An adapted new cyano-assisted salting out CASO-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride binary mixture in pure and tablet dosage form

The objective of this in vitro study was to examine the impact of metformin (MET) at different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 mM) on rat primary osteoblasts, as the results obtained so far are inconsistent. Osteoblast apoptosis, viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) activity, production of osteoblast-specific biomarkers, including ALPL, osteocalcin (BGLAP), type I collagen alpha 1 (COL1A1), integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11 or RANKL), as well as calcium/collagen deposition were assessed. Our results revealed that a dose of 100 mM was cytotoxic to osteoblasts and resulted in a complete loss of their viability. Therefore, this concentration was excluded from further analyses. In general, MET exhibited a dose-dependent impact on multiple osteoblast-specific functional biomarkers, with beneficial effects noted on ALPL activity (at 0.1 and 1 mM) as well as on the levels of ALPL (0.1 and 1 mM), BGLAP (at 0.1-50 mM), IBSP (at 0.1-50 mM), BMP2 (at 0.1, 10 and 50 mM), VEGF (at 0.1 and 1 mM), and RANKL (at 0.1 mM). Calcium/collagen deposition at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM reached the same level as control cells, higher doses (10 and 50 mM) dramatically reduced cell viability after 21 days and the aforementioned parameters could not be evaluated. It can be concluded that MET at concentrations up to 1 mM can promote osteoblast viability, osteogenic differentiation, angiogenic signaling, and reduce osteoclastogenesis. Key words Metformin " Osteoblasts " Bone health " In vitro.

In vitro comparative quality evaluation of different brands of metformin hydrochloride tablets available in Mekelle City, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease remain a significant therapeutic challenge due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the limited efficacy of current pharmacological treatments. Intranasal administration has emerged as a promising noninvasive strategy that enables direct drug delivery to the brain by bypassing the BBB. This study aimed to design and optimize a dual-drug nasal hydrogel containing metformin hydrochloride, a hydrophilic AMP-activated protein kinase activator, and curcumin, a lipophilic antioxidant and anti-amyloid agent, and to provide synergistic neuroprotection. The formulation was prepared using carbopol as the gel matrix and characterized in terms of physicochemical stability, drug content uniformity, rheology, in vitro release, and excipient compatibility. A Box-Behnken design was used to systematically evaluate the effects of carbopol, glycerin, and curcumin concentrations on critical quality attributes. The optimized hydrogel exhibited acceptable pH, viscosity suitable for nasal administration, and sustained biphasic drug release with a cumulative 6-h release of approximately 85% for metformin and 39% for curcumin according to the Higuchi drug release model (R2 > 0.98). Collectively, these results highlight the feasibility of an integrative intranasal hydrogel platform to overcome the bioavailability challenges of both agents. The proposed system offers a patient-friendly, noninvasive approach for potential nose-to-brain therapy in neurodegenerative disorders and warrants further preclinical and invivo investigation.

Development and characterization of metformin hydrochloride hydrogels as potential wound dressings for diabetic foot ulcers.

Senescence-regulating agents remodel mesenchymal stem cell-schwann cell circuitry for diabetic bone regeneration.

Mailuo Shutong Pill ameliorates diabetic foot ulcers in rats by suppressing ferroptosis induced by lipid peroxidation.

An atom-by-atom ternary Cu-Mo-P nanocomposite was electrochemically co-deposited onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) to form a highly active sensing interface for the determination of metformin (MF). The one-step anodic fabrication yielded a porous, uniformly distributed network of mixed-valence Cu+/Cu2+ and Mo6+ centres embedded within a phosphate-stabilized matrix. Comprehensive microstructural and spectroscopic analyses revealed enhanced surface roughness, expanded electroactive area and favourable charge-transfer characteristics. The CuMoP/SPCE exhibited markedly amplified redox activity and proton-coupled electron-transfer behaviour toward MF, enabling sensitive detection with a linear range of 0.99-13.82µM and a low detection limit of 0.85µM. Excellent selectivity, stability and reproducibility were achieved, with recoveries of 94.32%-107.23% in pharmaceutical samples and negligible interference from common ions or saccharides. These results demonstrate the synergistic catalytic contributions of Cu, Mo and P in enabling efficient electron mediation, positioning the CuMoP/SPCE robust, low-cost platform for rapid pharmaceutical quality control and therapeutic monitoring.

Diabetic wounds need effective and prompt treatment otherwise, it will be complicated with sever bacterial infections. In this study, hydrogels containing Lepidium sativum seeds aqueous extract (LSae), metformin (MET) and combination (LSae and MET) were prepared and characterized for their pH, contents, spreadability, viscosity, rheology, morphology, physical stability and in vitro release. Percentage of wound contraction in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was studied. In addition, certain biochemical parameters, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α, interleukin, IL-6, malondialdehyde, MDA and matrix metalloproteinase-9, MMP-9 as inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified. Histopathological changes were studied and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1/CD31. Pharmaceutical characterization revealed the suitability of hydrogels for topical administration. Combination hydrogel group 2 showed a significant reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9 and MDA (296.36 ± 16.31, 8.33 ± 1.06 pg/ml, 0.61 ± 0.35 ng/ml and 13.30 ± 1.4 nmol/ml) compared to other tested groups. Histopathological examination showed complete re-epithelization with granulation tissue formation and thicker well-organized collagen fibers for groups 1 and 2 after 7 days. However, LSae hydrogel group 1 had a faster effect, a significant expression of VEGF (64.00 ± 17.08 positively stained cells) and (95.73 ± 2.4% wound contraction). It could be concluded that LSae hydrogel is a promising formulation for effective rapid management of diabetic wounds.

Simultaneous therapeutic drug monitoring of metformin (MEF) and empagliflozin (EMP) in plasma requires sustainable, white analytical chemistry (WAC) methods. Existing techniques suffer from poor greenness, electrode modification complexity, and limited plasma applicability. White/green differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method developed using unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Protein precipitation (acetonitrile) from ethically sourced blank human plasma (BUC-IACUCPHA183A/2025). Optimized: phosphate buffer pH 7, 75 mV/s scan rate. Validated per ICH Q2(R1) across linearity, LOD/LOQ, accuracy, precision, specificity (n = 9). Linearity: MEF 20-60 μM (r = 0.997), EMP 10-70 μM (r = 0.997). LODs: 4.38 μM (MEF), 4.15 μM (EMP). Plasma recoveries: 99.4 ± 1.5% (MEF), 100.4 ± 1.4% (EMP), n = 5. Whiteness: 97/100 (RGB-12); greenness: 83/100 (MOGABI) - superior to reported methods. Validated DPV-GCE enables rapid, sustainable MEF/EMP quantification in plasma without modification/chromatography. Proof-of-concept for routine therapeutic monitoring; clinical translation limited by spiked (not patient) samples.

Abstract Background: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, including alpelisib (ALP), are commonly used to treat metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) with PIK3CA mutations (PIK3CAmut). However, hyperglycemia (HG) is a frequent and challenging side-effect. Metformin (MET) is a first-line treatment (Tx) for HG and has anti-neoplastic properties. We retrospectively reviewed tumor samples and associated clinical outcomes from real-world patients (pts) with HR+/HER2- BC treated with ALP and MET, focusing on prior vs concurrent Tx. Methods: A retrospective review was performed using metastatic BC samples that underwent next-gen sequencing of DNA (592-gene/whole exome) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) at Caris Life Sciences (Phoenix, AZ). IHC (intensity/% cells stained) was used to identify HER2- (≤1+ or ≤10%, or 2+/>10% and CISH-null), HR+ (ER+ (≥1+/≥1%) or PR+ (≥1+/≥1%)) samples. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic PIK3CAmut were identified in 3922 samples, of which 315 pts received ALP but not MET (“ALP alone”) and 198 pts received ALP + MET in various sequences, including MET prior to (but not concurrent with) ALP (n = 41) and MET concurrent with (but not prior to) ALP (n = 86). Endpoints, inferred from claims data, include overall survival (OS, date from first ALP Tx to last contact) and time on treatment (ToT, first to last ALP Tx). Hazards ratios (HR) and p-values were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and log-rank tests, respectively. ICD10 codes for HG and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were used to identify incidence of co-morbidities. Outcomes are reported as: median months (m); HR [95% CI]; p-value. Results: Compared with ALP alone, MET concurrent with ALP was associated with both longer OS (25.1 vs 13.6 m; HR = 0.61 [0.44-0.84]; p = 0.003) and longer ToT (6.0 vs 3.0 m; HR = 0.69 [0.53-0.90]; p = 0.006). However, MET prior to ALP had similar OS and ToT as ALP alone. An intermediate ALP+MET subgroup, MET prior to and concurrent with ALP (n=71), was associated with longer OS compared to ALP alone (22.6 m; HR = 0.59 [0.40-0.87]; p = 0.008), but similar ToT. HG was reported for 94 (29.75%) ALP alone and 60 (69.77%) MET concurrent with ALP pts. Among these, MET concurrent with ALP had significantly longer OS compared to ALP alone (26.1 vs 12.9 m; HR = 0.51 [0.33-0.80]; p = 0.003), as well as longer but not statistically significant ToT (5.7 vs 3.1 m; HR = 0.71 [0.49-1.03]; p=0.071). T2DM was reported for 101 (31.96%) ALP alone and 55 (63.95%) MET concurrent with ALP pts. Among these pts, MET concurrent with ALP was again associated with longer OS compared to ALP alone (28.7 vs 13.5 m; HR = 0.58 [0.37-0.92]; p = 0.0196), as well as longer but not statistically significant ToT (6.0 vs 3.2 m; HR = 0.72 [0.50-1.06]; p = 0.096). Conversely, MET prior to ALP had similar OS as ALP alone (14.3 m; HR = 1.23 [0.74-2.07]; p = 0.424), along with shorter though not statistically significant ToT (1.6 m; HR = 1.37 [0.80-2.35]; p = 0.25). Conclusions: Our finding that MET, when given concurrently with but not prior to ALP, was associated with improved outcomes suggests this therapy combination could have clinical benefits. Further research is warranted to examine this impact as well as any adverse effect profiles. Citation Format: C. Travaline, R. Plagens, A. Elliott, G. Sledge Jr., J. Hundal, J. P. Leone, S. L. Graff, M. Lustberg, M. Vasekar. Outcomes in patients with PIK3CA-mutated breast cancer treated with metformin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2025; 2025 Dec 9-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2026;32(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS1-11-11.

The alarming rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly Salmonella spp., has prompted an urgent search for alternative and synergistic antimicrobial strategies. In this study, a novel, green, and multicomponent nanocomposite was synthesized by integrating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), chitosan (CS), the β-lactam antibiotic ceftazidime (CAZ), and the antidiabetic agent metformin (MTF) straightforward and economical manner. Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633 was used to biosynthesize ZnO NPs, acting as a reliable bio-nanofactory. Various characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, and zeta potential analysis verified the successful integration and structural integrity of the ZnO NPs within the CS nanocomposite containing CAZ and MTF (ZnO/CS/CAZ/MTF). The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of proteins that act as binding and supportive agents during the biosynthesis process. The produced nanomaterials have a significant positive surface charge of +28.61 mV, which enhances their stability. The particle sizes of the NPs ranged from 9.93 to 17.44nm. The nanocomposite exhibited strong antibacterial activity against MDR Salmonella enterica subsp., enterica serovar Typhi ATCC 19214, showing a significantly increased inhibition zone of 42mm and a greatly reduced minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8µg/ml, compared to the separate components. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was found to be consistent with the MIC result, emphasizing the potent bactericidal action of the prepared nanocomposite. In silico molecular docking further supported these findings by revealing favorable interactions between the nanocomposite constituents and the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (PDB ID: 4W4M) and S. typhi (PDB ID: 3UU2). Key interactions included hydrogen bonding, ionic forces, and metal coordination with critical residues. Cytotoxicity assessment using WI-38 lung fibroblast cells revealed an IC₅₀ of 84.26µg/ml, indicating acceptable preliminary biocompatibility. The present study demonstrates the novelty of a ZnO-based multicomponent nanocomposite that uniquely integrates CAZ, MTF, and CS. This novel formulation exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica alongside acceptable in vitro safety. The findings underscore the potential of microbially synthesized nanocomposites as promising candidates for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections and support further preclinical investigations.

This umbrella review aimed to synthesize and appraise the evidence regarding the efficacy of inositol for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by integrating meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials(RCTs), thereby assessing the robustness of the existing body of evidence. We searched four databases from inception to August 2025 for relevant RCT meta-analyses. Primary outcomes included hormonal profiles, glycolipid metabolism, anthropometrics, and reproductive outcomes. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2 and GRADE. Thirteen meta-analyses were included. AMSTAR-2 ratings were 23.1% high, 53.8% low, and 23.1% very low quality. GRADE assessment of 85 evidence items revealed no high-quality evidence; 18.9% were moderate, 40% low, and 41.1% very low quality. Pooled analyses demonstrated that inositol significantly improved multiple outcomes compared to placebo/FA: it reduced serum luteinizing hormone (LH: MD -3.43 IU/L, 95% CI [-4.29, -2.56], P < 0.00001), total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT: MD -0.02 nmol/L, 95% CI [-0.02, -0.01], P < 0.00001), improved sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG: MD 36.72 nmol/L, 95% CI [28.52, 44.91], P < 0.00001), and androstenedione. Benefits were also observed for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: MD -1.14, 95% CI [-1.35, -0.94], P < 0.00001), fasting insulin (FI: MD -23.40 pmol/L, 95% CI [-32.80, -14.01], P < 0.00001), triglycerides, and reproductive outcomes (live births: Risk Ratio [RR] 2.29, 95% CI [1.07, 4.93], P = 0.03; ovulation rate: RR 2.75, 95% CI [1.71, 4.41], P < 0.0001). However, versus metformin(MET), its effects on most parameters were not significant, except for triglycerides and pregnancy rates. Cross-subgroup analysis of inositol subtypes indicated MI/MI+FA was superior for metabolic and reproductive outcomes, while D-chiro-inositol monotherapy should be used with caution in clinical practice; combination therapy did not consistently outperform monomers. Inositol improves core PCOS manifestations. Supported by moderate-quality evidence for effects on TT, FT, SHBG, HOMA-IR, and pregnancy/ovulation rates, it is a promising therapy. Differential efficacy of inositol subtypes may inform personalized treatment. However, outcomes based on low-quality evidence require cautious interpretation and should not solely guide clinical decisions, highlighting the need for larger, rigorous trials. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251146691.

Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most aggressive malignant brain tumors. Due to the high invasiveness of this cancer, surgical removal is often not possible, and relapses after surgery are very common, making current treatments ineffective. Developing new therapies or treatment combinations remains a major challenge in managing GB. Metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic medication, has recently gained attention for its potential anticancer effects. To better understand how MET inhibits GB growth at the molecular level, we studied its impact on survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family that is essential for GB cell survival, resistance to radio- and chemotherapy, and tumor recurrence. Using T98G and U87-MG cell lines, we performed cell viability, migration, and invasion assays, along with Western blot analysis, ChIP assays, and gene silencing experiments to examine key signaling pathways. We found that MET effectively inhibits the growth, viability, and invasiveness of GB cell lines through a molecular mechanism involving activation of the AMPK/FoxO3a/survivin pathway. In vivo studies support these findings, showing increased FoxO3a and decreased survivin in brain tissue sections from metformin-treated mice compared with untreated controls. These results suggest new possibilities for repurposing MET as an adjuvant treatment for GB.

To investigate the safety of anagliptin/metformin combination tablets by evaluation of lactic acid levels in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment. The participants of type 2 diabetes with creatinine-based eGFR (eGFRcr) of ≥45 and <60 (mL/min/1.73 m2) (Group G3a) received anagliptin/metformin combination LD tablets (anagliptin: 100 mg, metformin hydrochloride: 250 mg/tablet) twice a day for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, they received anagliptin/metformin combination HD tablets (anagliptin: 100 mg, metformin hydrochloride: 500 mg/tablet) twice daily until after 16 weeks. The participants (Group G3b) with baseline eGFRcr ≥30 and <45 (mL/min/1.73 m2) received anagliptin/metformin combination LD tablets twice daily for 16 weeks. The serum lactic acid levels were examined at weeks 4, 8, and 16 after receiving anagliptin/metformin combination tablets. The change in serum lactic acid levels from baseline to 16 weeks was -0.09 [-0.28, 0.10] mmol/L (mean [95% confidence intervals]), not exceeding the pre-specified non-inferiority margin (0.7 mmol/L). No significant differences occurred in the change in serum lactic acid levels during all observation periods. Serum lactic acid levels exceeded 2.5 mmol/L in four participants (10.5%) and 5.0 mmol/L in one participant (2.6%) during the observation period. No participant had a plasma metformin exceeding 2.5 μg/mL. This study demonstrates that the fixed-dose combination of anagliptin and metformin can be used safely in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by moderate renal dysfunction. The advantage of this fixed-dose combination is also considered to be very large.

Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial infectious disease affecting the oral cavity, destroying the periodontal supporting tissues, including alveolar bone resorption and loss of clinical attachment. These changes can result in the formation of intrabony defects and if left untreated, it can ultimately result in tooth loss. To enhance periodontal regeneration, several pharmacologic agents-alendronate (ALN), rosuvastatin (RSV), atorvastatin (ATV), metformin (MF), and melatonin (ML)-have demonstrated promising osteoanabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. When combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), these agents may further enhance clinical and radiographic outcomes. This study aimed to assess the adjunctive benefits of various drug-PRF combinations on clinical attachment level (CAL) gain and bone fill (BF) in chronic periodontitis patients. This network meta-analysis (NMA) adhered to PRISMA-NMA standards and was recorded in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42024600432). An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed/ Medline, Wiley Online Library, Embase, and CENTRAL databases identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published after 2016. The analysis included ten studies comprising RCTs with 393 participants containing intrabony or furcation region defects and follow-up periods of 6 and 9months. PRF with MF demonstrated the highest efficacy for CAL gain (SUCRA 1.00), followed by PRF with ALN (0.60) and RSV (0.70). For bone fill, PRF with ALN ranked highest (SUCRA 0.90), followed by RSV (0.90) and MF (0.60). ML and ATV combinations showed modest effects, while PRF alone and placebo consistently ranked lowest (SUCRA ≤ 0.20). PRF combined with MF, ALN, and RSV appears to be the most effective therapeutic option for managing bony defects in chronic periodontitis. Future studies should confirm these findings through additional large and long-term clinical trials. The study provides clinically relevant evidence supporting the adjunctive use of pharmacologic agents with PRF to optimize regenerative outcomes. Such combinations can improve bone fill and attachment gain, offering predictable benefits for patients with chronic periodontitis.

Two simple, rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly chromatographic methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of metformin (MEF), linagliptin (LIN), and empagliflozin (EMP) in human plasma, with successful application to pharmacokinetic study. Plasma sample preparation was performed using a straightforward protein precipitation technique employing acetonitrile: methanol: trichloroacetic acid (50:49:1, by volume), which provided high extraction recovery and minimal matrix interference. The first method was based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) using an ODS Hypersil C18 column and isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, and phosphate buffer (pH 3) in a ratio of (40:40:20, by volume), at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min, with detection at 230nm. The second method employed high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with densitometric detection at 225nm, using silica gel 60 F254 plates and n-hexane: methanol: glacial acetic acid (6:3:1, by volume) as the developing system. Excellent linearity was achieved over concentration ranges of 85-1650 ng/mL for MEF, 50-1100 ng/mL for EMP, and 45-950 ng/mL for LIN using the HPLC method, and 500-2800, 100-800, and 50-550 ng/band, respectively, using the HPTLC method, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.998. The lower limits of quantitation for the HPLC method were 85, 50, and 45 ng/mL for MEF, EMP, and LIN, respectively. Both methods demonstrated satisfactory accuracy, precision, recovery (> 92%), stability, and negligible matrix effects in accordance with European Medicines Agency guidelines. The validated methods were successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers, yielding mean Cmax values of 877.5 ± 162.2 ng/mL (MEF), 576 ± 87.5 ng/mL (EMP), and 680.8 ± 7.9 ng/mL (LIN), with Tmax values of 2.42 ± 0.38, 1.5 ± 0.61, and 5.3 ± 0.52h, respectively. The obtained pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent with reported literature, confirming the reliability and clinical applicability of the proposed green bioanalytical methods.

Metformin (MTF) is the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes, but its mechanisms for enhancing insulin sensitivity require thorough exploration. This study revealed that MTF improves insulin sensitivity by promoting the proliferation and translocation of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) originating from the intestine. MTF enhances the growth of IgA-ASCs in Peyer's patches, increasing their migration to insulin-sensitive tissues such as the liver and visceral adipose tissue. Within these tissues, these cells secrete the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10), promoting insulin signaling transduction. Crucially, the absence of B cells or IL-10 in IgA-ASCs abolishes MTF's insulin sensitivity improvement, unlike the absence of IgA or the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), which is a protein mediating mucosal IgA secretion. The mechanism involves MTF stimulating the expansion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria, leading to increased LPS production and consequently enhancing intestinal IgA responses through TLR4.

Psychiatric patients have a high risk of obesity, frequently due to psychotropic medication-induced weight gain. However, real-world comparative data on antiobesity medications (AOMs) in this population remain rare. To compare short-term weight-loss efficacy, adverse events (AEs), and early discontinuation (ED) among psychiatric outpatients taking liraglutide (LIRA), naltrexone/bupropion, phentermine-topiramate (PT), or metformin (MET). Retrospective observational cohort study. We conducted a 12-week retrospective chart review of 117 psychiatric outpatients with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, F01-F99 diagnoses. Percent weight change over time was analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. AEs and ED were compared across treatment groups. Compared with MET, LIRA was associated with a greater percent weight reduction (estimate -3.45%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.35 to -1.55, p < 0.001), with a significant treatment-by-time interaction at 12 weeks (p = 0.019). Female sex and full-time employment were associated with attenuated weight loss, and the number of concomitant psychotropic medications with moderate weight-gain risk showed a trend toward greater weight reduction (p = 0.066). No significant differences were observed in AE incidence across AOMs. ED rates differed by drug type (p = 0.017), being lowest in the MET group (39.1%) and highest in the PT group (72.2%). In this real-world psychiatric cohort, LIRA was associated with greater short-term weight loss than MET without an increased observed frequency of AEs. ED rates varied across AOMs. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the observational design and short follow-up period, and require confirmation in larger, long-term studies.

An intelligent responsive ZIF-8 co-delivery nanoplatform with multimodal synergistic technologies for closed-loop therapy of tumors.