Coding Method Research Articles

Arbitrary stylized light-field generation for three-dimensional light-field displays based on radiance fields.

Three-dimensional (3D) light-field display technology can reconstruct the spatial characteristics of 3D scenes and provide users with an immersive visual experience without the need for any additional external devices. Here, an arbitrary stylized light-field generation method for 3D light-field displays is presented, and the tripartite constraints are addressed by conducting style transformation in a refined feature space. A multi-dimensional feature refinement module is designed to learn which aspects and regions should be prioritized within the high-level feature grid of the scene, which allows content and style patterns to be better matched and blended. To preserve more structural details and reduce artifacts, a novel global quality and local structure joint loss function is used for optimization. A mask-guided light-field coding method based on ray-casting is employed to accelerate the synthesis of stylized light-field images. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can generate higher-quality stylized 3D light-field content with any given style in a zero-shot manner. Additionally, the method provides two user control extensions to further enrich the ways for the personalized editing of 3D content displayed on 3D light-field displays.

SIHNet: A safe image hiding method with less information leaking

AbstractImage hiding is a task that hides secret images into cover images. The purposes of image hiding are to ensure the secret images are invisible to the human and the secret images can be recovered. The current state‐of‐the‐art steganography methods run the risk of secret information leakage. A safe image hiding network (SIHNet) is presented to reduce the leakage of secret information. Based on some phenomena of image hiding methods which use invertible neural network, a reversible secret image processing (SIP) module is proposed to make the secret images suitable for hiding and make the stego images leak less secret information. Besides, a reversible lost information hiding (LIH) module is used to hide the lost information into the cover images, thus the method can recover the secret images better than the method that uses random noise to replace the lost information. Experimental results show that SIHNet outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art methods on the PSNR and SSIM values of the recovered secret images and the stego images. Besides, residual images of other state‐of‐the‐art methods all contain information about secret images while residual images of SIHNet leak almost no secret information. Thus the method can prevent the listener of transmission channel from obtaining the information of the secret image through the residual image, which means SIHNet performs better in security than other state‐of‐the‐art methods.

The hybrid anti-symmetrized coupled channels method (haCC) for the tRecX code

We present a new implementation of the hybrid antisymmetrized Coupled Channels (haCC) method in the framework of the tRecX (Scrinzi, 2022 [6]). The method represents atomic and molecular multi-electron functions by combining CI functions, Gaussian molecular orbitals, and a numerical single-electron basis. It is suitable for describing high harmonic generation and the strong-field dynamics of ionization. Fully differential photoemission spectra are computed by the tSurff method. The theoretical background of haCC is outlined and key improvements compared to its original formulation are highlighted. We discuss control of over-completeness resulting from the joint use of the numerical basis and Gaussian molecular orbitals by pseudo-inverses based on the Woodbury formula. Further new features of this tRecX release are the iSurff method, new input features, and the AMOS gateway interface. The mapping of haCC into the tRecX framework for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is shown. Use, performance, and accuracy of haCC are discussed on the examples of high-harmonic generation and strong-field photo-emission by short laser pulses impinging on the Helium atom and on the linear molecules N2 and CO. Program summaryProgram title: tRecX — time-dependent Recursive indeXing (tRecX=tSurff+irECS)CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/m9g2jc82sw.1Developer's repository link:https://gitlab.physik.uni-muenchen.de/AG-Scrinzi/tRecXLicensing provisions: GNU General Public License 2Programming language: C++External libraries: Eigen, arpack, lapack, blas, boost, FFTW (optional)Journal Reference of previous version: A. Scrinzi, Comp. Phys. Comm., 270:108146, 2022.Does the new version supersede the previous version: YesReasons for the new version: Major new functionality: haCC — hybrid antisymmetrized coupled channels methodSummary of revisions: Main additions are haCC and iSurff. Code usage and compilation were improved.Nature of problem: tRecX is a general solver for time-dependent Schrödinger-like problems, with applications mostly in strong field and attosecond physics. There are no technical restrictions on the spatial dimension of the problem with up to 6 spatial dimensions realized in the strong-field double ionization of Helium. Gaussian-based quantum chemical multi-electron atomic and molecular structure can be combined with the numerical basis. A selection of coordinate systems is available and any Hamiltonian involving up to second derivatives and arbitrary up to three dimensional potentials can be defined on input by simple scripts.Solution method: The method of lines is used with spatial discretization by a flexible combination of one dimensional basis sets, DVR representations, discrete vectors, expansions into higher-dimensional eigenfunctions of user-defined operators, and Gaussian based molecular orbitals. Multi-electron Gaussian-based CI (configuration interaction) functions for neutrals and ions are combined with the numerical basis. Photo-emission spectra are calculated using the time-dependent surface flux method (tSurff) in combination with infinite range exterior complex scaling (irECS) for absorption. The code is object oriented and makes extensive use of tree-structures and recursive algorithms. Parallelization is by MPI. Code design and performance allow use in production as well as for graduate level training.

“If I could try it, I’d try it”: Qualitative study of the illegal vaping culture in Singapore

Aims and backgroundSingapore has one the world’s strictest e-cigarette (vaping) regulations, with bans on e-cigarette import, sale, purchase, use and possession. Nevertheless, Singapore is seeing a growing vaping trend. Beyond estimates of vaping prevalence, little is known about vaping in countries where it is banned or the features and drivers of such illegal vaping cultures. This qualitative study thus explored the characteristics of Singapore’s illegal vaping culture. MethodsWe held ten focus group discussions with 63 Singaporeans aged 21–40 years, exploring participants’ experiences and views related to vaping in Singapore. Transcripts of the discussions were coded using deductive and inductive coding methods. ResultsDespite its illegal status, vaping was perceived as appealing due to the novelty flavours, ease of use, and convenient access. Harm perceptions were mixed, with concerns over the adverse health impacts along with beliefs that vaping was innocuous when used in moderation. A conspicuous vaping culture among young people, along with perceptions of lax enforcement, drove beliefs that vaping is an entrenched social norm in Singapore. This belief was in turn associated with a sentiment that Singapore should introduce a regulated e-cigarette market to better control its use among the general population. ConclusionsThe reinforcement of vaping as a social norm appears to be driving an illegal vaping culture in Singapore. Measures that denormalise vaping could help to strengthen the effectiveness of the vaping ban.

An adaptive frequency-based C/N0-constrained multipath extraction and mitigation method for GNSS pseudorange measurements

Abstract The multipath effect poses an inevitable challenge for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, particularly pronounced in smart devices, which are nevertheless the most common means through which the general public accesses GNSS positioning. Therefore, we propose a novel adaptive method for extracting multipath errors, which fully exploits the multipath frequency characteristics, multipath repeatability, and the correlation between multipath errors and carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). This approach aims to enhance the susceptibility of smart devices to multipath influences. Specifically, this method uses the code minus carrier method to calculate the noisy multipath error, exploits the correlation between C/N0 and multipath to constrain the frequency range, employs the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method to decompose the error signal, and utilizes the Hilbert–Huang transform method to obtain the frequency information of the signal component. In multipath repeatability, the proposed method can effectively improve the correlation of multipath signals by up to 0.79. By applying the extraction method, the positioning performance of smart devices can be improved by 13.9%. Therefore, the proposed method extracts multipath error more accurately and is highly usable in low-cost devices.

Elements characteristics and potential environmental risk assessment of jarosite residue and arsenic sulfide residue based on geochemical and mineralogical analysis

The waste slag known as jarosite residue (JR) and arsenic sulfide residue (ASR) were produced following the creation of zinc by hydrometallurgical procedures. The increasing annual zinc mining has led to growing pressure to dispose of the resulting JR and ASR from zinc smelting, making it crucial to assess their environmental impact and feasibility for utilization. The main components, distribution characteristics of elements, and potential environmental risks of zinc smelting wastes are studied through toxicity leaching tests, sequential extraction procedures, and various characterization technologies such as XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS. The mineral compositions of JR are natrojarosite, franklinite, and gunningite, and zinc mainly adheres to the crevices of the natrojarosite mineral. Meanwhile, the ASR of flocculent structures is composed of orpiment, greenockite, arsenic oxide, and calvertite, and As appears in the form of the S-As-O phase. The Zn, Cu, and Cd in JR were dominated by exchangeable bound (81.53–96.6 %), and the main form of As, Cd, Se, and Tl in ASR was organic matter bound (87.0–99.21 %). The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) method confirmed the risk of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mo in JR is high, while the risk of Cd, Pb, and Cr in ASR is moderate. Compared to the standard value of “Identification Standard for Toxicity of Hazardous Waste Leaching (GB5085.3-2007)”, the leachate concentrations of Zn in JR as well as Cd and As in ASR were exceeded, suggesting that the JR and ASR were in the type of hazardous waste and posed an environmental risk. The study provides theoretical guidance for the future rational management and effective utilization of hazardous waste.

Secure Stego Method to Protect SMS Transmission

A novel method of message steganography will be proposed. The method will use a digital speech file as a covering media. The 32 binary bits of each speech sample will be used for data hiding, using these bits will increase the hiding capacity, and changing them will not much affect the sample value, thus the quality of the stego file will be always high. The proposed method will use a private key to protect the hidden message, the protection will be applied by shuffling the rows of the speech binary matrix using the contents of the generated indices key, The induces key will be generated by running a chaotic logistic map model using the values of the chaotic parameters included in the private key. The proposed method will be tested and implemented using various messages, the quality, sensitivity and speed of the proposed method will be analyzed to prove the enhancements provided by the proposed method.

Analog Information Decoding of Bosonic Quantum Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

Quantum error correction is crucial for scalable quantum information-processing applications. Traditional discrete-variable quantum codes that use multiple two-level systems to encode logical information can be hardware intensive. An alternative approach is provided by bosonic codes, which use the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of harmonic oscillators to encode quantum information. Two promising features of bosonic codes are that syndrome measurements are natively analog and that they can be concatenated with discrete-variable codes. In this work, we propose novel decoding methods that explicitly exploit the analog syndrome information obtained from the bosonic qubit readout in a concatenated architecture. Our methods are versatile and can be generally applied to any bosonic code concatenated with a quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) code. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of quasi-single shot protocols as a novel approach that significantly reduces the number of repeated syndrome measurements required when decoding under phenomenological noise. To realize the protocol, we present the first implementation of time-domain decoding with the overlapping window method for general QLDPC codes and a novel analog single-shot decoding method. Our results lay the foundation for general decoding algorithms using analog information and demonstrate promising results in the direction of fault-tolerant quantum computation with concatenated bosonic-QLDPC codes. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Comparative Analysis of Channel Coding in Communication Technology

The performance analysis of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) employing error-correcting code is highlighted in this work. Several error-correcting code types were employed via an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel to determine the bit error rate. Two techniques were utilized as encoders and decoders: hamming code and cyclic code. Source coding used Huffman coding. Essentially, signal energy to noise power density ratio (Eb/No) and the bit rate error (BER) were used to measure performance. Comparisons were also made between BPSK and QPSK in terms of symbol error capability. MATLAB R2022b was the program used for all the simulations. The conclusion is that different coding methods have a certain error correction range, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can only reduce the BER in the error correction range, and if it is not within the error correction range, it will increase the bit error rate.

High-Throughput Polar Code Decoders with Information Bottleneck Quantization.

In digital baseband processing, the forward error correction (FEC) unit belongs to the most demanding components in terms of computational complexity and power consumption. Hence, efficient implementation of FEC decoders is crucial for next-generation mobile broadband standards and an ongoing research topic. Quantization has a significant impact on the decoder area, power consumption and throughput. Thus, lower bit widths are preferred for efficient implementations but degrade the error correction capability. To address this issue, a non-uniform quantization based on the Information Bottleneck (IB) method is proposed that enables a low bit width while maintaining the essential information. Many investigations on the use of the IB method for Low-density parity-check code) LDPC decoders exist and have shown its advantages from an implementation perspective. However, for polar code decoder implementations, there exists only one publication that is not based on the state-of-the-art Fast Simplified Successive-Cancellation (Fast-SSC) decoding algorithm, and only synthesis implementation results without energy estimation are shown. In contrast, our paper presents several optimized Fast-SSC polar code decoder implementations using IB-based quantization with placement and routing results using advanced 12 nm FinFET technology. Gains of up to 16% in area and 13% in energy efficiency are achieved with IB-based quantization at a Frame Error Rate (FER) of 10-7 and a polar code of N=1024,R=0.5 compared to state-of-the-art decoders.

An Improved Method for Detecting Covert Channels in the Transport Layer

Steganography is one of the techniques used both to leak information and to prevent theft and distortion of confidential information. Covert channels in the network are one of the platforms for information steganography in the network. Often, this method is realized using the network's protocols. Network protocols are used as an information transfer medium. Network protocols can contain critical information and carry them into the network without attracting consideration. Covert channels are evaluated with three different criteria including capacity, robustness, and insensitivity. Also, the methods to deal with it include removing, limiting, and diagnosing the channel. By definition, covert channels are used to realize covert communication. Steganography methods are safe if the stego has no detectable signatures. Put differently, the stego statistical properties (audio, image, and video) should be similar to the cover properties. The ability to discover the message in the stego depends on the length of the hidden message. The proposed method in this study is to consider the amount of redundant information in a repository, explore the discoverable signs of the covert channel, and check the packet length in the checksum field in the UDP protocol at the transmission layer.

Buckling mechanism and modified direct strength method of CFS built-up beams with multi-box cross section

A comprehensive study on the buckling mechanism of the Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) box beam composed of C- and U-shaped channels is conducted in order to improve the accuracy of the Direct Strength Method for calculating the bending capacity of CFS beams. Experimental tests involving four-point bending are carried out on six CFS box beams with varying screw spacing and stiffener numbers. In addition, numerical analyses are performed by finite element method. Based on the investigation of experiments and parameter analysis, an elastic constraint model for web buckling is proposed and the buckling coefficient are derived by the application of a generalized variational principle. The experiments reveal an interaction between local buckling in the upper flange under compression and the web. When the upper flange in compression buckles before the web, it leads to a reduction in the lateral constraint stiffness of the flange on the web, consequently, resulting in web buckling. An elastic constraint model for web buckling is proposed, incorporating the constraint effects of the upper flange's elastic support on the web. The critical buckling stress and buckling coefficient of the model are derived using the generalized variational principle. According to the experimental and numerical analysis results, the relative restraint stiffness of the flange on the web shows effects on the buckling coefficient. As the screw spacing and the length of the pure bending area decrease, as well as the number of stiffeners increases, the relative restraint stiffness increases. Subsequently, this leads to an increase in the buckling load and ultimate displacement of the CFS beam. Considering the interaction between the buckling of flange and web, the Direct Strength Method in AISI-2016 is modified for the CFS built-up box beam composed of C- and U-shaped channels. The applicability and correctness of the proposed modified Direct Strength Method is approved through the application of multi-box CFS beams composed of 2C-2 U and 3C–2 U channels. Compared with the Effective Width Method in current Chinese code and Direct Strength Method in AISI-2016, the proposed modified DSM exhibits the highest accuracy in predicting the bending capacity of the CFS box beam. It is shown that the proposed method can be effectively employed to calculate the flexural capacity of CFS beams with multi-box under local buckling control.

ENHANCED SECURITY MEASURES FOR NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD USING IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY

National identity documents are essential cards issued by official authorities, typically containing a photo and used for various purposes within a country, such as travel, electronic identification, and access to secure locations. These documents incorporate multiple security features to combat forgery, yet criminals increasingly target the manipulation of genuine documents and facial images. Trusted identity is crucial for societal function, necessitating continuous improvements in security measures by governments and ID manufacturers. To address this, we present StegoCard, a novel steganography method specifically designed for concealing messages within facial images commonly found on IDs. StegoCard employs a series of Deep Convolutional Auto Encoders to embed secret messages into facial portraits, creating stego facial images. These stego images can then be decoded by Deep Convolutional Auto Decoders, even after being printed and captured digitally. Our StegoCard approach outperforms existing methods like StegaStamp in terms of perceptual quality, as demonstrated by metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, hiding capacity, and imperceptibility. By leveraging deep learning and steganography, StegoCard enhances the security of national identity documents, contributing to the preservation of trusted identities within society. KEYWORD:Deep Learning, Steganography,Recurrrent proposal Network(RPN)

A Robust Coverless Image Steganography Algorithm Based on Image Retrieval with SURF Features

With the advancement of image steganography, coverless image steganography has gained widespread attention due to its ability to hide information without modifying the carrier of images. However, existing coverless image steganography methods often require both communicating parties to transmit an amount of additional information including image blocks’ locations or a large number of parameters, which will raise a serious suspicion. In light of this issue, we propose a robust coverless image steganography algorithm based on Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF). Firstly, the proposed method allows both communicating parties to independently create multiple coverless image datasets (CIDs) using random seeds. Then, a mapping rule is designed for creating one-to-one correspondence between hash sequences and images in CIDs. Finally, the secret information will be carried by the images whose hash sequences are equal to the secret segments. At the receiver side, the robust SURF of images is utilized to retrieve the secret information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other methods in terms of capacity, robustness, and security. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the proposed method eliminates the need to transmit a large amount of additional information, which is a significant security issue in existing coverless image steganography algorithms.

Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation

Unit testing verifies the presence of faults in individual software components. Previous research has been targeting the automatic generation of unit tests through the adoption of random or search-based algorithms. Despite their effectiveness, these approaches aim at creating tests by solely optimizing metrics like code coverage, without ensuring that the resulting tests have granularities that would allow them to verify both the behavior of individual production methods and the interaction between methods of the class under test. To address this limitation, we propose a two-step systematic approach to the generation of unit tests: we first force search-based algorithms to create tests that cover individual methods of the production code, hence implementing the so-called intra-method tests; then, we relax the constraints to enable the creation of intra-class tests that target the interactions among production code methods. The assessment of our approach is conducted through a mixed-method research design that combines statistical analyses with a user study. The key results report that our approach is able to keep the same level of code and mutation coverage while providing test suites that are more structured, more understandable and aligned to the design principles of unit testing.

Insights from negative reviews in high-ratings, and the associations between park attributes: A case study in Park City, Chengdu

Urban parks, a public product and service, can provide ecological, social, cultural, and recreational resources essential for sustainable urban development. Park attributes are valuable indicators for evaluating parks, and park planning and management personnel must consider visitors’ perceptions of these attributes. However, previous studies often ignored or underestimated negative attributes, especially in high-rating reviews. Moreover, parks have multiple attributes, rather than a singular one, and there exist potential associations among these attributes. Here, we selected 63 urban parks in Park City, Chengdu, China, as a case study; we used online reviews from Ctrip and Dianping, and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) combined with a manual coding method to explore visitors’ perceptions (positive or negative) of each attribute in each review. Initially, we analyzed how park attributes affected overall dissatisfaction using multiple linear regressions, and counted the positive and negative attributes in each review rating. We then measured the association rules between various attributes and perceptions. We found that both positive and negative attributes (84.12% and 54.86%) mainly appear in high-rating reviews, while low ratings accounted for only 15.69% of negative attributes. Attributes in high-rating reviews were more generalized and had a more significant effect than in low-rating. Additionally, three association rules were identified, including cases where two positive attributes (11 instances), two negative attributes (6 instances), or one negative and one positive attribute appeared together (2 instances), all within the cultural and historical attributes category. This study’s outcomes contribute novel insights to the realm of sustainable urban park planning and management.

Code communication method for water injection wells based on transient flow waves in tubular strings

Aiming at the current problems of heavy duty and long periods of measurement and adjustment for water injection wells, a new code communication method based on transient flow waves in tubular strings was studied. Then, the generation and response characteristics of transient flow wave control signals were explored. The coding and decoding methods of transient flow wave were established, simulated by PIPENET software, and verified by the well tests. The results shows that water injection does not need to be stopped during data transmission by using the wave code method. Transient flow wave encoding can be achieved by operating the valves at the wellhead and downhole. Furthermore, the format of data frame is defined and the data frame can be extended according to the actual situations. In the simulation test, the communication between the wellhead and the downhole water regulator is realized and the optimal control is achieved. The moving average method is more suitable for signal filtering processing. Therefore, the method has the advantages of wireless signal transmission and light duty of testing and regulation. The code communication method for transient flow waves is beneficial to reducing water loss and improving water injection efficiency.

Religiosity and entrepreneurship: women entrepreneurs in Turkiye

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to showcase how entrepreneurial opportunities can be contextually formed differently for women entrepreneurs concerning their relationship with religion. This article reveals the multi-level and nuanced relationship between religiosity and entrepreneurship through a contextual lens by studying the interaction in a specific national country, Turkiye.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the life stories of 10 Turkish women entrepreneurs operating in Turkiye. Data were selected purposefully to conduct an in-depth analysis. Thematic content analysis with a discursive approach and deductive and inductive coding methods were performed.FindingsThe findings suggest that the relationship between religiosity and entrepreneurial opportunities is highly contextual and nuanced. Religiosity brings trust and provides access to religious networks which can lead to entrepreneurial opportunities, while leaving people outside of this network bereft of these benefits. The creation of a closed circle for its beneficiaries is a feature of a social network, yet the results show that contextual forces of politics and gender can lead women entrepreneurs outside of this religious network to limit their possibilities of accessing public funding and facilities based on their perceptions as well as negative experiences. It is also seen that religiosity at a certain level is necessary to operate in conservative settings and traditionally masculine business environments with patriarchal practices and norms, as well as due to the religious affinity of the ruling political party. However, because of perceptions and discursive meanings attached to religion and religiosity in the country, women entrepreneurs need to be cautious in expressing their religiosity and find a balance so that they are not seen as unprofessional, incompetent and unqualified as well as do not jeopardise their business due to a controversial religious affiliation.Originality/valueThis paper is of value as it studies religiosity from a contextual perspective enabling and constraining women entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurship in relation to gendered and political structures. In this way, it displays the multiple ways of limitation and support that religiosity can bring for them concerning entrepreneurial opportunities. Turkiye provides a rich context with its mixed religious and secular societal norms and values and neo-liberal institutions and policies to examine the so-far underexplored issue of religiosity in the field of entrepreneurship.

Adaptive Speech Coding Method Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Grey Wolf Optimization for Arabic Language

Speech coding plays a crucial role in maintaining speech quality while optimizing network resources and expediting transmission, as well as facilitating the storage of speech data. In this paper, an adaptive method for speech coding using singular value decomposition (SVD), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and run-length encoding (RLE) was proposed. The proposed method streamlines the speech matrix through preprocessing, converting it into short intervals. Subsequently, each interval undergoes decomposition using SVD, followed by optimization of compression quality using GWO. Finally, RLE is employed as the last step to increase space-saving. The developed method was conducted on two datasets: Quran and LibriSpeech using PSNR, PSEQ, and MOS tests. The results demonstrate promising outcomes, achieving space-saving up to 89.80, 84.04, 74.76, 67.24, and 59.52, respectively, for different values of quality (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50). GWO was used to optimize the quality factor which varies in each block, further increasing the space-saving up to 85.77. The average value of PSNR was equal to 21.3, MOS = 4.71, and PSEQ was equal to 3.95. Lastly, the RLE method effectively reduced the size of speech matrices, yielding a highly satisfactory space saving of up to 90.77, while maintaining excellent speech quality.

Hadamard Error-Correcting Codes and Their Application in Digital Watermarking.

In communication technologies such as digital watermarking, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and visual light communication (VLC), error-correcting codes are crucial. The Enhanced Hadamard Error-Correcting Code (EHC), which is based on 2D Hadamard Basis Images, is a novel error correction technique that is presented in this study. This technique is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the video watermarking scheme. Even with highly sophisticated embedding techniques, watermarks usually fail to resist such comprehensive attacks because of the extraordinarily high compression rate of approximately 1:200 that is frequently employed in video dissemination. It can only be used in conjunction with a sufficient error-correcting coding method. This study compares the efficacy of the well-known Reed-Solomon Code with this novel technique, the Enhanced Hadamard Error-Correcting Code (EHC), in maintaining watermarks in embedded videos. The main idea behind this newly created multidimensional Enhanced Hadamard Error-Correcting Code is to use a 1D Hadamard decoding approach on the 2D base pictures after they have been transformed into a collection of one-dimensional rows. Following that, the image is rebuilt, allowing for a more effective 2D decoding procedure. Using this technique, it is possible to exceed the theoretical error-correcting capacity threshold of ⌊dmin-12⌋ bits, where dmin is the Hamming distance. It may be possible to achieve better results by converting the 2D EHC into a 3D format. The new Enhanced Hadamard Code is used in a video watermarking coding scheme to show its viability and efficacy. The original video is broken down using a multi-level interframe wavelet transform during the video watermarking embedding process. Low-pass filtering is applied to the video stream in order to extract a certain frequency range. The watermark is subsequently incorporated using this filtered section. Either the Reed-Solomon Correcting Code or the Enhanced Hadamard Code is used to protect the watermarks. The experimental results show that EHC far outperforms the RS Code and is very resilient against severe MPEG compression.