Function Of Metaphor Research Articles

PSYCHOLOGIST’S WORK ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS

This article studies the peculiar properties of the emotional sphere of adolescents, reveals aggression, fears, anxiety, family education types that have an impact on the formation of emotional imbalance and disadaptation among the respondents, it also presents the results of the integrated program for the individual development, taking into consideration the health-saving factor that implements modern and innovative trends required in the work of the psychological service of an educational institution, and provides the justification of the importance and necessity of using associative metaphorical maps in work with adolescents and parents, as an innovative tool for more efficient work with a specific case. We have analyzed family relationships, behavior motives, parental position, parenting styles in order to draw up a special correctional program. The correctional work has been conducted with the parallel work of the adolescent group, parent seminar and parent group classes, as well as applying the method of cooperative interaction between the children and parents. The author’s projective methodology “The Way to the Sun” proposed in the study, and aimed at diagnosing the adolescent’s emotional sphere (anxiety, aggression fears), family relationships, have demonstrated their suitability and efficiency of work not only with adolescents but also with their parents, allowing us to work with emotions and feelings squeezed into the subconscious.Moreover, during the research, a model of psychological and pedagogical impact on students was developed with the purpose of regulation of their emotional sphere, the structural components of which included the following: organizational, research, cognitive and practical components. A comparative analysis of the availability of psychological problems among students, an integrated approach to the mental health of children and adolescents formed the basis of the pilot project “School of the Future” developed by us, which involves the implementation of a focal point in the education system in order to provide the social and psychological support to the school, combining four services: psychological, valeological, social educator service and school mediation service. Thus, the experimental research presented in this article has demonstrated the effectiveness of correctional and preventive programs, the efficiency of which has been tested applying methods of mathematical statistics and improving all of the above indicators.

Doenças nos discursos sobre economia: um estudo baseado em frames e metáforas

Pretendemos descrever, neste artigo, alguns mecanismos discursivos empregados no enquadramento (framing) da situação econômica desfavorével. Para isso, evidenciamos, a partir de excertos de textos, que a escolha lexical de termos como “crise”, “arrocho” e “recessão”, assim como mapeamentos metafóricos, restringem a forma de conceber a situação econômica. No que diz respeito às bases teóricas que subsidiam este trabalho, centramos nossas discussões em torno das noções de frame (DUQUE, 2015, 2017); de metáfora conceptual (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980 [2002]); e de metáfora situada e nicho metafórico (VEREZA, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016). Quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, adotamos, como ferramenta analítica, o modelo de análise de frame (DUQUE, 2015), e utilizamos, como corpus, notícias, reportagens e entrevistas sobre economia em suas versões online. Buscamos demonstrar, ao final, que mecanismos como frames e metáforas apresentam, para além da natureza cognitiva, um teor potencialmente discursivo.

Ideasthetic imagining—patterns and deviations in affective immersion

ABSTRACT This article builds upon prior research, focusing ideasthetic imagining in acts of narrative making. The concept of ideasthesia is drawn from neuroscience and the term captures the interchange between idea and sensation. I am interested in ideasthesia as it relates to the way writers ‘sense ideas’ in creative writing practice. In previous articles I take an interest in the text as a metaphorical map, plotting the relationship between form and content as a textual pattern, representing the work my mind is doing at a primal moment of narrative composition, and beyond. I propose that ideasthetic practices rely upon experiential knowledge and imagined bodily action, and this plays a direct role in the way writers translate ideas into concrete and specific narrative detail. In this article I reflect upon the evolution of my second novel Like Clay – a work in progress, which began with a short story and has a working title of the same name. I 'finished' the story only to begin again from another perspective, and then another. Reflecting upon this process, I have been contemplating ideasthetic imagining in acts of narrative making as an abiding practice – sensing concepts as a means of opening a question or idea for broader contemplation.

Digital literacies and children’s personalized books: Locating the ‘self’

This conceptual article discusses the role of digital literacies in personalized books, in relation to children’s developing sense of self, and in terms of assessing the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI). Personalized books contain children’s data, such as their name, gender or image, and they can be created by readers or automatically by the publisher. Some personalized books are e-books enhanced with artificial intelligence, and some can be ordered as paperbacks. We discuss this use of children’s personal data in terms of the social location of the self with regard to subjective and objective dimensions. We draw on a map metaphor, in which objective space requires readers to locate themselves in an unknown ‘A-to-B’ space and subjective space provides an individually oriented world of ‘me-to-B’. By drawing on examples of personalized books and their use by parents and young children, we discuss how personalization troubles the borders between readers’ me-to-B and A-to-B space experiences, leading to possible confusion in the sense of self. We conclude by noting that AI-enhanced personalized texts can reduce personal agency with respect to formulating a sense of identity as a child.

Kosakata Musik Sebagai Ranah Sumber Ungkapan Metaforis

<p>In Indonesian, music vocabulary is not only used to describe music but also used to express various non-musical concepts. That means music vocabulary has the potential to occupy the source domain in metaphorical mapping. The study aims at describing the vocabulary of music as the source domain of metaphorical expressions in Indonesian and explaining the relation of metaphorical meanings to the music field. The study was qualitative research. The data of the study was collected from the corpus of Indonesian in the Sketch Engine. The data was Indonesian sentences having the vocabulary of <em>nada</em>, <em>melodi, harmoni</em>, and <em>dinamika</em> in which the contexts of sentences were used to talk about anything in non-music field. The results of the study show that the vocabulary of music in Indonesian causes the metaphor of “LIFE IS MUSIC”. The use of music vocabulary as a source domain is mainly related to the characteristics of musical vocabulary concepts that underlie the formation of metaphorical expressions in Indonesian.</p>

O genitivo de posse em português: um exercício de análise em semântica cognitiva

O presente estudo dedica-se a análise da estrutura semântica e da polissemia do genitivo de posse em português. Tendo em vista análises da posse genitiva em termos de metáfora conceptual (NIKIFORIDOU, 1991; LANGACKER 1991) e da mereologia estrutural (LYONS, 1980), consideramos o problema da insuficiência de tais argumentos para a descrição da polissemia da posse. Como alternativa teórica e descritiva, postula-se que as construções de genitivo correspondam a padrões metonímicos associados a domínios de contiguidade (PEIRSMAN GEERAERTS, 2006), seja via transformação entre esquemas imagéticos de experiências contíguas, seja pelo mapeamento metafórico entre domínios de contiguidade. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2019.v15n2a21413

Metaphor Competition in the Book of Job by Lance R. Howley

Reviewed by: Metaphor Competition in the Book of Job by Lance R. Howley David A. Bosworth lance r. howley, Metaphor Competition in the Book of Job (JAJSup 26; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2018). Pp. 256. $113. Scholars have long disagreed about whether the speakers in Job respond to one another or merely advance the speakers’ positions without interacting with prior speeches. Howley brings a clear method and tight focus to this question that advances scholarship and lays foundations that others may build on. He quotes Carol A. Newsom’s remark that the poetic dialogue in Job is “a struggle over metaphors” (Newsom, The Book of Job: A Contest of Moral Imaginations [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003] 119). The speakers in Job make extensive use of metaphor, and H. examines whether their use of metaphor responds to prior metaphors. Metaphor competition occurs when a speaker reinterprets the metaphorical mapping introduced by a prior speaker, and this remapping emerges as a clear example of coherence across speeches. H.’s results are mixed but provide a clearer picture of coherence in Job than scholarly discussion has so far produced. In chap. 1, H. presents the scholarly debate about coherence in the Book of Job and lays out a path forward. He draws on cognitive linguistics to clarify the notion of coherence, which exists in the mind of a reader who engages the text. A dialogue may cohere with or [End Page 115] without progressing as long as the participants speak about the same concepts, which need not involve verbal repetition. At the end of chap. 1, H. outlines his method. He systematically analyzes two metaphors in the corpus of Job: speech as a target domain (metaphors about the topic of speech) and animals as a source domain (metaphors involving animals on any topic). Interlocutors in the book frequently critique one another’s speech and often use animal imagery. Furthermore, animals appear in God’s speech at the end, which allows H. to examine the divine speech as a response to the human dialogue. In chap. 2, H. describes conceptual metaphor theory using as a consistent example Job 13:12, “Your reminders are proverbs of ashes.” Metaphors may appear in a variety of syntactical forms (here a construct chain). Conceptual metaphor theory involves investigation of the ideas and views surrounding the terms. In the OT, the term “ashes” ( ) elicits at least four domains: mourning, destruction, humility, and weakness. Almost all OT references to ashes elicit metaphorical mappings that have little to do with literal meanings, making research on the conceptual signification necessary. The mapping between the concepts proverbs and ashes may work in various ways, and the context helps narrow the possibilities. In the verse, Job represents the wisdom of his friends as ephemeral rather than lasting reminders. The next line (“your defenses are defenses of clay”) activates weakness and worthlessness as qualities shared by ashes and clay. H. concludes with three criteria for identifying perceptually coherent metaphors that would indicate interactions between speakers. First, unconventional metaphors are more perceptible to audiences. Second, more specific metaphors are more perceptible than generic metaphors. Generic metaphors like “logical structures are physical structures” appear in many speeches, but the cognitive level of these metaphors is so generic that they pass unnoticed. Third, coherence is more difficult to perceive as the textual distance between metaphors is greater. In chap. 3, H. analyzes coherence in the speech metaphors. He begins with discussion of speech in Job and evaluations of speech (Job evaluates his own and his friends’ speech, and the friends evaluate their own speech). He analyzes metaphors in three categories: speech as destructive, strengthening, and windy words. H. does not see coherence across speeches except in the last category, where windy words cohere throughout the dialogue as a critique of Job’s speech that implicitly places him with the wicked fools. Job initiates the metaphor, asking if his friends think his words are wind (Job 6:26), and they pick up the image and develop it affirmatively (8:2; 15:2–3, 30), and Job finally rejects this characterization of his speech (16:3). In chap. 4, H. examines the several metaphors using animals as a source domain...

Taste and sight

Embodiment is central to the Cognitive Linguistics enterprise. The grounding of language in body experience is one of the major tenets of linguistic description at various levels of analysis. We receive the infor-mation of the world around us through the bodily sensations; i.e. we per-ceive, then process and conceptualize it. Research into the sensory do-mains has continued to elicit further examination of how we use meta-phoric and metonymic cross-modal conceptualization in language. Inves-tigation has been carried out both on the single sense domains of touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight, but also on cross-modality or synesthetic phenomena. Linguistic transfer between various senses seems to respect a hierarchy from the lower (touch, taste, smell) to the higher senses (hear-ing and sight), even though some variation of this hierarchy has been noted. The present study is the first part of a two-fold analysis of cross-modal linguistic mappings that exist between the senses of taste and sight. The objective is to verify what collocations occur between the two do-mains: do they respect the hierarchy, and how frequent, or how strong are they? Corpus analysis of the construction of the adjective + noun type are in keeping with existing literature: the sensory domain that func-tions as source is understood as an adjective modifying another sensory domain, which is found in the form of a noun. This research concentrates on cross-modal pairs found through a corpus-based analysis of taste ad-jectives in the description of vision nouns, e.g. delicious colors. Linguis-tic data were retrieved from corpora that allow for comparison of the ac-tual usage and definition of these constructions. These include the Cor-pus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and the Mapping Meta-phor with the Historical Thesaurus of English. The experimental method-ology is in keeping with the usage-based approach of Cognitive Linguis-tics, considering frequency and relevance.

Metaphorical mapping of civic and Christian responsibilities in Mark 12:13-17: Implications for petty traders and revenue collectors in Kumasi, Ghana

The article explores the meaning of Mark 12:13-17 in the light of the apparent contention between petty traders and revenue collectors in Kumasi. The philosophy behind the work is that while the meaning of the statement “render to Caesar what belongs to Caesar and to God what belongs to God” is ambiguous, it was able to challenge and provoke both parties (Herodians and Pharisees) to truly reflect their motives for accepting or rejecting taxation. In this study, the teaching of Jesus is taken as a metaphoric statement with the capacity to generate multiple meanings. The study uses the technique of Lakoff1 to map the attitudes of the Herodians and Pharisees unto revenue collectors and petty traders as supporters and rejecters of taxation respectively, and in dialogue with Jesus. In this way, the statement of Jesus becomes a double-edged sword inducing appropriate responses from each group. The study concludes that honesty in the sight of God should be the attitudes of both petty traders (in declaring their monthly returns) and revenue collectors (in their modus operandi) to avoid corruption so that they may both render what is due to God and to Caesar. The study recommends that revenue collectors and petty traders work as partners with common interest rather than as opponents to be defeated since they are both images of God and citizens of Ghana.

When two Horses Become Minji na Ndengũ (Peas and Green Grams): A Cognitive Integration Analysis of Blended Idioms of Political Campaign in Kenyan Newspapers

Political campaigns are emotive activities that rely on language to attract the attention of the public. In fact, electioneering periods in Kenya are heavily laced with idiomatic expressions such that one would be required to use the interrelatedness between language and cognition to understand the utterances of a speaker. It is against this backdrop that the present study analyzes the cognitive processes of the idiom minji na ndengũ (peas and green grams) vis-à-vis the canonized form. The idiom minji na ndengũ (peas and green grams) drew a lot of attention during the Kenyan official electioneering period (May and October, 2017) and was extensively used in both the print and social media platforms. The study is anchored in three objectives: to categorize the idiom minji na ndengũ (peas and green grams) in terms of compositionality; to establish the vital relation between the blended idiom and the canonical form; and to interpret the blend using the Conceptual Integration Theory. The study employed the descriptive research design. The study purposively sampled the blended idiom minji na ndengũ (peas and green grams) which is a blended form of the idiom two horse race. Using content analysis, the study classifies and presents a diagrammatic conceptual interpretation of new knowledge based on metaphorical mappings to illustrate the emergent structure. A general finding of this study is that political campaigns create new meanings using deliberately blended idioms of war to improve figurative competencies. Further, one needs to immerse themselves in pragmatic inference in order to reveal the meaning of a blended idiomatic expression. The findings of this study imply that whenever the provisions of grammar prove deficient in unpacking certain messages, cognitive linguists, idiom theorists and researchers should apply the postulates of Cognitive Linguistics. The study concludes that blended idioms of political campaigns achieve creativity and novelty. Further, the comprehension of blended expressions requires the understanding of pragmatic inferences of the local context. The study recommends that for a better understanding of blended idiomatic expressions, one should consider the local contexts expressed in language.

Metaphors and Legal Language: a Few Comments on Ordinary, Specialised and Legal Meaning

The present text offers a few comments on the metaphorical dimension of legal language and the nature of legal language as such. The authors discuss selected metaphors in the context of the Polish legislation with the aim to show how the metaphorical dimension of language can be used and abused. It is also demonstrated that the metaphorical dimension of language can cross-cut the interface between language and law on different levels. There are metaphors in legal texts that can be deliberately used to emphasise or cover selected aspects of meaning, and others that can just happen to act irrespective of any premeditated action on the part of the legislator. Finally, in a wider perspective, it is shown that the relation between ordinary language and the language of the law, i.e. ordinary meaning and legal meaning, may itself be seen as a relation between two domains within which metaphorical mapping takes place. It is claimed that the divide between the realm of law and the “real world” goes beyond a trivial division relative to expertise in the law and expertise in legal discourse, but can be better understood as the division between the legal community and the non-legal community including the academia where linguists reside.

汉语“饭”和韩语“밥”的认知隐喻对比研究

This thesis takes Chinese and Korean dietary vocabulary, namely Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’ as the research object. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, it is a detailed comparative analysis. In the overall structure of the thesis, the similarities and differences between the Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’ conceptual domains are compared from the concept domain and the concept type. The reference example data in the corpus of Chinese and Korean is cited and used as the basis for the analysis of the thesis. It mainly focuses on the conceptual metaphor phenomenon and the specific metaphorical concept types in the metaphor mapping process from Chinese to the target domain in Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’. It summarizes the commonality and personality characteristics of Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’ in the process of metaphor mapping. This provides a meaningful reference for the cognitive semantic research of Chinese and Korean dietary vocabulary.

R-Map: A Map Metaphor for Visualizing Information Reposting Process in Social Media.

We propose R-Map (Reposting Map), a visual analytical approach with a map metaphor to support interactive exploration and analysis of the information reposting process in social media. A single original social media post can cause large cascades of repostings (i.e., retweets) on online networks, involving thousands, even millions of people with different opinions. Such reposting behaviors form the reposting tree, in which a node represents a message and a link represents the reposting relation. In R-Map, the reposting tree structure can be spatialized with highlighted key players and tiled nodes. The important reposting behaviors, the following relations and the semantics relations are represented as rivers, routes and bridges, respectively, in a virtual geographical space. R-Map supports a scalable overview of a large number of information repostings with semantics. Additional interactions on the map are provided to support the investigation of temporal patterns and user behaviors in the information diffusion process. We evaluate the usability and effectiveness of our system with two use cases and a formal user study.

“Time is not a line.” Temporal gestures in Chol Mayan

The metaphorical mapping of time and space has been attested in a variety of languages and cultures around the world. Although much research has been devoted to documenting variations in the direction and orientation of such metaphorical timelines according to cross-linguistic differences, the inherent linearity of this model of temporal representation is rarely called into question. The present study provides gestural evidence which shows that speakers of Chol, a Maya language spoken in Chiapas, Mexico, do not conceptualize time in terms of such abstract mental timelines or axes. A description of temporal reference and temporal gesture in Chol is provided, focusing on how deictic (past/present/future) and sequential (earlier/later) relations between events are expressed in this language, followed by a qualitative analysis of the types of gestures that accompany these kinds of temporal expressions. It will be argued that, instead of reflecting the metaphorical mapping of time onto space in a timeline, temporal gestures in Chol often reflect the aspectual semantics of the sentences where they occur.

Charting a New Frontier: The Role of Maps and Geography in Strategic Management and Innovation

External knowledge is often conceived of as a map to guide organizational search. Despite the use of this mapping metaphor, scholars in strategy and innovation have rarely studied the practical...

Metaphorical codes in structuring national economic discourse

ABSTRACTWithin the framework of Lakoff and Johnson cognitive theory (2003. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), we explore the use of metaphor in the English and Russian economic discourses as the means to create a metaphorical field, comprising culture-specific and universally shared cognitive blends. We apply the cognitive and comparative analyses to metaphor, which shapes the Economy concept as a cultural code in a corpus of economic texts from English and Russian press. The approach helps to reveal the associative links between source and target domains within metaphorical mappings. Thus, metaphors ECONOMY IS A ROAD, ECONOMY IS AN ANIMAL, ECONOMY IS A DISEASE, ECONOMY IS FOOD, and ECONOMY IS A MECHANISM are common for both languages. For the English language, unique, culturally determined metaphors are ECONOMY IS FIRE and ECONOMY IS STORM, whereas for the Russian language, they are ECONOMY IS THE BOTTOM and ECONOMY IS CLIMATE. Therefore, metaphorical codes in a given language account for risks, opportunities and uncertainties of systematically different economies through multicultural discourse interpretation.

The effect of moral emotions on the metaphorical mapping of morality and its neural mechanism

The effect of moral emotions on the metaphorical mapping of morality and its neural mechanism

Poster, Poster on the Wall, Do You Really Mean it All? Decoding Visual Metaphor ‘Global Warming’ in Public Awareness Campaigns

The tendency to create messages using the elements belonging to different semiotic systems shifts our perception of a communicative act, contributing to the establishment of multimodal and intersemiotic communication practice.
 A visual metaphor is seen as one of the instances of a multimodal and intersemiotic message, which generates a text that is revealed gradually, uncovering numerous layers of meaning encoded within a metaphor and within visual, linguistic, and spatial settings it is placed in.
 The paper sets out to explore the notion of a visual metaphor and focuses on the application of the visual metaphor ‘global warming’ on posters created for the needs of public awareness campaigns, investigating simultaneous manifestation of iconic and metaphorical mappings in the given visual metaphor.

VERBS OF SPEAKING IN SERBIAN AND ENGLISH PROVERBS

The aim of this paper is to perform a corpus analysis of verbs of speaking in 63 English and 60 Serbian proverbs in order to reveal the effect of their linguistic properties in signalling different metaphorical meanings of proverbs in the cognitive theoretical framework. The results reveal that prototypical verbs of speaking appear in approximately half of the sample of proverbs while the semantic markedness of verbs is achieved mostly lexically, although expectedly more so in the English language. The two languages also differ in the synonymy of these expressions and their metaphorical mapping. We propose three types of proverbs depending on the degree of abstraction of the speech act, in accordance with the generic is specific scheme, which we consider vital for the interpretation of proverbs.

Action consequences affect the space-time congruency effect on reaction time

According to the metaphoric mapping hypothesis, people code time in terms of space. Consistent with this hypothesis, several reaction time studies have demonstrated that participants respond faster with a left (right) response to stimuli that convey temporal information about the past (future) than when this stimulus-response mapping is reversed (past → right, future → left). The present experiment examines whether the side of the response key or of the (visual) action effect elicited by the response is the crucial factor of this space-time congruency effect. In a response-effect (R-E) compatible group, a response to a temporal stimulus produced a visual action effect on the same side as the response location (left response → left action effect, right response → right action effect). In an R-E incompatible group, however, response and action effect occurred on opposite sides (left response → right action effect, right response → left action effect). A typical space-time congruency effect was obtained in the R-E compatible group, but the congruency effect interacted with group and was descriptively reversed in the R-E incompatible group. This result pattern suggests that the typical congruency effect is determined by the location of the action consequences rather than the location of the response key. Based on this result, we suggest that the space-time congruency effect is based on an abstract spatial mental representation that embraces action events in the external space.