Extractive Spectrophotometric Method For Determination Research Articles

Simple Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Molnupiravir from Pharmaceutical Formulation

Simple sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have developed for the estimation of molnupiravir in pharmaceutical dosage form. The methods are based on the formation of coloured complexes by the drug with reagents like bromophenol blue, solochrome dark blue and bromocresol green in acidic medium. The ion associated complexes were formed and quantitatively extracted under the experimental condition in chloroform. The absorbance values were measured at 420nm, 495nm and 430nm respectively. The proposed methods were validated statistically. Recoveries of methods were carried out by standard addition methods. The linearity was found to be 1.0-12.0μg/ml, 2 -14μg/ml, 1-10μg/ml for methods 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The low values of standard deviation and percentage RSD indicate high precision of methods. Hence these methods are useful for routine estimation of molnupiravir in tablets.

Simple Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Favipiravir from Pharmaceutical Formulation

Simple sensitive and accurate extractive spectrophotometric methods have developed for the estimation of favipiravir in pharmaceutical dosage form. The methods are based on the formation of coloured complexes by the drug with reagents like bromophenol blue, solochrome dark blue and bromocresol green in acidic medium. The ion associated complexes were formed and quantitatively extracted under the experimental condition in chloroform. The absorbance values were measured at 420nm, 495nm and 430nm respectively. The proposed methods were validated statistically. Recoveries of methods were carried out by standard addition methods. The linearity was found to be 1.0-12.0μg/ml, 2-20μg/ml, 1-16μg/ml for methods 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The low values of standard deviation and percentage RSD indicate high precision of methods. Hence these methods are useful for routine estimation of favipiravir in tablets.

A novel method for extractive spectrophotometric determination of uranium by Azur II dye in some geological samples.

ABSTRACT A novel and really simple method for extractive photometric determination of uranium is achievable by Azur II dye with accurate and sensitive results. This has been possible through a basic dye (Azur II) that reacts firstly with a suitable ligand (benzoate) to form a triple complex. The latter is then extracted in a suitable organic solvent (Trioctylamine). Optimisation of the formed U-benzoate-Azur II complex was performed by studying several parameters such as suitable pH, dye concentration, duration time of the formed complex, solvent concentration, shaking time and U concentration (calibration curve). This reagent is extremely sensitive to uranium, with a molar absorption potential of 0.654 × 104 L. M−1 cm−1 at pH 4 at 688 nm. Absorbance measurements showed as time function that the coloured complex is stable up to 20 min. This system allows uranium content to be calculated with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.15 µg L−1, and precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.368%. The tolerance limits had been calculated for several metal ions. Accuracy was confirmed by U (VI) determination in the standard reference materials. This new spectrophotometric method was applied for the determination of U(VI) in some cataclastic rock samples with accurate results.

Cloud point extractive spectrophotometric method for determination of uranium in raffinate streams during spent nuclear fuel reprocessing

A cloud point extractive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of uranium in raffinate streams. Uranium was extracted to a tri n-octyl phosphine oxide in o-Xylene from raffinate. Uranium present in organic phase was analyzed by spectrophotometry after cloud point extraction of U-PAR (4-(2-Pyridylazo) resorcinol) complex to cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide—Triton-X-100 medium. The molar absorption coefficient for uranium complex was found to be 2.2 × 104 l mol−1 cm−1. The relative standard deviation for the determination of uranium was found to be 3.9% and with a minimum detection limit of 2 µg uranium per aliquot.

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ni (II) of 2- {4-(1h Benzimidazole-2-Yl) Phenyl Imino}-2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy Benzaldehyde as an Analytical Reagent

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ni (II) of 2- {4-(1h Benzimidazole-2-Yl) Phenyl Imino}-2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy Benzaldehyde as an Analytical Reagent

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Zn (II) with of 2-[2-(4-CHLORO BENZOTHIOZOLE)IMINO]-5- NITRO PHENOL as an Analyticalreagent

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Zn (II) with of 2-[2-(4-CHLORO BENZOTHIOZOLE)IMINO]-5- NITRO PHENOL as an Analyticalreagent

Development of an Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cr (VI) using 2, 4-dimethyl -3H- 1, 5 benzodiazepine

Development of an Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cr (VI) using 2, 4-dimethyl -3H- 1, 5 benzodiazepine

Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pure Form, Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids

In this study a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of an antihistaminic drug chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in pure form, pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum. This method was based on the formation of ion-pairs between the basic nitrogen of the CPM drug and four chromogenic reagents namely bromocresol purple (BCP), alizarine Red S (ARS), eriochrome cyanine R (ECR), and cresol red (CR). The extracted colored ion-pairs were measured spectrophotometrically at 390, 425, 503 and 408 nm for BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The different parameters that affect the color development between CPM drug and dyestuff reagents were extensively studied to determine the optimal conditions for the assay procedure. The reaction was studied as a function of the volume of reagents, nature of solvent, temperature, reaction time and stoichiometric ratio between the CPM drug and the reagents. Beer’s law was valid over the concentration ranges of 1-30, 1-10, 2-120 and 4-120 μg mL-1 of CPM drug using BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity, molar absorptivity, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined. Applications of the proposed procedure to the analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum gave reproducible and accurate results without any interference from excipients. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by reported method. The method can be suggested for the routine analysis of the cited drug.

Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pure Form, Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids

In this study a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of an antihistaminic drug chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in pure form, pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum. This method was based on the formation of ion-pairs between the basic nitrogen of the CPM drug and four chromogenic reagents namely bromocresol purple (BCP), alizarine Red S (ARS), eriochrome cyanine R (ECR), and cresol red (CR). The extracted colored ion-pairs were measured spectrophotometrically at 390, 425, 503 and 408 nm for BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The different parameters that affect the color development between CPM drug and dyestuff reagents were extensively studied to determine the optimal conditions for the assay procedure. The reaction was studied as a function of the volume of reagents, nature of solvent, temperature, reaction time and stoichiometric ratio between the CPM drug and the reagents. Beer’s law was valid over the concentration ranges of 1-30, 1-10, 2-120 and 4-120 μg mL-1 of CPM drug using BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity, molar absorptivity, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined. Applications of the proposed procedure to the analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum gave reproducible and accurate results without any interference from excipients. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by reported method. The method can be suggested for the routine analysis of the cited drug.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Clonazepam in Pure and Dosage forms using Charge Transfer Reaction

A rapid, sensitive and without extraction spectrophotometric method for determination of clonazepam (CLO) in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms has been described. The proposed method was simply depended on charge transfer reaction between reduced CLO (n-donor) and metol (N-methyl-p-aminophenol sulfate) as a chromogenic reagent (π- acceptor). The reduced drug, with zinc and concentrated hydrochloric acid, produced a purple colored soluble charge-transfer complex with metol in the presence of sodium metaperiodate in neutral medium, which has been measured at λmax 532 nm. All the variables which affected the developed and the stability of the colored product such as concentration of reagent and oxidant, temperature and time of reaction were investigated and optimized. The linearity of the method was observed within a concentration range 5-40 μg ml-1 CLO and with a correlation coefficient not less than 0.998, while the molar absorbitivity and sandell sensitivity were 3.473×103 L.mole-1.cm-1 and 0.0909 μg cm-2 respectively. The present work includes also the usage of the Benesi–Hildebrand equation for the evaluation of the association constant and molar absorptivity of the colored complex .Finally the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of CLO in tablets.
 Keywords: Spectrophotometric ; Clonazepam ; Metol ; Charge-transfer reaction.

Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for determination of Prasugrel Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations using some Acidic Triphenylmethane Dyes

Three simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of ondansetron hydrochloride either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of coloured chloroform extractable ion-pair complexes of the drug with bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima at 419 nm for all three methods. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 2.5-25, 2.5.0-25 and 3.5-22.5 µg/ml with BTB, BPB and BCG respectively. The effect of concentration of dye, pH, and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The limits of detection and quantification have been determined for three methods. All the three methods have been validated as per the guidelines of ICH. The methods have been applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets and results of analysis were validated statistically through recovery studies.

Extractive spectrophotometric method for determination of cadmium(II) in different water sources

The main task of this research article is to determine Cd(II) ion in pure and indifferent water samples. The method is fast, cost-effective and reliable where commercially available and cheap spectrophotometric reagents were utilized in this work. The method is based on the formation of colored ternary complexes and improved using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as cationic surfactant which interacts with the complexes to build up true ternary complexes. The spectrophotometric method depends on determination of Cd(II) ion using 1,10-phenanthroline (PHR) and eriochrome black T (EBT) or tartrazine (TZ) mixed reagents. The most suitable conditions for determination of Cd(II) ion and the parameters affecting the reactions including pH, time, temperature, stoichiometric ratios and reagents concentrations are optimized. The effect of different interfering ions is studied together with the suitable masking agents. The developed method is used for the determination of Cd(II) ion in the presence of CTAB in different types of water samples (ground and polluted industrial waste water). The results obtained are found to be comparable with those obtained using inductively coupled plasma. The solid ternary complexes were synthesized and characterized using elemental, thermal analyses, IR and molar conductance measurements. They found to have the formula [Cd(PHR)(EBT)(H2O)] and [Cd(PHR)(TZ)]Cl with octahedral and square planar geometries.

Validated Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Domperidone in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Simple, precise and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of domperidone in pharmaceutical formulations. The new methods involve the formation of colored extractable ion pair complexes of the drug with bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromophenol blue (BPB) in acidic medium. The effects of various parameters like pH, reagent concentration and shaking time were studied. The extracted complexes of domperidone showed maximum absorbance at 410 nm with BTB and at 415 nm with BPB dye. The stiochiometry of the reaction between domperidone, BTB and BPB was found to be 1: 4. Domperidone was found to obey Beer’s law in the concentration ranges of 0.6-35 ?g/ml, 1-30 ?g/ml with BTB and BPB, respectively. The method has been applied successfully for the determination of domperidone in commercial tablets and suspension samples. The results obtained by the proposed methods were validated statistically and compared with the official HPLC method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i1.22310 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(1): 25-31, 2014

Improved extraction-spectrophotometric method for determination of dicyclohexano-substituted crown ethers in aqueous solutions

A highly sensitive extraction-spectrophotometric method for determination of dicyclohexano-substituted crown ethers in aqueous solutions is described. It is based on the extraction of the macrocyclic complex, which comprises bromothymol blue as a colored organic anion, from aqueous solution into toluene. This method allows obtaining the limit of DCH18C6 detection in water of 2 × 10−7 M. It provides an efficient tool for monitoring the stability of crown-containing extractants and adsorbents upon contact with water and nitric acid solutions.

Extractive spectrophotometric determination of α-methyldopa in bulk dosage and in its formulations

A simple, sensitive, extractive spectrophotometric method for determination of α-methyldopa in both pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations is described. The method is based on the reaction of diazotized p-aminoacetophenone with α-methyldopa in basic medium to yield an orange-yellow-coloured product having an absorption maximum at 440 nm. The orange-coloured species was extracted in isopentanol. The coloured species obeyed Beer’s law in the range of 0.05–0.5 µg/mL. The molar absorptivity as obtained from Beer’s law data was found to be 0.3736 × 106 L mol−1 cm−1, while Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be 0.00064 µg cm−2. Common excipients did not interfere with the proposed method. The result obtained by the proposed method compares favorably with other reported methods. The proposed method offers the advantages of simplicity and higher sensitivity over the other existing methods.

Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Anti-Viral Drug Ribavirin Using Eriochrome Black-T

Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Anti-Viral Drug Ribavirin Using Eriochrome Black-T

Sensitive Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Trovafloxacin Mesylate Using Bromothymol Blue and Eriochrome Black-T

Sensitive Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Trovafloxacin Mesylate Using Bromothymol Blue and Eriochrome Black-T

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) with 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene Carboxaldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as an Analytical Reagent

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Cu(II) using 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene carboxaldehyde phenyl hydrazone as an extractive reagent. The reagent forms a coloured complex, which has been quantitatively extracted into n-butanol at pH 9.2. The method obeys Beer’s law over arrange from 1 to 10 ppm. The Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.97 × 104 L mol-1cm-1 and 0.26 µg·cm-2 respectively. The proposed method is very sensitive and selective. The method has been successfully applied to synthetic and commercial samples.

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe(III) with 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene Carboxaldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as an Analytical Reagent

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Fe(III) using 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene carboxaldehyde phenyl hydrazone as an extractive reagent. The reagent forms a coloured complex, which has been quantitatively extracted into ethyl acetate at pH 6. The method obeys Beer’s law over arrange from 1 to 7 ppm. The Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.31 × 104 L mol-1cm-1 and 0.13 μg cm-2 respectively. The proposed method is very sensitive and selective. The method has been successfully applied to synthetic and commercial samples.

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe(III) with 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene Carboxaldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as an Analytical Reagent

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Fe(III) using 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene carboxaldehyde phenyl hydrazone as an extractive reagent. The reagent forms a coloured complex, which has been quantitatively extracted into ethyl acetate at pH 6. The method obeys Beer’s law over arrange from 1 to 7 ppm. The Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.31 × 104 L mol-1cm-1 and 0.13 μg cm-2 respectively. The proposed method is very sensitive and selective. The method has been successfully applied to synthetic and commercial samples.