Method For Direct Measurement Research Articles

Determine three-layer atmospheric electric fields using MGMR3D

Introduction: Measuring atmospheric electric fields is a difficult task because of the volatility of thunderstorms and the lack of control over direct measurement methods such as balloons. MGMR3D is a semi-analytic code that can be used to determine the structures of atmospheric electric fields during thunderstorm conditions indirectly. However, it is required to check whether the MGMR3D results have a good agreement with those provided by the microscopic model, CoREAS, in three-layer electric field cases. Methods: Using MGMR3D and CoREAS, we compared the intensity and linear and circular polarizations of radio emissions due to extensive air showers given by the two codes. Results: This work shows that a good agreement was obtained for air showers passing through more complicated electric field structures. Conclusion: This means that one can use MGMR3D to extract details on the structures of the atmospheric electric fields in thunderclouds.

Comparison and Validation of Multiple Detectors against Monte Carlo Simulation for the Use of Small-Field Dosimetry.

The aim of this study was to compare the Exradin W2 scintillator, PTW microDiamond, IBA Razor Nano, and IBA Razor chamber detectors for small-field dose measurements and validate the measured data against the EGSnrc user code and observe the variation between daisy-chained and direct measurement methods for the above detectors. The W2 scintillator, microDiamond, Razor Nano, and Razor chamber detectors were used to measure the in-plane and cross-plane profiles and the output factors (OFs) at 10 cm depth, and 90 source-to-surface distance for 6MV X-rays (Elekta Versa HD). The field sizes ranged from 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm to 5 cm × 5 cm. The BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc user codes (EGSnrc) were used to simulate the reference profiles. Gamma analysis was performed to compare the measured and simulated dose distributions. The OFs measured with the W2 scintillator, microDiamond, Razor Nano chamber, Razor chamber, and the calculated Monte Carlo (MC) showed agreement to within 1% for the 3 cm × 3 cm field size. The uncertainty in the MC simulation was observed to be 0.4%. The percent difference in OFs measured using daisy-chained and direct measurement methods was within 0.15%, 0.4%, 1.4%, and 2.4% for microDiamond, W2 scintillator, Nano, and Razor chamber detectors, respectively. The lateral beam profiles and OFs of W2 scintillator, microDiamond, Razor Nano, and Razor chambers exhibit good agreement with the MC simulation within the nominal field sizes. Our results demonstrate that we can achieve considerable time-saving by directly measuring small-field OFs without daisy-chained methods using microDiamond and W2 scintillator. In terms of ease of use, sensitivity, reproducibility, and from a practical standpoint, we recommend microDiamond for small-field dosimetry.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Portal Pressure Gradient Measurement, Is It Ready for Prime Time?

Portal hypertension is a serious complication of advanced liver disease. Portal pressure gradient measurement accurately determines severity of portal hypertension, prognosis, and guides medical therapy. Conventionally, interventional radiology-guided hepatic venous portal gradient measures portal pressure gradient indirectly using specialized balloon catheter. Recent advances in endoscopy have paved the novel method of endoscopic ultrasound-guided direct portal pressure gradient measurement to evaluate portal hypertension with equivalent safety in both animal models and humans studies. With the expansion of Endo-Hepatology practice, a concept of “one stop shop” is becoming more popular which is a comprehensive endoscopic approach in the evaluation of chronic liver disease. During the same endoscopic procedure, patients could be evaluated for esophageal or gastric varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy, EUS-guided elastography, EUS-guided portal pressure measurement and EUS-guided liver biopsy when suspecting advanced liver disease or diagnosis remains uncertain. This article focuses on the overview of portal hypertension and EUS-guided interventions such as EUS-guided portal pressure measurement, EUS-guided elastography and EUS-guided liver biopsy in the evaluation of individuals with advanced liver disease.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT KEPITING BAKAU (Scylla spp.) DI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE KELURAHAN KANDANG KECAMATAN KAMPUNG MELAYU KOTA BENGKULU

The goals of this study was to identify the characteristics of mangrove crab habitat in Kandang Village, Kampung Melayu District, Bengkulu City. This research was conducted in September 2020, using a survey method. Primary data were collected by direct observation and measurement methods at the research location.The station for sampling and data measurement was determined by the purposive method. All samples were analyzed in the Fishery Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University.The analysis of the bottom substrate type was carried out using the Shepard Triangle method. Macrozoobenthos data analysis was conducted to determine the conditions of structural community which consisted of diversity index (H '), uniformity index (E) and dominance index (C). The study results showed the waters parameter values of the mangrove crab habitat were temperature (290 C), pH (7), and salinity (10ppt). Based on sediment analysis showed that the sediment was dominated by the dust fraction, which was 74.54%, then followed by 11% clay and 10% sand. The substrate of the waters is a dusty clay type, with a composition of dust (74.54%), clay (11%), and sand (10%). There are 4 types of macrozoobenthos that found from substrate samples, namely Thiaridae, Corbiludae, Bulimidae, and Gobiidae. The value of the diversity index (H ') macrozoobenthos was 0.83 and the dominance index value (C) was 0.74. The uniformity index (E) was based on the calculation of the data obtained by the value of 0.60, this showed that the level of uniformity was high, also justified by the presence of one dominating individual. The parameter values and the type of water substrate in Kandang Village, Kampung Melayu District, Bengkulu City still support the growth and survival of mangrove crabs.

A model formulation for the prediction of churning power loss in worm gear transmission

Churning power loss is a complex process that causes significant loss of energy under splash lubrication of gear units. A set of empirical equations are available that allows for precise churning power losses calculation for only the parallel axis gears. The main objective of this study is to formulate a new mathematical model for worm gear based on the experiment result. The mathematical model is formulated using the dimensional analysis method and has been experimentally validated over a wide range of speeds in terms of revolutions, types of lubricants, lubricant temperature, and immersion depths. The simple direct torque measurement method was used to measure the churning loss. The influence of inertia force, viscous force, and gravitational forces were also investigated therefore correlations with Froude and Reynolds numbers are presented. Hardened steel and bronze were used as a material combination of worm and worm gear, respectively. A new formula for worm gear under splash lubrication has been derived and validated by comparison with experimental evidence. A very little discrepancy was found between the experiment result and the mathematical equation.

POFBG-Based Humidity Detection Method for Insulating Gas in Electrical Equipment

The accumulation of moisture content undoubtedly threatens the safe operation of gas-insulated electrical equipment. On-line humidity monitoring of SF6 is an important way to check the insulation status of live equipment. This paper presents a direct optical measurement method based on a Polymethyl Methacrylate Fiber Bragg Grating (POFBG) sensor for the humidity detection requirement of SF6 gas with a very small water content. The experiments results show that this method is feasible with the sensitivity and resolution of the POFBG sensor studied being 14.3pm/%RH and 0.1%RH in the range of 8.4~30.4%RH. Additionally, the temperature variation can affect the relative humidity change of GIS and other sealed containers. Therefore, a reduction method of relative humidity centered on the initial baseline conditions under the condition of constant water content is also proposed. It can eliminate the error in relative humidity measurement caused by temperature variation.

Translation and rotation analysis based on stress MRI for the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament tears.

Due to the increasing need for a detailed biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesions, the aim of the study was to develop a method of direct measurement of the three-dimensional tibial translation and rotation based on stress MRI. For the purpose of the study, thirty patients with acute ACL rupture and 17 healthy control subjects were selected. Based on clinical examination, they were qualified for MRI examination using the Arthroholder Device prototype to perform anterior tibial translation. Each examination was performed at 30° of knee flexion, initially without tibia translation and then using the force applied to the calf of 80 N. The femur and tibia were separately registered using rigid local SimpleITK landmark refinement; translation and rotation parameters were then calculated using the 3D transformation algorithms. The significance level was set at 0.05. Initially, the device and method for obtaining the parameters of the 3D translation and rotation were validated. The pooled Standard Deviation for translation parameters was 0.81 mm and for rotation parameters 0.87°. Compared to the control group, statistically significant differences were found in parameters such as Anterior Shift [(median ± interquartile range) 3.89 mm ±6.55 vs. 0.90 mm ±2.78, P=0.002238] and External Rotation (-0.55° ±3.88 vs. -2.87° ±2.40, P=0.005074). Statistically significant correlations were observed in combined groups between Anterior Shift and parameters such as External Rotation (P=0.001611), PCL Tibial Attachment Point (pPCL) Anterior Shift (<0.000001), Rolimeter Measurement (P=0.000016), and Side-to-Side Difference (SSD) (P=0.000383). A significant statistical correlation was also observed between External Rotation and parameters such as Rolimeter (P=0.02261) and SSD (P=0.03458). The analysis of the anterior tibia translation using stress MRI and the proposed three-dimensional calculation method allows for a detailed analysis of the tibial translation and rotation parameters. The correlations showed the importance of external rotation during anterior tibial translation.

A New Method for Direct Measurement of Polarization Characteristics of Water-Leaving Radiation

The polarization characteristics of water-leaving radiation, which contain rich information on oceanic constituents, have often been neglected. Due to the lack of suitable instruments and practical difficulties in removing strong contamination by polarized skylight, direct measurement of the polarization of water-leaving radiation remains a challenge. In this study, we designed an above-water instrument (named POLWR) to directly measure the polarization of water-leaving radiation and examined its field application in Qiandao Lake, China. Results showed that the Stokes components of water-leaving radiance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{w}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) measured by POLWR were consistent with the radiative transfer (RT) simulations, with a determination coefficient ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and mean relative error of 0.67 and 18.86%, respectively. The Qiandao Lake results revealed that the degree of polarization (DOP) of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{w}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> varied from 0.05 to 0.5 within the 412–865-nm range. Moreover, a good relationship between the polarized remote sensing reflectance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\mathrm {rsp}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), and DOP and chlorophyll-a ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Chla</i> ) concentration was found at 368 nm in this productive lake, indicating great potential for the inversion of oceanic constituents from polarization signals. With its small size and direct measurement ability, the POLWR instrument should be widely applicable and could help improve our understanding of the polarization characteristics of water-leaving radiation and the underwater light field.

Development of direct analysis method of conductivity by local electric field measurement

Recently, micro- and nanofluidics devices such as MEMS/NEMS and μ-TAS have attracted much attention. However, several unknowns have been remained in micro- and nanoscale transport phenomena unlike microscopic scale. In order to deepen understanding of such micro- and nanoscale phenomena, it is essential to develop a novel technique to measuer the small spaces. In this study, a localized and direct measurement method of electric fields is established by using a test section with a charcteristic length of 1 mm and a glass microelectrode. Using a KCl standard solution ranging from 0.56 to 100 mmol/L as a sample, the conductivity is successfully evaluated with a measurement error of less than 15%.

Gingival biotype - comparative analysis of different evaluation methods

Background/Aim. Gingival biotype can have a significant impact on the outcome of the periodontal therapeutic procedures and the predictability of their aesthetic outcome. There is a strong correlation between the types of biotype and the potential gingival recession after restorative, periodontal, and implant surgical procedures. Therefore, accurate identification of gingival biotypes before initiating these procedures is one of the significant predictive factors for their success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of accurate gingival biotype determination with the use of the visual method, periodontal, and trans-gingival probing compared to the direct measurement method. Methods. This prospective study involved 33 patients indicated for apical root resection in the intercanine sector of the upper jaw. Gingival biotype identification was performed in all patients using the following techniques: 1) visual method; 2) periodontal probe technique; 3) trans-gingival probing; and 4) direct measurement after flap elevation. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the visual method, periodontal probing method, and trans-gingival probing method in relation to the direct measurement method, used as a gold standard, to discriminate the gingival thickness biotype (thin versus thick). Results. The overall accuracy of the tested diagnostic procedures compared to direct gingival biotype measurement was 66.7% for the visual method, 78.8% for periodontal probing, and 97.0% for trans-mucosal probing. Conclusion. The periodontal probing method can be recommended for gingival biotype determination as a routine method since its sensitivity and overall accuracy are higher compared to the visual method. The trans-gingival method, in terms of sensitivity and comprehensive accuracy, almost completely coincides with the direct method, but it is more invasive compared to the periodontal probing method, and it has to be conducted in local anesthesia.

INDUCTANCE VALIDATION OF LCR METER AFTER RECALIBRATION

Laboratory of National Measurement Standard for Electricity and Time (NMS ET Lab) has validated the measurement results pre and post the LCR meter recalibration process on inductance parameters. The validation process was carried out at nominal values of 100 μH, 1 mH, 10 mH, 100 mH and 1 H in accordance to the reference standards. The direct measurement method was used to measure the inductance parameter of LCR meter with standard inductor. Validation is carried out by comparing the measurement results pre and post the LCR meter recalibration process at SCL - Hong Kong. Based on the E n number analysis, the values between -0.21 to 0.44 were obtained for 5 measurement points, therefore the calibration system and method used by NMS ET Lab are valid and have measurement results that are equivalent to other countries.

Analysis of actual head losses in hydraulic transportation of WMS tailings along steel and polyurethane-lined slurry pipelines at Kachkanarsky GOK

The research focuses on the hydrotransport system for iron ore processing tailings of the Kachkanarsky GOK. Its aim was to establish the actual pressure losses in the hydrotransport system for iron ore processing tailings comprised of steel and polyurethane-lined slurry pipelines, to substantiate the preferred use of polyurethanelined slurry lines, and to develop practical recommendations for the facility. The respective industrial studies of the hydrotransport parameters for tail slurries were carried out using instrumental methods of direct pressure measurements in respective measuring sections of the slurry pipelines and mathematical statistics-based data processing methods. Using the major design, industrial, technical and operational characteristics, it has been confirmed that the use of internal polyurethane lining significantly reduces the specific head losses in hydraulic transportation of thickened iron ore processing tail slurries. The respective feasibility calculations confirm the economic efficiency of steel pipes with internal polyurethane lining in hydrotransport pipelines. The results of the studies are reflected in the reconstruction and development design for the tailings facility of the Kachkanarsky GOK. A transition to polyurethane-lined slurry pipelines will ensure energy saving in the hydrotransport process.

Effect of stress, concentration and temperature on gas diffusion coefficient of coal measured through a direct method and its model application

Diffusion in coal is a key process of gas migration in coal seams. Usually, the gas diffusion coefficient is inferred from desorption data indirectly. In this paper, a directly steady-state method based on Fick's law, was applied to get diffusion coefficients under various conditions of stress, concentration gradient, temperature and gas type. It is found that the gas diffusion coefficient is in a negatively linear relationship with the stress, but this correlation is weak. The diffusion coefficient of methane decreases in a power function with the increase of concentration gradient, while the diffusion coefficient of non-adsorptive gas (helium) decreases first and then increases. The gas diffusion coefficient in coal is positively correlated with temperature, satisfying Arrhenius formula. Based on the measured relationships and Fick's law, a model considering diffusion coefficient variation for coal particles was established and used to predict the gas desorption characteristics of coal with the varying temperature. The predicted result is consistent with the measured result, indicating the reliability of the direct measurement method of diffusion coefficient. It can provide a new way for the prediction of gas diffusion behavior in coal under changing conditions.

Quantum Chemical Calculation and Evaluation of Partition Coefficients for Classical and Emerging Environmentally Relevant Organic Compounds.

Octanol/water (KOW), octanol/air (KOA), and hexadecane/air (KHdA) partition coefficients are calculated for 67 organic compounds of environmental concern using computational chemistry. The extended CRENSO workflow applied here includes the calculation of extensive conformer ensembles with semiempirical methods and refinement through density functional theory, taking into account solvation models, especially COSMO-RS, and thermostatistical contributions. This approach is particularly advantageous for describing large and nonrigid molecules. With regard to KOW and KHdA, one can refer to many experimental data from direct and indirect measurement methods, and very good matches with results from our quantum chemical workflow are evident. In the case of the KOA values, however, good matches are only obtained for the experimentally determined values. Larger systematic deviations between data computed here and available, nonexperimental quantitative structure-activity relationship literature data occur in particular for phthalic acid esters and organophosphate esters. From a critical analysis of the coefficients calculated in this work and comparison with available literature data, we conclude that the presented quantum chemical composite approach is the most powerful so far for calculating reliable partition coefficients because all physical contributions to the conformational free energy are considered and the structure ensembles for the two phases are generated independently and consistently.

Determining Immunoglobulin Content of Bovine Colostrum and Factors Affecting the Outcome: A Review.

Simple SummaryColostrum management plays an essential role in calf husbandry and strongly influences the calf. The immunoglobulin concentration denominates the quality of the colostrum, which is influenced by numerous factors. Therefore, the measurement of the immunoglobulin concentration is important. This review provides an overview of measurement methods for estimating the immunoglobulin concentration in bovine colostrum. In addition, influencing factors are identified and their impact on the immunoglobulin concentration is discussed. Radial immunodiffusion and the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are the most commonly used direct measurement methods. A refractometer and a colostrometer are practical indirect on-farm instruments that can be used to estimate the immunoglobulin concentration. External characteristics such as viscosity or color allow for an initial assessment but are too inaccurate. Animal-related factors such as colostrum yield, parity, and breed influence the immunoglobulin concentration. In addition, environmental factors are also important. The duration between birth and first feeding postpartum is important for the supply of colostrum with a sufficient immunoglobulin concentration. The influence of treatment methods such as freezing and thawing, on the other hand, depends strongly on the procedure and does not necessarily lead to a reduction in the immunoglobulin concentration. The influencing factors are complex and newer ones, such as genetics, have not yet been sufficiently investigated.The immunoglobulin concentration in bovine colostrum should be measured to ensure feeding with sufficient immunoglobulins (≥50 mg immunoglobulin G mL−1). Adequate feeding prevents diseases, promotes development, and has a positive influence on the adult animal. Indirect and direct measurement methods are available for this purpose. Direct measurement methods cannot be easily used in practice; therefore, farmers use indirect methods such as a colostrometer and a refractometer. Many factors influence the immunoglobulin concentration of colostrum; some of them have already been intensively researched. In particular, lactation and temporal aspects play an essential role. Newer aspects such as dry period, seasonal influences, and genetics are gaining importance, but their impact on immunoglobulin content has not been sufficiently investigated. Developments are still needed, especially in data management. This review analyzes the outcome of different studies on the indirect and direct measurement methods and discusses different factors influencing the immunoglobulin concentration of bovine colostrum.

Text highlighting for attitude measurement in cross‐cultural consumer research: A methodological study

AbstractText highlighting was explored as a new method for direct attitude measurement in cross‐cultural research. Participants in an online survey read a text about vertical farming. They used highlighter functions to mark parts of the text they “liked” and “disliked”. Four countries were included in the research—United Kingdom, United States, Singapore, and China (637–683 adults per country). The percentage of participants who highlighted words as “like” and “dislike” was calculated for each of the sentences and countries. Analysis of the highlighting responses did not point to response style or systematic differences in responding. This supported the use of text highlighting in cross‐cultural research. Groups of consumers with different sentiment towards specific sentences in the text highlighting task (Positive, Neutral/Ambivalent, or Negative) showed predictable differences in their average scores for attitudinal statements.Practical ImplicationsLikert scales are ubiquitous in attitude measurement but subject to response styles which is a hindrance in cross‐cultural research. This suggests the need to develop scale‐free methods. Results from the present research confirmed the ability of text highlighting to capture specific attitudes towards vertical farming across countries and languages, as well as its ability to overcome response style differences.

A novel computer-aided method for direct measurements and visualization of gingival margin changes.

To introduce and validate a computer-aided method for direct measurements and visualization of gingival margin (GM) changes. The method consists of five main steps: digital model acquisition, superimposition, computer-aided GM detection, distance calculation between the GM curves, and visualization. The precision of the method was evaluated with repeatability and reproducibility analysis (n=78 teeth). The method's repeatability was evaluated by repeating the algorithm on the same digital models by two operators. The reproducibility was evaluated by repeating the algorithm on two consecutive digital models obtained with a scan-rescan process at the same time point on the same patient. For demonstration, the proposed method for direct measurements of GM changes was performed on patients who had undergone root coverage procedures and treatment of periodontal disease. Excellent repeatability was found for both intra- and inter-operator variability, that is, 0.00 mm, regarding computer-aided GM detection. The reproducibility of computer-aided GM detection evaluated on scan-rescan models was 0.10 mm. The presented method enables the evaluation of GM changes in a simple, precise, and comprehensive manner through non-invasive acquisition and superimposition of digital models.

Applying Grey Relational Analysis in the Evaluation of the Balance of Children with Intellectual Disability

In addition to intellectual performance, children with intellectual disability also seem to have lower performance than children without intellectual disability in terms of balance. Therefore, they often experience walking instability or fall due to imbalance, causing injuries. With regard to balance training courses provided by medical or special education personnel for children with intellectual disability, although there are subjective observation scales that describe their balance in a qualitative way, there are still few direct measurement methods that can provide personnel with the ability to evaluate the training results of an intervention program. The purpose of this study was to provide a method for evaluating the balance of children with intellectual disability to facilitate a general inspection or evaluation of balance before and after the implementation of various intervention programs that help movement development. In recent years, the force platform system has been widely used in the research of the elderly balance, yet the research on balance assessment tools applied to children is rare. This study used the objective, fast, and accurate characteristics of the force platform system to analyze the key points of the sit-to-stand movement and the movement balance parameters of children with intellectual disability and children without intellectual disability. Using the grey relational analysis (GRA) method, the time factors and weight factors from the average performance of children without intellectual disabilities was used as the analysis data. After analyzing the relevance between each participant and the target, a norm for evaluating the balance of children with intellectual disability was established. Hence, this valuable result can provide researchers, special education teachers, and related professionals with an effective and time-saving evaluation of the balance of children with intellectual disability.

Plant Organic Matter in Palsa and Khasyrei Type Mires: Direct Observations in West Siberian Sub-Arctic

This article presents the first results of long-term direct measurements of a few major components of carbon cycle in permafrost mire landforms in the sub-Arctic region of Western Siberia, Russia. It reveals the main features of geographical distribution of plant organic matter, including both the above-ground and below-ground fractions of live biomass, the biomass of dead roots (mortmass), and net primary production (NPP) in peat-accumulating flat palsa mires and in “khasyrei”—ecosystems of drained lakes in thermokarst depression on epigenetic permafrost. The study based on original methods of direct field measurements elaborated by authors for northern peatlands. In northern taiga, the NPP of palsa mires was found in the range of 300–580 g m−2 yr−1 and an average biomass of 1800 g m−2; in khasyrei, it accounts for 1100 g m−2 yr−1 and 2000 g m−2 of NPP and live biomass, respectively. In forest tundra, the live biomass of palsa mires was found in the range of 1000–1800 g m−2, and in khasyrei it was 2300 g m−2. The NPP of palsa mires were in the range of 400–560 g m−2 yr−1, and in khasyrei it was 800 g m−2 yr−1. Overall, we conclude that the south–north climatic gradient in Western Siberia is the main driver of plant organic matter accumulation. It was found different across mire ecosystems of the same types but located in different bioclimatic regions.

Compensation Methods for pH Direct Measurement in Soilless Culture Substrates Using the All-Solid-Stated pH Sensor

Compensation Methods for pH Direct Measurement in Soilless Culture Substrates Using the All-Solid-Stated pH Sensor