When developing the requisite competencies, it is imperative to allocate appropriate consideration to the practical aspect, as evidenced by the information gathered through the survey. Thus, 47% of respondents believe that this aspect needs improvement. Furthermore, within the array of challenges linked to the attainment of requisite competencies, specialists from rapid response groups have delineated the subsequent factors: psychological and emotional stress, a perceived threat to personal safety (19%), inadequate levels of professional training (18.4%), health-related concerns (11.7%), and deficiencies in material and technical support (26.8%). Consequently, upon analysis of the acquired data, the imperative to initiate the subsequent modifications to the accredited program "Readiness, Response and Emergency Management" has been ascertained, namely: to enhance practical training methodologies, to underscore holistic competencies, to implement psychological training protocols, and to instruct on the operation with modern technical equipment.

Level of population awareness about risk factors for cardiovascular diseases as an element of strengthening public health

Awareness of the population regarding the prevention of cardiovascular diseases remains insufficient. One of the methods of studying public health is a sociological survey of the population, the results of which allow us to form modern methods of preventive work with the population. Aim. To analyze the opinion of the population of Novosibirsk on adherence to a healthy lifestyle and the level of awareness of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Material and methods. In 2024, a sociological survey of the population of Novosibirsk, 406 people, was conducted. The sample is sufficient in volume. Analytical, statistical, and sociological methods are used in the work. Extensive indicators were used in data processing and presentation, compared with the assessment of the statistical significance of differences according to the Student’s t-criterion. Results. The awareness of the population in matters of a healthy lifestyle, commitment to a healthy lifestyle and the level of awareness of the population about risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases are determined. Respondents of all age groups are well informed about the influence of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, it is determined that each age group has its own set of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions. In general, the data obtained make it possible to identify additional resources to increase public awareness of development risk factors, including on the basis of information technology.

Preserving Secrecy in the Frame of Labour Relationships: Methods of Secrets Protection, Analysis of the Problems and Proposals to Improve the Legislation

Introduction. The large-scale transformations in the state power and governance authorities of the Russian Federation have led to the significant change of the role assigned to the legal and state institutions. The reforms have also affected the matters related to the protection of various types of secrets in the frame of labour relationships, organisation of the work of the human resources departments and their interaction with the law enforcement and regulatory authorities. The authors as well as other scientists study the various viewpoints on this issue, however, neither in the scientific nor in the law enforcement circles there exists a uniform opinion on the methodology of protecting the secrets. The aim of this study is to investigate the existing methods of protecting the secrets, to identify the problematic aspects in the system of interaction between the state, law enforcement and judicial bodies of the Russian Federation and to propose possible solutions for improving the methods of preserving secrecy at the current stage of development of the country.Materials and Methods. The general scientific and specific scientific methods were used in the frame of the study, such as, the dialectical method of cognition, the cognitive analysis method, the sociological method and others.Results. When carrying out the certain actions under the employment contract, an employer and an employee are guided by the special rules, which correspond to a specific secrecy preserving behaviour, but which, in the author’s opinion, are not enough accurate and worked out in the acting legislation of the Russian Federation. The main problems referring to this subject are: the insufficiently developed theoretical apparatus; a narrow range of powers in the frame of the state supervision; low level of administrative liability of the subjects. To solve these problems, a number of measures are proposed to optimize the legal support of the parties of the employment contract in the frame of protecting their rights and freedoms and providing them with the guarantees necessary to ensure the regime of preserving secrecy.Discussion and Conclusion. To ensure the efficient legal policy of the state, the constant improvement of the legal framework is required. The present article investigates in detail the problems of organising the interaction of both the state and private employers with the law enforcement and judicial authorities of the Russian Federation in the frame of implementing the methods of secrecy preservation, and the ways of solving these problems are proposed. The main conclusions made by the author have theoretical and practical significance for further research in this field.

The mechanism of corrupt criminal behavior: features and criminological transformation

Relevance. Understanding a corrupt criminal act from the standpoint of the mechanism of its commission requires investigating the stages of its implementation through the prism of criminological transformation in interaction with ongoing processes in society and social prerequisites, which undoubtedly contributes to a more effective fight against corruption in general.Purpose: is to identify the features of the mechanism of corrupt criminal behavior and its transformation.Objectives: to determine the stages of the mechanism of corrupt criminal behavior, to identify their features, taking into account the forms of committing corrupt acts and their transformation in modern conditions, which is the basis for effective prevention, detection and suppression of corruption crimes.Methodology. The research was based on dialectical, logical, system-structural, statistical methods; the method of analysis and comparison; the sociological method used in conducting the survey, the results of which are used in the study.Results. The stages of the mechanism of corrupt behavior in the commission of crimes are analyzed; criminological features, forms of commission and types of corrupt criminal behavior are highlighted; individual aspects of the transformation of the elements of the mechanism under consideration are identified.Conclusions. The results of the study serve to expand scientific knowledge about the mechanism of individual criminal behavior, taking into account the characteristics of a particular type of crime – corruption; at the same time, the author substantiates that the mechanism of corrupt criminal behavior and its transformation are most clearly manifested in the forms and means of committing a crime; in types of corrupt criminal behavior, but the triggering stage is the formation of motivation, it is difficult it is changeable, maturing under the influence of needs, interests, habits, etc., which determines one of the directions of preventing corruption – the impact on this component of the mechanism under consideration.

Ismail Raji Al Faruqi's Thoughts on the Wiwitan Tradition in Kedak, Kediri

This research was motivated by changes in the wiwitan tradition which then made relevance to Ismail Raji al-Faruqi's thoughts on social science, in which al-Faruqi's thoughts were associated with Tawhid which is the principle of social order. Tawhid not only emphasizes individual piety but also social piety. Because monotheism is the first determining principle in Islam, its culture and science. This study uses qualitative research with sociological methods, with data collection methods using instruments in the form of documents, interviews, and observations. This research finds some of al-Faruqi's thoughts about the principle of monotheism which is the social order in society. because monotheism is not for seeking the truth within oneself but for others as well, the concept of truth for oneself is just a waste. This is in line with the changes in values ​​in the wiwitan tradition, which produce values ​​from social, economic, religious and spiritual aspects. Which this tradition has a positive impact on religious social life, in terms of monotheism with the form of gratitude to the Almighty by giving alms in the form of giving food to others.

In and Out of the London Abyss: Dressing ‘Down’ by Victorian and Edwardian Social Investigators

In Victorian and Edwardian times, ‘slumming’ was practiced by lady visitors, journalists and social inquirers, and was also a hobby among the well-to-do. This essay considers their practice as an early form of participant observation—a sociological method that involves crossing the boundaries of space, class and race to collect firsthand information. Crossing the borders of class brought a change in perspective that resulted in valuable impressions. During the first phase, ‘gaining entry’, the investigator disguises himself or herself so as to pass as a member of a different class or category. In the Victorian and Edwardian literature of the Abyss, the recording of the phase of dressing ‘down’ became a kind of vignette, a scene that is very revealing of the way the investigators regarded their experience, and of the impression they were trying to make on their readers. This essay will consider extracts from the works by Elizabeth Banks, Mary Higgs, James Greenwood, Jack London and other social investigators who immersed themselves in the world of the poor for research purposes.

Subjective well-being as a unit for narrative analysis

The article examines the potential of quantitative narrative analysis for assessing subjective well-being and its application in developing and implementing social policies. To achieve this goal, the study explores the concept of subjective well-being, the sociological methods used to measure it, and the reliability of respondents’ answers in reflecting their beliefs and emotional states. The advantages and limitations of traditional sociological surveys are compared with methods based on user-generated content from social networks. The study outlines the key stages of quantitative narrative analysis, including the collection of textual data from domestic social networks, thematic processing, and statistical interpretation. Particular emphasis is placed on the correlation between indicators derived from narratives and the results of traditional surveys. These indicators address dimensions such as life satisfaction, social activity, and emotional stability. The findings reveal that narrative-based data demonstrates high validity and comparability with classical sociological methods. Moreover, quantitative narrative analysis significantly reduces research costs while maintaining accuracy and informativeness, making it a promising tool for regular monitoring of subjective well-being. The article concludes that the further development of quantitative narrative analysis is justified as an effective instrument for studying public sentiment and informing evidence- based social policies. These findings enhance the application of big data in sociological research and provide deeper insights into the factors influencing well-being.

Administrative measures to ensure equality between men and women in the civil service: problems and prospects

The author studies the administrative measures aimed at ensuring gender equality in the civil service. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to improve the effectiveness of public administration and eliminate gender stereotypes that limit human resources. The purpose of the article is to analyze administrative measures to ensure equality between men and women, identify problems of discrimination against men and develop proposals to eliminate gender inequality. The paper analyzes the regulatory framework, identifies problems of discrimination against men, evaluates the effectiveness of existing measures and offers recommendations for their improvement. The subject of the study is administrative measures aimed at ensuring equality between men and women in the civil service, with an emphasis on the problems of discrimination against men and the prospects for improving mechanisms to eliminate gender inequality. The research methodology includes an analysis of the regulatory framework, statistical analysis of data on gender representation, sociological methods (expert interviews, survey analysis), comparative analysis of international experience, and a systematic analysis method to identify the interrelationships of factors affecting gender equality. The novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of the problem of gender equality in the civil service, taking into account the problems of discrimination against men, in particular the phenomenon of the "glass floor/ceiling", and the development of recommendations for improving administrative measures based on international experience and taking into account the specifics of Russian reality. Despite progress in creating a regulatory framework, de facto gender equality in the civil service has not been achieved. Discrimination, gender stereotypes and an imbalance in representation persist, affecting both women and men. Improvement requires: clarifying legislation, strengthening accountability measures, reviewing personnel selection criteria, adapting international experience, developing a national strategy, and actively involving public organizations. The implementation of the proposed measures will create a more equitable and efficient public service system.

শৈলজানন্দ মুখোপাধ্যায়ের ছোটগল্প : নাগরিক নিম্নবিত্ত জীবনের বিচিত্র বীক্ষণ

Shailajanand Mukherjee (1901-1976) is a leading figure among the many storytellers who have made a name for themselves in 20th-century Bengali literature with their extraordinary artistic creations. He is the first to bring regionalism to Bengali short stories. He is the one who bypassed idealized reality and gave place to pure reality based on experience in Bengali literature. The diverse picture of the life of the coal mining workers is beautifully depicted in his short stories. Not only the working people, but also the joys and sorrows of the lower-class people of the city of Kolkata, outside the rough red soil, the joys and sorrows, exploitation and deprivation, life and suffering, urban-centered misery and squalor, and the contradictions and contradictions - in short, the multi-colored picture of their lives has been artistically portrayed in his stories with deeper resonance. The article in question reveals the multidimensional nature of the lives of the urban lower class through the analytical and sociological methods of various stories.

Ethics of valeological research in higher education institutions

Background. Teaching valeological disciplines in non-medical higher education institutions is carried out by teachers with pedagogical education, medical education and medical practice (certified physicians). To successfully form valeological (health-saving) competence, the teacher needs to interview non-medical students not only regarding knowledge and practical skills in solving situational tasks using academic tests, but also to study his behavior models, for which special questionnaires with questions on sensitive topics have been developed. Aim. To develop an algorithm for reliable storage of confidential information regarding the health and behavior of non-medical students studying valeological disciplines. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using the sociological method and the system analysis method. Results and Conclusions. The openness of answers to sensitive questions is ensured only by the confidential storage of the received questionnaire data. For confidential data storage, paper tests-questionnaires should be divided into three parts: a non-confidential test (contains the personal data of the education seeker), a confidential questionnaire (contains an encryption code instead of the personal data of the education seeker), and a code key (contains the code and personal data of students for their identification if necessary to combine the test and questionnaire data). The forced transition to distance learning accelerated the transition to electronic testing-questionnaires and the digitization of paper test-questionnaire data. For confidential questionnaire data storage, encryption of the students’ personal data and separation of access to confidential and non-confidential data using standard scripts of the Google Forms, which allows using confidential questionnaires instead of anonymous ones. For scientific purposes, the questionnaire data is statistically processed as anonymous. If necessary, use standard scripts allows decoding the key data and identifying the students. Keywords: valeological competence, trusted doctor, "Health Pedagogy", "Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge and Health-Saving", confidential surveys.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Labor Migration and Migration Policy in Central Asian Countries

The research aims to determine the impact that the global COVID-19 pandemic had on labor migrants and the migration policy in Central Asian countries. During the research, the authors use statistical and sociological methods. Thus, the authors determine the number of arrivals and departures for a particular period, the composition of migrants, and the migration direction. The restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated many issues of migration from Central Asia and the situation of migrants in Russia. If the impact of COVID-19 restrictions continues and the income of migrants continues to decrease, migration participants will be forced to take emergency measures by actively returning to their homeland. Under these conditions, socio-economic tension in the donor countries may grow. The research establishes that the existing sanitary and epidemiological restrictions could contribute to the transformation of migration processes in the countries of Central Asia, including the reorientation of labor migrant flows to new directions and the strengthening of the tendency to receive the right to obtain a Russian passport. The authors propose several practical recommendations to reduce the negative impact of the pandemic on the migration processes in Central Asia. As the research shows, creating and developing new jobs in Central Asian countries is an issue of prime necessity, as is a high dependence of the economy on remittances from migrant workers.