Metal Work Research Articles

A Literature Review on Fabrication of Portable Spot Welding Machine

Abstract: Welding is a process of joining similar metals by the application of heat. Welding can be done with or without the application of pressure. While welding, the edges of metal pieces are either melted or brought to plastic condition. Welding can be done with the addition of filler materials or without it welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies, aircraft frames, railways wagons, machine frames, structural work, tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building. At most in all metal working industries welding is used. In this project we are making portable spot welding machine , which will be easy carry and will be used in many filed.

Resource implications of managing paediatric femoral fractures in a major trauma centre: Analysis of 98 cases

IntroductionThe management of paediatric femoral shaft fractures is expensive and is guided by age and fracture characteristics. The primary aim of this study was to perform a cost evaluation for managing paediatric femoral shaft fractures. The secondary aim of this study was to perform and compare costs of the different techniques of managing paediatric femoral shaft fractures. MethodsNinety-eight femoral shaft fractures in children aged ≤16 were identified between 01/06/2014–30/06/2019. Retrospective data of clinical complications were obtained on infection, malunion and non-union. Data on additional intervention, reoperations for complications and routine removal of metal work were obtained. Costing analysis was performed by a bottom-up calculation, and gathering Patient Level Information and Costing System (PLICS) data. ResultsThere were 41 hip spica casting (HSC), 21 flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN), 14 submuscular plating (SMP), 19 rigid intramedullary nailing (RIN) and 3 external fixation (EF). Complications observed were HSC 3(7%); FIN 8(38%); SMP 2(14%); RIN 1(5%); EF 2(67%). The total costs for managing femoral shaft fractures were £8,955pp the costs for the different managements were; HSC £3,442pp; FIN £7,739pp; SMP £6,953pp; RIN £8,925pp; EF £19,116pp. The additional costs incurred for managing complications and routine removal of metal work for the internal fixation methods were: HSC 0.7%, FIN 23.7%, SMP 16.3%, RIN 10.9%, EF 28.1%. ConclusionThe operative management of paediatric femoral shaft fractures is associated with a high cost burden and this study demonstrates how financial data can be used to influence clinical management strategy. RIN carry a high initial implant cost however when considering the additional costs, such as treating complications it remains comparable to other modes of fixation. Our cost analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference between FIN, SMP and RIN. Due to the clinical complications observed and associated additional costs, we have discontinued the routine use of FIN for femoral shaft fractures at our centre. We recognise other centres may have a different complication and cost profile for each technique, but recommend they evaluate their practice given the potential economic benefit it has on the service provider.

Optical measurement approach to analyse the tool-workpiece interacting flow of grinding processes

Investigations of the coolant flow within a running grinding machine are carried out to examine the flow behaviour of the coolant in interaction with the grinding wheel and the workpiece. The aim of the investigations is to understand the interaction between fluid, workpiece and tool, to eventually correlate flow dynamics with cooling efficiency. Flow measurements are obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), utilising the visualisation of flow structures of the metal working fluid (MWF). Measurements without workpiece provide a fundamental understanding of the MWF-tool interaction, i.e. the flow deflection and entrainment of the MWF with the tool. A limitation of the MWF entrainment into the contact zone occurs for higher inflow velocities, indicating a maximum cooling capacity for inflow velocities around 80% of the circumferential velocity of the tool.To enable the investigation of the MWF-tool-workpiece interaction, an optical transparent workpiece is designed and implemented into the grinding machine. Flow measurements in the decreasing gap between the workpiece and the rotating grinding wheel reveal a deceleration stagnation of the flow before the beginning of the contact zone. As a result, the PIV-based measurements of the time-averaged MWF flow field in the running grinding machine provide the necessary data basis to understand the flow-based cooling mechanisms in grinding processes. For varying inflow velocities, a nearly constant position of the stagnant flow area is measured, confirming the shown results of a maximum useful flow rate.

Simulation of MASnI3-based inverted perovskite solar cells with double hole transport layers and an electron transport layer

A model of CH3NH3SnI3 (MASnI3)-based inverted perovskite solar cell (PSC) with double hole transport layers (HTLs) and an electron transport layer (ETL) was established, and the device was studied using solar capacitance simulator (SCAPS). Compared with a single HTL, the double HTLs of CuI/MoO3 can improve device performance significantly. Among six ETLs, WS2 has been found to be the best ETL. Then, the effects of absorber layer thickness, CuI/MoO3 thickness, the defect density and doping density of the absorption layer, and metal electrode work function on device performance have been investigated in detail. According to the simulation results, the optimum thickness of MASnI3 is 500 nm, and the both CuI and MoO3 layers should be as thick as 20 nm. To achieve the ideal efficiency, the defect density of the absorption layer should be as low as 1 × 1014 cm−3, and its doping density should be 1 × 1016 cm−3. Moreover, the metal work function should be less than 4.42 eV to avoid the formation of a Schottky barrier at the WS2/metal interface. After optimization, the device can reach the highest efficiency of 28.13%. Our simulation results will help advance the manufacturing of high-performance Pb-free perovskite solar cells in the future.

Epidemiological aspect of retinoblastoma in the world: a review of recent advance studies.

To collect and present updated evidence about epidemiological aspects of retinoblastoma (Rb) in the world. A comprehensive search without the time and language restrictions was conducted in international databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The search keywords were "retinoblastoma" OR "retinal Neuroblastoma" OR "retinal glioma" OR "retinoblastoma eye cancer" OR "retinal glioblastoma". The worldwide incidence of Rb is 1 in 16 000-28 000 live births, but was higher in developing compared to developed countries. Several attempts for improving early detection and treatment had increased the Rb survival rate from 5% to 90% in developed countries over the past decade, but its survival was lower in developing countries (about 40% in low-income countries) and the majority of mortalities occurred in developing countries. The etiology of Rb could be viewed as genetics in the heritable form and environmental and lifestyle factors in the sporadic form. Some environmental risk factors such as in vitro fertilization; insect sprays; father's occupational exposure to oil mists in metal working, and poor living conditions might play a role in the occurrence of the disease. Although ethnicity might affect Rb incidence, sex has no documented effect and the best treatment approaches were now ophthalmic artery chemosurgery and intravitreal chemotherapy. Determining the role of genetics and environmental factors helps to accurately predict the prognosis and identify the mechanism of the disease, which can reduce the risk of tumor development.

PROCESSES OF IMPROVING SOIL WITH METAL AND SOIL WITH SOIL DURING MAIN SOIL WORKING.

PROCESSES OF IMPROVING SOIL WITH METAL AND SOIL WITH SOIL DURING MAIN SOIL WORKING.

Modification in the electronic parameters of M/p-Si hybrid device by PSP functional dye interface with different contact metals (M:Ag, Cu, Pd, Sn)

In this study, a functional organic dye of phenol-sulfonphthalein (PSP) was used as an interfacial layer via a spin coating method, its impact on the electronic parameters including Schottky barrier height (Фb), ideality factor (n) and series resistance (Rs) was investigated for different top metal contacts. An Al metal was employed for Ohmic contact, while Schottky contacts were formed using different metals as Ag, Cu, Pd, and Sn metals via thermal evaporation technique during the fabrication process of M/PSP/p-Si hybrid devices (M: Ag, Cu, Pd, Sn) and their references (M/p-Si). The electrical performance of all references and Ag/PSP/p-Si, Cu/PSP/p-Si, Pd/PSP/p-Si, and Sn/PSP/p-Si hybrid structures were evaluated by performing current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements at the room temperature. The obtained results confirm that barrier height of all devices with and without the PSP organic interlayer depends on metal work function. The PSP interface layer leads to increase in barrier height value of the M/PSP/p-Si devices as compared to that of reference (M/p-Si) ones. This increment value for hybrid structures with the presence of PSP layer related with the metal work function for Ag, Cu, Pd, and Sn top metal. The highest Фb value of 0.760 eV and the lowest one as 0.618 eV were obtained by TE theory for the Sn/PSP/p-Si, Ag/PSP/p-Si device, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that PSP interface material and the work function of top contact metals are strongly impact on the modifying of the electronic parameters of fabricated devices.

Performance comparison of vertically stacked nanosheet CFET and standard CMOS without and with parasitic channels

The threshold voltage regulation and the effect of parasitic channels are important issues in CFET. In this paper, the characteristics of the complementary field-effect transistor (CFET) were simulated based on a self-aligned vertically stacked nanosheet fabrication process at the 2 nm technology node by TCAD simulation. The electrical characteristics of CFET were matched by adjusting the metal work function. We analyzed the static characteristics and transient response, as well as the impact of the parasitic channel. Compared to standard CMOS with the same process, the switching threshold and noise margin of CFET are approximately equal to CMOS, but the power and speed are slightly better than CMOS because nFET and pFET of CFET share the same gate to have small parasitic capacitance. With the height of the parasitic channel increasing, the off-state current and parasitic capacitance of the device increase, but CFET suppresses the bad effect of the parasitic channel and changes less. CFET with the stacked nanosheet structure has greater advantages than CMOS, can tolerate the parasitic channel from the fabrication process, and improve performance in the perspective of front-end-of-line (FEOL).

Optimizing the performance of Ge-based perovskite solar cells by doping CsGeI3 instead of charge transport layer

In recent years, Ge-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gradually become a shining star in the field of scientific research because of their high conductivity. However, the defects between battery layers seriously affect the transmission efficiency of carriers. Therefore, we doped CsGeI3 instead of the original charge transport layer to passivate the defects of the battery. We created p-CsGeI3 layer and n-CsGeI3 layer on both sides of i-RbGeI3, which improved the energy level matching between i-RbGeI3 layer and the contact materials on both sides, and then facilitated the carrier transmission. We also added two interface defect layers (IDL) in order to be able to quantify the various adverse reactions at the interface, which reduces the recombination of carriers. We compared different electrode materials, and found that the appropriate metal work function can maximize the carrier transmission efficiency. We designed a structure of CsGeI3 instead of charge transport layer, and optimized the basic parameters of the battery with SCAPS. Reasonable thickness display can not only improve the absorption rate of photons, but also significantly reduce the recombination rate. Excessive trapping density increases electron/hole recombination, which is not conducive to carrier transportation. The appropriate band gap improves the matching degree of energy levels of each layer, and then promotes the transport of carriers between interfaces. At high temperature, more strain is generated inside the battery, which causes the crystal structure of the battery to deform. The high doping concentration strengthens the internal potential and promotes the carrier migration. The efficiency of the battery reached 34.96%, and the efficiency of other batteries with the same structure was less than 20%. Our research proved the great potential of doping CsGeI3 to construct all perovskite solar cell structures.

NEUTRAL WEDGE DISTAL FEMORAL OSTEOTOMY (NWDFO) FOR CORRECTION OF LARGE VALGUS AND VARUS DEFORMITIES: TECHNIQUE AND RESULTS

IntroductionAngular deformities of the distal femur can be corrected by opening, closing and neutral wedge techniques. Opening wedge (OW) and closing wedge (CW) are popular and well described in the literature. CW and OW techniques lead to leg length difference whereas the advantage of neutral wedge (NW) technique has several unique advantages. NW technique maintains limb length, wedge taken from the closing side is utilised on the opening side and since the angular correction is only half of the measured wedge on either side, translation of distal fragment is minimum. Leg lengths are not altered with this technique hence a useful technique in large deformities. We found no reports of clinical outcomes using NW technique. We present a technique of performing external fixator assisted NW correction of large valgus and varus deformities of distal femur and dual plating and discuss the results.Materials & MethodsWe have treated 20 (22 limbs – 2 patients requiring staged bilateral corrections) patients for distal femoral varus and valgus deformities with CWDFO between 2019 and 2022. Out of these 4 patients (5 limbs) requiring large corrections of distal femoral angular deformities were treated with Neutral Wedge (NW) technique. 3 patients (four limbs) had distal femoral valgus deformity and one distal femoral varus deformity. Indication for NW technique is an angular deformity (varus or valgus of distal femur) requiring > 12 mm opening/closing wedge correction. We approached the closing side first and marked out the half of the calculated wedge with K – wires in a uniplanar fashion. Then an external fixator with two Schanz screws is applied on the opposite side, inserting the distal screw parallel to the articular surface and the proximal screw 6–7 cm proximal to the first pin and at right angles to the femoral shaft mechanical axis. Then the measured wedge is removed and carefully saved. External fixator is now used to close the wedge and over correct, creating an appropriate opening wedge on the opposite side. A Tomofix (Depuoy Synthes) plate is applied on the closing side with two screws proximal to osteotomy and two distally (to be completed later). Next the osteotomy on the opposite side is exposed, the graft is inserted. mLDFA is measured under image intensifier to confirm satisfactory correction. Closing wedge side fixation is then completed followed by fixation of opposite side with a Tomofix or a locking plate.Results3 patients (4 limbs) had genu valgum due to constitutional causes and one was a case of distal femoral varus from a fracture. Preoperative mLDFA ranged from 70–75° and in one case of varus deformity it was 103°. We achieved satisfactory correction of mLDFA in (85–90°) in 4 limbs and one measured 91°. Femoral length was not altered. JLCA was not affected post correction. Patients were allowed to weight bear for transfers for the first six weeks and full weight bearing was allowed at six weeks with crutches until healing of osteotomy. All osteotomies healed at 16–18 weeks (average 16.8 weeks). Patients regained full range of movement. We routinely recommend removal of metal work to facilitate future knee replacement if one is needed. Follow up ranged from 4 months to 2 yrs. Irritation from metal work was noted in 2 patients and resolved after removing the plates at 9 months post-surgery.ConclusionsNWDFO is a good option for large corrections. We describe a technique that facilitates accurate correction of deformity in these complex cases. Osteotomy heals predictably with uniplanar osteotomy and dual plate fixation. Metal work might cause irritation like other osteotomy and plating techniques in this location.

Impact of hole transport material on perovskite solar cells with different metal electrode: A SCAPS-1D simulation insight

The high efficiency and low cost of production of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic-inorganic halides have attracted the attention of researchers. However, due to the intricacy in the synthesis of Spiro-OMeTAD and the high cost of gold (Au) utilized as the back contact (BC), have affected its viability for commercialization. In this present study, a simulation was performed with and without HTM utilizing different metal contacts (Ag, Cr, Cu, Au, Ni and Pt). SCAPS-1D, a software program in one dimension, was used to conduct the simulation. A systematic analysis was done to determine how the metal back contact's work functions affected the PSC both with and without HTM. The outcomes demonstrate that the PSCs' photovoltaic performance is significantly influenced by the metal contact's work function (WF). The best metal contact for HTM and HTM-free devices was Pt, with a metal work function of 5.65 eV. The initial power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for the two configurations were 26.229% for HTM-free and 25.608% for HTM-based device. A number of parameters, including absorber thickness, interface defect density, and electron transport material (ETM) thickness, were varied to obtain optimal values of 0.8 μm for both HTM and HTM-free PSCs, 1005 cm−2 for both HTM and HTM-free PSCs, and 0.01 μm for both HTM and HTM-free PSCs. These values were then used to simulate the final HTM and HTM-free devices with a PCE of 27.423%, current density (Jsc) of 27.546 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.239 V, and fill factor (FF) of 80.347% for HTM-free whereas PCE of 26.767% with Jsc of 27.545 mA/cm2, Voc of 1.250 V, and FF of 77.733% for HTM based. These outcomes reflect outstanding enhancement of ∼1.05 and ∼1.07 times in PCE and Jsc over unoptimized cells with and without HTM.

Metal–Ferroelectric–Semiconductor Tunnel Junction: Essential Physics and Design Explorations

The essential physics of the ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) is assessed with technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations and analytical models. With experimental data calibrations, a TCAD simulation framework including electrostatic potentials, ferroelectric (FE) polarizations, and nonlocal tunneling is built. Full regions of the FTJ operations, including the read/write, are then explored. Key parameters such as the memory state threshold voltages ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {mth}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and the region boundary voltages are defined, and their model formulations are developed. With the essential physics captured, FTJ figure-of-merits (FoMs) are accessed with not only tunneling electroresistance (TER), but also power consumption. Design parameters from FE layer thickness, polarizations, and coercive field to silicon doping and metal work functions are studied, with their impacts on key FTJ FoMs evaluated.

Removal of copper and zinc in metal working fluid using coconut composite filter media

Metal working fluid industry is the major contributing sources of heavy metals. Their multiple industrial, domestic, and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Filtration technology is widely used to remove contaminants such as heavy metals because it is a low-cost wastewater treatment device that uses physical methods that are simple and effective. In this study, coconut composite activated carbon (CCAC) filter media has been explored for its adsorption abilities towards copper and zinc solutions from metal working fluids. The characteristic of CCAC was investigated using XRF analyser, SEM and FTIR analysis. This study described the performance of fixed-bed column filtration by using CCAC as the filter media under the effect of various bed heights (10,30,50 cm) and initial concentration of copper and zinc (10 and 20 mg/L) to assess the breakthrough curve. The results show that the CCAC surface is not smooth and porous, with many channels. It is connected to hydrogen linked, O-H and contains the highest value composition in MgCO3 and CaCO3, which enhances metal precipitation removal of heavy metals. From the fixed-bed column study, the column with an initial copper and zinc concentration of 10mg/L and a bed height of 50 cm performed well in removing copper and zinc from synthetic copper and zinc solutions. The breakthrough and exhaustion times were less than 30 minutes and 3660 minutes for copper and zinc were less than 30 minutes and 3420 minutes respectively. The longer the lifespan of filter media, the better the filter media for heavy metal treatment. In conclusion, CCAC filter media was used as an alternative to the existing wastewater treatment process to remove copper and zinc from metal working fluids. It also can be applied in the current filtration system, especially for industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).

Enhancing Community based Development on Tourism - A Case Study of Nayagarh, Odisha

Abstract: In the Nayagarh district of Odisha, the Khandapada, Nayagarh, and Gania Block are the subjects of this study, which looks at both the local’s and tourist's perspectives on community-based development. The view and intentions of the local community towards the socioeconomic aspects of ecotourism, specifically sustainable community development and local community involvement in ecotourism planning and management, were assessed. The study region tourist sites are surrounded by locals who live there, and the analysis is based on data gathering and survey through questionnaire interviews with them. The results of the Survey indicate that residents support growth and enhancement of the neighborhood, although there are some local problems and requests that must be addressed. There is a lot of opportunity for community-based development on brass and metal work around the hill where the temple of Lord Nilamadhava temple. The majority of Lord Jagannath's Puri festivities are observed here, with the Bhauma Ekadasi being the most notable. In addition, socioeconomic issues must be addressed, and a framework for community empowerment must be proposed in order to raise awareness among the populace and ensure that they receive equitable benefits from the study area's recreational activities. These demands are made by the local communities.

Product Defect Identification System

Abstract: Some uncontrollable defects will occur on the surface of metal work pieces during processing. The existence of surface defects not only affects the appearance of the finished product, but also affects the quality to a certain extent. Surface defect detection of metal work pieces can effectively improve product quality and production efficiency, and is an important link in the process of product quality control. This proposed system uses the convolutional neural network algorithm in deep learning to classify and detect metal surface defects. The surface defect recognition accuracy and defect detection rate of metal work is computed.

Iron Age Settlement at Broomfield Farm, Stainsacre Lane, Whitby, North Yorkshire

Archaeological excavations west of Broomfield Farm, Whitby, and subsequent radiocarbon dating have provided evidence of a mid-Iron Age settlement comprising up to seven roundhouses. Evidence from the roundhouses, including pottery, suggests the settlement was primarily agricultural with evidence of metal working also present. The settlement has similarities to a Late Iron Age settlement identified in 1999, 500 m to the northwest, and provides firm evidence of prehistoric activity around Whitby which until now has been elusive. A later system of enclosure overlay the settlement.

Electrical behavior of n-GaAs Schottky nanowire in wide temperature range for different contacts

This research aims to study the impact of metal work function ?m on the I–V characteristics of a n-GaAs Schottky nanowire structure, using 3D Silvaco-Atlas software. The electrical characteristics have been performed in a wide temperature range of 300-550K. This allows us to study and discuss the influence of temperature and the metal work function ?m on the performance of our proposed device. The results show a great dependence between ?m and the electrical parameters. A decrease in current is observed with increasing ?m, as well as an increase in barrier height with increasing ?m and a decrease with increasing temperature.

Microalgae Oil-Based Metal Working Fluids for Sustainable Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Operations—A Perspective

This article presents a perspective on the potential use of microalgae oils in the production of metal working fluids (MWFs) used for minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) operations. The generalities of MQL operations and requirements of MWFs, and current advances in the development of the most promising microalgae oils with high contents of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were reviewed and discussed. The analysis of data, discussions, and conclusions of numerous studies published recently and combined with the experience of the multidisciplinary team of authors strongly suggest that microalgae oils do indeed have great potential as sustainable and eco-friendly base oils for producing semi-synthetic MWFs, soluble oils and straight cutting fluids for MQL operations. Additionally, gaps and challenges focused on the use of agro-industry wastewater in microalgae production, green harvesting and oil extraction methods, and replacement of toxic additives in MWFs by green nanoparticles and biopolymers were identified and highlighted for achieving massive microalgae oil-based MWFs production and truly green machining processes.

Bladder cancer risk in relation to occupations held in a nationwide case-control study in Iran.

Globally, bladder cancer has been identified as one of the most frequent occupational cancers, but our understanding of occupational bladder cancer risk in Iran is less advanced. This study aimed to assess the risk of bladder cancer in relation to occupation in Iran. We used the IROPICAN case-control study data including 717 incident cases and 3477 controls. We assessed the risk of bladder cancer in relation to ever working in major groups of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-68) while controlling for cigarette smoking, opium consumption. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). In men, decreased ORs for bladder cancer were observed in administrative and managerial workers (OR 0.4; CI: 0.2, 0.9), and clerks (OR 0.6; CI: 0.4, 0.9). Elevated ORs were observed in metal processors (OR 5.4; CI: 1.3, 23.4), and workers in occupations with likely exposure to aromatic amines (OR 2.2; CI: 1.2, 4.0). There was no evidence of interactions between working in aromatic amines-exposed occupations and tobacco smoking or opium use. Elevated risk of bladder cancer in men in metal processors and workers likely exposed to aromatic amines aligns with associations observed outside Iran. Other previously confirmed associations between high-risk occupations and bladder cancer were not observed, possibly due to small numbers or lack of details on exposure. Future epidemiological studies in Iran would benefit from the development of exposure assessment tools such as job exposure matrices, generally applicable for retrospective exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.

Device Simulation of Highly Stable and 29% Efficient FA0.75MA0.25Sn0.95Ge0.05I3-Based Perovskite Solar Cell.

A new type of perovskite solar cell based on mixed tin and germanium has the potential to achieve good power conversion efficiency and extreme air stability. However, improving its efficiency is crucial for practical application in solar cells. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of lead-free FA0.75MA0.25Sn0.95Ge0.05I3 using a solar cell capacitance simulator to optimize its structure. Various electron transport layer materials were thoroughly investigated to enhance efficiency. The study considered the impact of energy level alignment between the absorber and electron transport layer interface, thickness and doping concentration of the electron transport layer, thickness and defect density of the absorber, and the rear metal work function. The optimized structures included poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the hole transport layer and either zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc magnesium oxide (Zn0.7Mg0.3O) as the electron transport layer. The power conversion efficiency obtained was 29%, which was over three times higher than the initial structure. Performing numerical simulations on FA0.75MA0.25Sn0.95Ge0.05I3 can significantly enhance the likelihood of its commercialization. The optimized values resulting from the conducted parametric study are as follows: a short-circuit current density of 30.13 mA·cm-2), an open-circuit voltage of 1.08 V, a fill factor of 86.56%, and a power conversion efficiency of 28.31% for the intended solar cell.