Objective. Diffusing alpha-emitters radiation therapy (Alpha-DaRT) involves implanting stainless-steel seeds containing 70-200 kBq of224Ra into solid tumors. The decay of224Ra generates alpha particles and short-lived alpha-emitting atoms, which diffuse and deposit absorbed dose up to millimeters from the seed. As magnetic res- onance imaging (MRI)-guided brachytherapy is commonly used in colorectal cancer, it has also been adopted in pre-clinical orthotopic intra-rectal studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of Alpha-DaRT. However, the metallic seeds cause metal artifacts in MRI, distorting signals and degrading images. Overcoming these artifacts is essential for accurate tumor assessment and treatment planning. This study aimed to reduce metal artifacts in images acquired with 7 T pre-clinical MRI in the presence of Alpha-DaRT seeds using an orthotopic colorectal adenocarcinoma animal model.Approach. Inert seeds were imaged in gelatin phantoms and the dorsal cavity of a mouse carcass. For thein-vivoanimal model, NOD scid gamma mice with HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma tumors (∼5-7 mm) were injected with inert seeds. MRI sequence parameters such as echo and repetition times, slice thickness, and readout bandwidth were tested using the phantom and refined with carcass imaging, leading toin-vivoimaging.Main results. Multiple sequence protocols were tested on gelatin phantoms and compared to the original T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence protocol. An improved T2-weighted TSE sequence protocol reduced metal artifact volumes in the gelatin phantom from 147.8 ± 31.0 mm3to 87.0 ± 22.4 mm3in the axial slices, resulting in a 41% reduction. Validation in the mouse carcass confirmed high-quality soft-tissue imaging.In-vivoimages with live mice showed a statistically significant reduction (p<0.001) in metal artifact volume with the improved sequence.Significance. A T2-weighted turbo spin echo protocol effectively mitigated metal artifacts from Alpha-DaRT seeds in a colorectal adenocarcinoma animal model, allowing for clearer visualization of seed placement within the tumor and improving the accuracy of pre-clinical studies.

Prompt guiding multi-scale adaptive sparse representation-driven network for low-dose CT MAR.

This study was aimed at identifying MRI findings related to total hip arthroplasty (THAs) infection using coronal STIR with metal artifact reduction sequences (MARS) at 1.5T. This retrospective multicenter study included all patients with THAs who underwent 1.5T MRI with MARS from December 2015 to April 2020. Two groups are as follows: an infected group and a non-infected group (including asymptomatic THAs and symptomatic non-infected THAs). MARS were either multi-acquisition with variable-resonance image combination (MAVRIC) or slice encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC). Imaging features were evaluated to assess their association with THA infection (including both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of these imaging findings were assessed, and inter-reader agreement (kappa, K) was determined. Sixteen patients with THAs had periprosthetic infection, compared with 46 THAs in the non-infected group. Bone edema extending to adjacent soft tissues, defined as a combination of femoral bone marrow edema, hyperintense cortical signal, periostitis, and overall soft tissue edema, had the greatest diagnostic performance for infection: 15/16(94%) infected THAs and 0/46(0%) non-infected THAs (accuracy = 0.98, sensitivity = 0.94, specificity = 1, p < 0.001 Chi-Square test). This combination, predominant in the infected group (p < 0.001 for all), also demonstrated separately high accuracy (acc = 0.94-1), sensitivity (se = 0.94-1), and specificity (0.94-1). Fistula and fluid collection were highly specific (spe = 1) and accurate (acc = 0.81-0.82), although less sensitive (se = 0.25-0.31, p < 0.001). The combination of femoral bone marrow edema, hyperintense cortical signal, periostitis, and soft tissue edema is accurate in the diagnosis of periprosthetic hip joint infection using coronal STIR with MARs at 1.5T.

Objective.Normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) is a robust and widely used method for reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT). However, conventional NMAR requires at least two forward projections, one for metal trace detection and the other for prior sinogram generation, resulting in redundant computation and limited efficiency. This study aims to reformulate NMAR into a single forward projection-based framework that maintains artifact reduction performance while improving computational efficiency and structural simplicity.Approach.We show that the two separate forward projections in NMAR can be unified into a single operation by leveraging deep learning (DL) priors, thereby eliminating the explicit forward projection for metal trace. The metal trace is inferred directly from localized discrepancies between the original sinogram and the forward projection of the DL prior image, allowing both interpolation and trace identification within a unified forward projection. Simulations and cadaver experiments were performed to compare the proposed method with NMAR, DL reconstruction, and conventional DL-NMAR.Main results.The proposed method reduced metal artifacts with image quality comparable to conventional DL-NMAR while improving computational efficiency. By reducing the number of forward projections from two to one, the proposed method achieved the lowest number of projection operations among all compared methods, highlighting its computational advantage.Significance.This study demonstrates that DL priors can be seamlessly integrated into physics-based NMAR frameworks to simplify image reconstruction pipelines and enhance computational performance. The proposed unified forward projection provides an efficient solution to accelerate MAR in CT imaging.

Arthrofibrosis is a common complication following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), characterized by excessive fibrous tissue formation within the joint, leading to restricted range of motion (ROM), pain, and functional impairment. Accurate diagnosis is essential for distinguishing arthrofibrosis from other causes of postoperative knee stiffness, such as infection, mechanical block, or malalignment. This review aims to explore current diagnostic methods and evolving standards for arthrofibrosis after TKA, focusing on (1) clinical differentiation from other causes of knee stiffness; (2) assessment and diagnostic criteria; (3) imaging, laboratory, and histopathological techniques; and (4) an integrated diagnostic algorithm and future directions. Diagnosis is primarily based on persistent ROM limitation (flexion <90 degrees or extension >5 degrees) for more than 12 weeks, after excluding infection and mechanical causes. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with metal artifact reduction techniques can be used to visualize intra-articular fibrosis, with an MRI-based synovial classification correlating with ROM deficits and severity. Synovial fluid analysis helps rule out infection, and histopathology is employed when the diagnosis remains unclear. The study proposes a stepwise diagnostic algorithm that integrates clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings and discusses future directions for optimizing diagnosis and treatment pathways to improve patient outcomes.

Non invasive technology is becoming more relevant for the field of archaeology because it allows for the location of hidden artifacts without the destruction of the environment. But specialized instruments like Ground Penetrating Radar or high quality magnetometers are out of the price range for most researchers. This paper investigates the usefulness of low cost ultrasonic, infrared, and magnetometer sensors for the location of shallowly buried artifacts in sand, clay, and mixed gravel soils. Testing with ceramic, metal, bone, and stone artifacts indicates that the ultrasonic sensor is effective in sand, the infrared sensor has very shallow range limitations, and the magnetometer has the highest location accuracy for metal objects.

Indian rural industries continue to rely heavily on traditional crafts and skilled artisans. The origins of metallurgy on the Indian subcontinent date back to the with the Harappan and Babylon civilization pioneering advanced metalworking techniques, including the lost-wax casting method known as Dokra. This Dokra art dates back 4,000 years to ancient craftsmanship, as revealed by radiocarbon dating. This non-ferrous metal casting technique is one of the oldest in India and remains an enduring part of the country’s cultural heritage. The term 'Dokra' refers to a community of nomadic metalworkers who historically travelled across regions such as Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, creating intricately designed and ornamented metal artifacts. Today, these some of artisans have settled in specific regions, with notable clusters in Bankura in West Bengal. Dokra art serves as a living testament to ancient Neolithic figurine traditions and pre-Iron Age metal craftsmanship. This research aims to document the rich history of Dokra craft in Bankura, technique of Dokra craft making, raw materials, craft making tools and analyse the socio-economic conditions of artisans in Bikna village. The study also evaluates the challenges faced by these artisans and explores potential solutions to ensure the survival and growth of this traditional craft in the modern era. From my ten-day workshop experience with Dokra artisans, I have come to appreciate that this art is not only visually captivating but also remarkably intricate and requires immense skill and effort to create. And through the work and process, I have come to understand that this art is impossible to create without the craftsmanship and the skilled hands of an artisan.

Background/Objectives: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening condition that can be rapidly detected by non-contrast head computed tomography (NCCT). RAPID ICH is a deep learning (DL) tool for automatic ICH identification using NCCT. Our aim was to assess the real-world performance of RAPID ICH compared to that of a first-year radiology resident on consecutively acquired NCCTs from patients referred from the Emergency Department. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study included NCCTs acquired on the same CT scanner over three months. Exclusion criteria were motion or metallic artifacts that substantially degraded the NCCT quality and incomplete NCCTs. Two senior neuroradiologists conducted ground-truth labeling of the NCCTs regarding ICH presence in a binary manner. The first-year radiology resident assessed NCCTs for ICH presence and was blinded to the ground-truth labeling. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were computed for the RAPID ICH identifications and for the first-year radiology resident’s ICH identifications. Results: After applying exclusion criteria, 844 NCCTs remained. Ground-truth labeling found ICH in 63 NCCTs. RAPID ICH showed 87.3% sensitivity, 74% specificity, 21.3% PPV, and 98.6% NPV, while the first-year radiology resident achieved 95.2% sensitivity, 90.8% specificity, 45.5% PPV, and 99.6% NPV. There were 8 false-negative and 203 false-positive RAPID ICH identifications. Conclusions: RAPID ICH’s sensitivity and specificity were lower than in prior studies performed using RAPID ICH, and there was a high number of false-positive RAPID ICH identifications, limiting the generalizability of the assessed version of this DL tool. Testing DL tools by comparing them with radiologists of varying experience can provide valuable insights into their performance.

Despite the increasing use of MARS (metal artifact reduction sequence) MRI to investigate painful total hip arthroplasties (THA), no validated criteria exist for diagnosing femoral stem loosening. To evaluate MARS MRI for the diagnosis of aseptic stem loosening and determine its diagnostic accuracy. One hundred fourteen consecutive cases with THA revision surgery and MARS MRI of the hip were retrospectively included. Two blinded musculoskeletal radiologists independently assessed periprosthetic bone resorption (PPBR), bone marrow edema (BME), periosteal reaction (PR), and periprosthetic osteolysis (PO) in 14 Gruen zones (GZ). Intraoperative findings at revision surgery served as the ground truth. A predictive model was created using binomial logistic regression models to predict the probability of a loose stem with maximizing positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy. Interobserver reliability was assessed with absolute agreement, Cohen κ and Gwet AC1. During surgery, 66 stems were fixed and 48 loose. PPBR occurred significantly more frequently in loose stems across all GZs except GZ11. Proximal PPBR was also observed in fixed stems (up to 23%), whereas middle and distal PPBR were rare (≤3%). BME was most prevalent proximally in all stems (fixed/loose: 39%/60%) with significant differences medially and distally. PR was significantly more frequent in loose stems in the middle and distal GZs. PO were rare, most occurred in GZ7. The predictive model considering proximal PPBR, mid-distal PPBR, mid-distal PR, and distal BME performed with a sensitivity of 0.708, specificity of 0.970, PPV 0.944, negative predictive value 0.821. Interobserver agreement (Gwet AC1) in the considered zones was for PPBR between 0.80 and 0.98, BME 0.91 to 0.99, PR 0.87 to 0.97. MARS MRI is reproducible and accurate for assessing stem loosening. PPBR, BME, and PR can also be found in fixed THA in the proximal region, whereas they indicate loosening in the middle and distal stem region.

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty offers a femoral bone preserving procedure that allows high function activities. Understanding what happens to the bone inside the head component in resurfacing has always been limited by metal artefact. The development of ceramic resurfacing has allowed much better visualisation into well-functioning resurfacings. Our aim was to investigate postoperative MRI imaging of ceramic hip resurfacing. All participants underwent ceramic hip resurfacing using the ReCerf implant (MatOrtho Ltd). All procedures were performed by a single surgeon through an extended posterior approach. Patients underwent MRI at various time frames postoperatively ranging from 4 to 56 months postoperative. Secondary objectives included patient-reported outcomes and complications. We identified 12 cases involving 9 patients, comprising 6 females and 3 males, with an average age of 46.8 years at the time of resurfacing. The mean follow-up period was 37 (range 13-56) months. The overall findings from the MRI imaging were: 18% (2/11) demonstrated features of avascular necrosis, 27% (3/11) had evidence of femoral neck thinning, no patients had excessive cement mantles. The average Oxford Hip Score prior to the procedure was 24, which increased to 43 following the procedure. This study represents the first known investigation of ceramic hip resurfacings utilising postoperative MRI imaging. The findings indicate that the residual anatomy of the femoral head and neck can be effectively visualised and interpreted.The application of MRI imaging offers valuable insights into the successes and potential complications associated with this new generation of hip resurfacing procedures.

Artificial intelligence-based CBCT segmentation in the presence of metallic artefacts for 3D virtual orofacial patient generation.

Metal artifacts in dental computed tomography (CT) severely degrade diagnostic image quality, especially near metallic implants, due to photon starvation and beam hardening. This study presents a simulation-based feasibility evaluation of a hybrid single-energy material decomposition (SEMD)–virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI)-normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) framework for artifact suppression in dental CT. The framework applies SEMD to separate soft- and dense-tissue components from a single 80 kVp CT scan, synthesizes virtual monochromatic projections through VMI, and performs NMAR correction on the optimal virtual image. Unlike data-driven or hardware-dependent MAR techniques, this physics-based approach uses only single-energy data without requiring prior knowledge of metallic composition, enhancing interpretability and clinical compatibility. Numerical simulations with a three-dimensional skull phantom containing one, three, and five titanium (Ti) inserts were conducted to assess performance. At 60 keV, the virtual monochromatic CT achieved the higheststructural similarity index measure (SSIM = 0.79) and reduced artifact index (AI = 5.71) compared with the original polychromatic CT (SSIM = 0.76, AI = 5.84). With NMAR, image quality further improved (SSIM = 0.87, AI = 3.58), and the intersection-over-union (IoU) between segmented and reference metal masks increased from 0.69 to 0.95, confirming robustness to segmentation errors. These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid SEMD-VMI-NMAR framework effectively suppresses artifacts, maintains physical consistency, and offers computational feasibility under clinically relevant single-energy conditions, providing a solid basis for future experimental and clinical validation.

Minimizing Metallic Subcutaneous ICD Artifact Utilizing Ferumoxytol Contrast and Wideband Sequencing in an Adult Patient with Tetralogy of Fallot

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of materials from three kurgans of the Aynabulak–Temirsu-1 burial ground, excavated in 2017 and 2023 in the Zaysan District of the East Kazakhstan Region. The study is based on the analysis of burial rites, the assemblage of grave goods (metal knives, spiral-shaped ornaments, ceramic vessels, censers), and radiocarbon dating. The burial complexes of Kurgans No. 11 and 22 demonstrate a stable set of features (orientation and position of the deceased, use of ochre, and character of the inventory), allowing their attribution to the Afanasievo archaeological culture. Kurgan No. 11 is dated to the 29th–27th centuries BC based on radiocarbon analysis. Kurgan No. 22 is interpreted as a ritual structure without a burial. Metal artefacts from Kurgan No. 11 were subjected to technical and chemical analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) in order to determine the elemental composition of their alloys. Ochre samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); the preliminary results indicate a single ore source for the analyzed samples. The study contributes to the investigation of cultural connections and burial traditions of the population of Eastern Kazakhstan and adjacent territories during the Bronze Age.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows for rapid and accessible acquisition of three-dimensional images with a lower radiation dose compared to conventional computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the quality of CBCT images is limited by a variety of artifacts. This systematic review attempts to explore different artificial intelligence-based solutions for enhancing the quality of CBCT scans and reducing different types of artifacts in these three-dimensional images. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched up to March 2025. Risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-II tool. Extracted data included bibliographic information, aim, imaging modality, anatomical site of interest, artificial intelligence modeling approach and details, data and dataset details, qualitative and quantitative performance metrics, and main findings. A total of 27 papers from 2018 to 2025 were included. These studies focused on five areas: metal artifact reduction, scatter correction, image reconstruction improvement, motion artifact reduction, and noise reduction. Artificial intelligence models mainly used U-Net variants, though hybrid and transformer-based models were also explored. The thoracic region was the most analyzed, and the structural similarity index measure and peak signal-to-noise-ratio were common performance metrics. Data availability was limited, with only 26% of studies providing public access and 15% sharing model source codes. Artificial intelligence-driven approaches have demonstrated promising results for CBCT artifact reduction. This review highlights a wide variability in performance assessments and that most studies have not received diagnostic validation, limiting conclusions on the true clinical impact of these artificial intelligence-based improvements.

To evaluate the ability of spectral CT to non-invasively monitor liver temperature in vivo during thermal ablation. Under a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, domestic swine (n = 3) underwent microwave ablation (MWA). Four thermocouples were percutaneously placed in the ablation region under ultrasound guidance. Single-probe MWA was performed for 5min at 65W. Sequential dual-layer spectral CT scans were collected at 1-min intervals during and after ablation (n = 16 scans/subject). Pre- and post-ablation contrast-enhanced CTs were acquired. Virtual monoenergetic images (70keV) were used to mask gas bubbles and metal artifacts and to identify and segment ROIs at the thermocouple tips. Electron density weighted (EDW), effective atomic number (Z-eff), and conventional CT results were associated with temperature using correlation analysis and polynomial curve fitting. Explanted ablation zones were sectioned perpendicular to the probe track, and gross pathology was analyzed. Twelve thermocouples were placed near the MWA probe shaft at a mean distance of 8.3mm (range 2.5-24.0mm). Maximum measurements for each thermocouple ranged from 46 to 99°C (overall range 29-99°C). Temperature measurements were compared to corresponding spectral CT imaging results (n = 192). At the thermocouple locations, the mean EDW was 103.9 ± 0.97 (range 98.5-105.8). A negative linear correlation was found between temperature and EDW (r = - 0.570, 95%CI [- 0.483 - 0.645], p < 0.001, root mean squared error = 8.05°C). This proof-of-concept study demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring temperature in vivo using spectral CT during thermal ablation. Intraprocedural temperature feedback may improve treatment margin identification and monitoring of nearby critical structures.

With the swift advancement of dental implant technology, precise and safe radiographic assessment has emerged as pivotal for ensuring treatment success. Despite their widespread use, traditional radiographic methods are fraught with limitations, including exposure to ionizing radiation, metal artifact interference, and inadequate soft tissue resolution. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showcases distinctive advantages in the realm of dental implants, thanks to its radiation-free nature, exceptional soft tissue contrast, and capabilities for multi-parameter and multi-sequence imaging. This article comprehensively reviews the latest advancements in MRI applications pertaining to preoperative planning, intraoperative real-time navigation, and postoperative long-term follow-up (early diagnosis of peri-implantitis and osseointegration assessment) in dental implantology. By conducting a comparative analysis of the merits and demerits of MRI versus traditional radiographic methods, and integrating typical cases and clinical research data, the article delves into the core clinical significance of MRI in enhancing implant accuracy, mitigating surgical risks, and refining prognostic evaluations. While MRI still encounters challenges such as cost, artifact issues, and the need for professional interpretation in routine clinical practice within dental implants, with ongoing technological refinements and the accumulation of clinical evidence, it promises vast potential as a pivotal non-invasive and precise imaging modality in the field of dental implants.

BackgroundHyperSight CBCT offers rapid image acquisition and enhanced image quality, supporting its integration into online adaptive radiotherapy (OART). However, its performance under respiratory‐induced tumor motion requires further evaluation.PurposeThis study evaluates the feasibility of using rapid‐acquisition HyperSight CBCT for internal target volume (ITV) delineation and dose calculation in the setting of respiratory motion, with implications for OART workflows.MethodsA dynamic thoracic phantom simulating superior‐inferior tumor motion (5–25 mm amplitude from the motion center, 6‐second cycle time) was imaged using Varian's HyperSight CBCT on the Ethos platform. Four reconstruction algorithms were evaluated: filtered back projection (FDK), iterative CBCT (iCBCT), iCBCT with Acuros, and metal artifact reduction (MAR). Experiments included variation of cycle times (4, 6, and 8 s), breathing patterns (Cos6, sinusoidal, and hysteresis), and repeat acquisitions to assess the impact of scan initiation time relative to the respiratory cycle. In addition to fast scans, slow acquisitions (60‐second cycle) were performed for further evaluation. Reference datasets included 4DCT maximum intensity projection (MIP) and average intensity projection (AIP) for ITV delineation and HU comparison. Volumetric modulated arc therapy plans were created on AIP images and recalculated on HyperSight images. Dose distributions were compared using gamma analysis (1%/1 mm, 10% threshold).ResultsFor the Cos6 breathing pattern with a 6‐second cycle time, HyperSight CBCT produced ITV volumes and HU values comparable to 4DCT at small respiratory amplitudes (≤10 mm), with Dice similarity coefficients exceeding 0.8 and dose calculations passing 1%/1 mm gamma analysis. At larger amplitudes (≥15 mm), ITVs were underestimated to 28–40% of the reference values, with Dice coefficients falling below 0.45 and increasing image distortion. Longer cycle times (8s) and irregular breathing patterns (hysteresis) further reduced trajectory visualization, while more uniform motion (sinusoidal) improved trajectory coverage but still showed image deformation at 15mm amplitude. Repeat acquisitions demonstrated varying image representations at different scan initiation times, particularly with the longer 8‐second cycle. Slow‐scan CBCT achieved close agreement with 4DCT MIP and AIP in ITV volumes and HU values.ConclusionsHyperSight CBCT is feasible for OART in patients with limited respiratory motion, regular breathing pattern and short breathing cycle time. For larger excursions, slow scans or motion management strategies may be required to ensure accurate target delineation and dose calculation.

➢ Neurological injury remains the most common reason for ligation following total hip arthroplasty.➢ The main risk factors for neurological injury following total hip arthroplasty are preexisting spinal pathology, revision surgery, complex hip anatomy, female sex, surgeon inexperience, and excessive limb lengthening.➢ Postoperative pelvic computed tomographic scans may be used to assess component positioning and identify any compressive hematomas. Magnetic resonance imaging with a metal artifact reduction protocol may be used to evaluate architectural changes in the affected nerve.➢ Electromyography and nerve conduction studies may help to assess the level and grade of the nerve injury. These tests are most useful when performed in patients who show no signs of neurological improvement 3 to 6 weeks after surgery.➢ The mainstay of nonoperative management is supportive care with physical therapy, an ankle-foot orthosis, and neuropathic pain treatment.➢ The prognosis for a femoral nerve injury is generally more favorable than that for a sciatic nerve injury following total hip arthroplasty.

The introduction of computed tomography (CT) myelography for spinal diseases has allowed the diagnosis of several intradural and extradural etiologies. With the advent of water‐soluble, nonionic contrast agents, the safety and availability of this technique have expanded. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has faded the indications for CT myelography, some specific conditions and settings still benefit from the functional flow of contrast in the subarachnoid space and/or the patient’s particular limitations in performing MRI (especially in the presence of intense metallic artifacts). We present the case of a 23‐year‐old male patient who underwent long‐term follow‐up for an intramedullary epidermoid cyst. At the time of diagnosis, the patient complained of right lower limb tremor and pain, which progressed to leg weakness, with no congenital abnormality. His first surgery resulted in a mass resection without spinal fixation. Three years later, thoracic canal stenosis and kyphosis were diagnosed, leading to a second surgery, consisting of laminectomy and cervicothoracic fixation. At 8 years of age, worsening weakness and sphincter issues prompted further evaluations. CT myelography revealed upper thoracic cord enlargement. An intramedullary epidermoid cyst was diagnosed, and the patient underwent a new gross total resection. CT myelography is not obsolete. Patients requiring spine imaging for oncologic control and/or new or worsening neurological symptoms may benefit from CT myelography when standard spine MRI cannot be performed. Epidermoid cysts require long‐term postoperative follow‐up, as recurrence may occur years after surgical resection owing to their indolent, benign behavior.