Metal Agglomeration Research Articles

Effect of W concentration on the thermal stability of Cu-carbon nanotube hybrids

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-metal hybrids have been increasingly focused as a promising candidate for flexible circuit, but the metal agglomeration is their main failure mode under elevated temperature. In this study, we found the thermal stability of Cu-CNT hybrids can be significantly enhanced by W alloying. For CNT-Cu hybrids, the nano-grains suffered from serious agglomeration and growth after annealing at 473 K. And this phenomenon could be more significant by increasing annealing temperature. By adding W atoms with 4 at% into Cu matrix, the grain growth is weakened during annealing and the agglomeration is suppressed even at the temperature of 673 K. As the W content increases, the agglomeration is further suppressed at the higher temperature (873 K). The mechanism for the improved thermal stability was related to the stabilized grain boundaries by W atoms that were dissolved into Cu during deposition and further precipitated at higher W content or/and higher annealing temperatures.

Overturning CO2 Hydrogenation Selectivity from CH4 to CO by Strong Ru-FeOx Interaction Arising from a Multilayer Epitaxial Structure.

The catalytic conversion of CO2 to CO through hydrogenation has emerged as a promising strategy for CO2 utilization, given that CO serves as a valuable C1 platform compound for synthesizing liquid fuels and chemicals. However, the predominant formation of CH4 via deep hydrogenation over Ru-based catalysts poses challenges in achieving selective CO production. High reaction temperatures often lead to catalyst deactivation and changes in selectivity due to dynamic metal evolution or agglomeration, even with a classic strong metal-support interaction. Herein, we have developed a FeOx/Ru/Rutile multilayer epitaxial structure by depositing a FeOx layer onto the epitaxially grown RuO2 nanolayers on the surface of rutile nanoparticles. This multilayer epitaxial structure transformed into a structure in which Ru nanoparticles were decorated with FeOx layers with ultrastable strong metal-support interaction (SMSI). Subsequently, the FeOx decoration on Ru nanoparticles effectively shifted the dominant product from CH4 to 95% CO during CO2 hydrogenation. Remarkably, this catalyst exhibits exceptional stability and can be operated stably at 550 °C for a long time without apparent deactivation. Compared with the dynamic changes observed in supported Ru nanoparticles, the interaction between Ru and FeOx maintains their electronic states at different reaction temperatures. Furthermore, this Ru-FeOx interaction inhibits H2 activation capability, CO adsorption, and subsequent hydrogenation of CO. The transformation strategy employed here, which utilizes initial multilayer epitaxial structures, can be applied to construct SMSI to enhance metal catalysts' catalytic performance.

“One‐Stone, Two‐Birds”: Zinc‐Rich Metal–Organic Frameworks as Precursors for High‐Entropy Zn‐Air Battery Electrocatalysts with Hierarchical Pore Structures

AbstractThe active sites of inexpensive transition metal electrocatalysts are sparse and singular, thus high‐entropy alloys composed of non‐precious metals have attracted considerable attention due to their multi‐component synergistic effects. However, the facile synthesis of high‐entropy alloy composites remains a challenge. Herein, we report a “one‐stone, two‐birds” method utilizing zinc (Zn)‐rich metal–organic frameworks as precursors, by virtue of the low boiling point of Zn (907 °C) and its high volatility in alloys, high‐entropy alloy carbon nanocomposite with a layered pore structure was ultimately synthesized. The experimental results demonstrate that the volatilization of zinc can prevent metal agglomeration and contribute to the formation of uniformly dispersed high‐entropy alloy nanoparticles at slower pyrolysis and cooling rates. Simultaneously, the volatilization of Zn plays a crucial role in creating the hierarchically porous structure. Compared to the zinc‐free HEA/NC‐1, the HEA/NC‐5 derived from the precursor containing 0.8 Zn exhibit massive micropores and mesopores. The resulting nanocomposites represent a synergistic effect between highly dispersed metal catalytic centers and hierarchical adsorption sites, thus achieving excellent electrocatalytic oxygen reduction performance with low catalyst loading compared to commercial Pt/C. This convenient zinc‐rich precursor method can be extended to the production of more high‐entropy alloys and various application fields.

"One-Stone, Two-Birds": Zinc-Rich Metal-Organic Frameworks as Precursors for High-Entropy Zn-Air Battery Electrocatalysts with Hierarchical Pore Structures.

The active sites of inexpensive transition metal electrocatalysts are sparse and singular, thus high-entropy alloys composed of non-precious metals have attracted considerable attention due to their multi-component synergistic effects. However, the facile synthesis of high-entropy alloy composites remains a challenge. Herein, we report a "one-stone, two-birds" method utilizing zinc (Zn)-rich metal-organic frameworks as precursors, by virtue of the low boiling point of Zn (907 °C) and its high volatility in alloys, high-entropy alloy carbon nanocomposite with a layered pore structure was ultimately synthesized. The experimental results demonstrate that the volatilization of zinc can prevent metal agglomeration and contribute to the formation of uniformly dispersed high-entropy alloy nanoparticles at slower pyrolysis and cooling rates. Simultaneously, the volatilization of Zn plays a crucial role in creating the hierarchically porous structure. Compared to the zinc-free HEA/NC-1, the HEA/NC-5 derived from the precursor containing 0.8 Zn exhibit massive micropores and mesopores. The resulting nanocomposites represent a synergistic effect between highly dispersed metal catalytic centers and hierarchical adsorption sites, thus achieving excellent electrocatalytic oxygen reduction performance with low catalyst loading compared to commercial Pt/C. This convenient zinc-rich precursor method can be extended to the production of more high-entropy alloys and various application fields.

Fabrication of Vanadium Oxide-encapsulated Hybrid Carbon Nanospheres for Enhanced Tribological Performance.

A new sulfur-containing carbon nanospheres encapsulated with vanadium oxide (V@SCN) is synthesized through a one-pot oxidation polymerization and then carbonization method. The prepared V@SCNs exhibit good dispersibility as a lubricant additive, which is owing to the inherited lipophilic organic functional groups in the sulfur-containing carbon shell derived from the carbonization of polythiophene. The agglomeration and precipitation of metals in the base oil are also avoided through the encapsulation of lipophilic carbon shells. The stress and thermal simulation results show that the vanadium oxide core bestows upon the carbon nanospheres enhanced load resistance and superior thermal conductivity, which contributes to their excellent tribological properties. Introducing 0.04M-V@SCN to the base oil leads to favorable tribological characteristics, such as a fourfold rise in extreme pressure capacity from 250 to 1050N, a reduction in friction coefficient from 0.2 to ≈0.1, and a substantial decrease in wear by 90.2%. The lubrication mechanism of V@SCNs as lubricant additive involves the formation of a robust protective film on the friction pair, which is formed via complex physical and chemical reactions with the friction pair during friction.

Effect of structure of metal-free nitrogen-doped coal-based carbon on catalytic oxygen reduction

In carbon-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts, metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials generally have higher catalytic stability compared to metal catalysts with reduced catalytic activity due to the occurrence of metal agglomeration during the catalytic reaction. In this paper, a metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon-based ORR catalyst NCOH5-900 with a half-wave potential of 0.846 V and onset potential of 0.94 V was prepared using coal as the carbon source, dicyandiamide as the nitrogen source and KOH as the activator. The material has good ORR catalytic performance with half-wave potential and onset potential comparable to Pt/C catalyst with the same mass loading, with better resistance to methanol toxicity and catalytic stability. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared catalyst were controlled by adjusting the amount of nitrogen doping and activation temperature to establish the relationship between the material structure and the ORR performance. The results suggest that for the metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon-based material, the good ORR catalytic performance is attributed to the abundant edge defects, high graphitization, good mixed structure of micro/mesopores, large nitrogen content, and high ratio of pyridine to graphitic nitrogen. Finally, the catalytic mechanism of NCOH5-900 for ORR is investigated using in-situ attenuated total reflection Fourier infrared (ATR-FTIR) and in-situ Raman, confirming the four-electron reduction process of O2 via a continuous dual step of two-electron transfer process.

A novel two-step process for the synthesis of hexamethylenediamine from 6-hydroxyhexanenitrile derived from ε-caprolactone

Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) is an important chemical product for the production of various value-added chemicals especially in the manufacture of polyamides, and its current production mainly relies on the hydrogenation of adiponitrile (ADN). However, the processes for the production of ADN are complicated and monopolized by some transnational corporations. In this work, a novel two-step synthesis of HMDA, consisting of the aerobic oxidation of 6-hydroxyhexanenitrile (6-HHN) to 5-cyanopentanal (5-CPA) and the reductive amination of 5-CPA to HMDA, has been developed. The aerobic oxidation of 6-HHN to 5-CPA was readily realized in an excellent yield of 92.2% under the catalysis of a classic catalyst system Fe(NO3)3/4-AcNH-TEMPO/NaCl under mild conditions. The reductive amination of 5-CPA to HMDA was conducted over a bimetallic Ni30Co7/SiO2, and the conversion of 5-CPA was 99.0% with a HMDA selectivity of 89.5% under optimal parameters. The characterization results show that Ni and Co are mainly present in the form of a Ni-Co alloy. The formation of the Ni-Co alloy in the catalyst Ni30Co7/SiO2 endows with a synergistic effect between Ni and Co in the reductive amination of 5-CPA to HMDA. Catalyst deactivation occurs during catalytic run. Deactivation is mainly due to the metal agglomeration, the oxidation of Ni0 to Ni2+, and the carbon deposition. Deactivated catalysts can be completely regenerated by H2 high-temperature reduction.

Construction of metal-anchored and defect-rich N-doped lignite-char supported cobalt catalysts for pressurized dry reforming of methane

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) offers a promising path for greenhouse gas conversion, but industry usually relies on pressurization conditions, and the drawback of rapid carbon deposition leading to deactivation of conventional catalysts under pressurization has hindered its industrial development. In this study, a cost-effective N-doped Co-based DRM catalyst was developed by utilizing melamine to induce heteroatom doping defects on modified lignite to overcome the problem of deactivation due to rapid carbon deposition under pressurized conditions. The catalyst, Co/CN-40 (Impregnated with 40 wt% melamine), has the smallest metal particle size (3.13 nm), the largest specific surface area (376 m2/g), high defectivity (ID/IG ratio = 0.84), enhanced metal-support interactions and a relatively high pyridine N content (48%). The evaluation of DRM activity and stability at 780 °C and 0.5 MPa demonstrates that Co/CN-40 offers the highest catalytic efficiency. The highest conversion was quickly achieved by the catalyst during activity assessments, and maintain an efficient conversion with suppressed metal agglomeration over a 100-h stability test. These improvements are attributed to the increase in the number of defects which enhances electron transfer, improves metal anchoring and boosts the adsorption and activation of reactant molecules.

Progress of metal-loaded biochar-activated persulfate for degradation of emerging organic contaminants.

In recent years, studies on the degradation of emerging organic contaminants by sulfate radical (SO4-·) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have triggered increasing attention. Metal-loaded biochar (Me-BC) can effectively prevent the agglomeration and leaching of transition metals, and its good physicochemical properties and abundant active sites induce outstanding in activating persulfate (PS) for pollutant degradation, which is of great significance in the field of advanced oxidation. In this paper, we reviewed the preparation method and stability of Me-BC, the effect of metal loading on the physicochemical properties of biochar, the pathways of pollutant degradation by Me-BC-activated PS (including free radical pathways: SO4-·, hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radicals (O2-·); non-free radical pathways: singlet oxygen (1O2), direct electron transfer), and discussed the activation of different active sites (including metal ions, persistent free radicals, oxygen-containing functional groups, defective structures, etc.) in the SR-AOPs system. Finally, the prospect was presented for the current research progress of Me-BC in SR-AOPs technology.

Highly dispersed Ag quantum dots anchored on palmitic acid/ graphitic carbon nitride composite phase change materials for enhanced photo-thermal storage

Phase change materials (PCM) have attracted much attention in the field of thermal energy storage because of exceptional heat storage capacity, stable operating temperature, and recyclability. However, organic phase change materials, represented by palmitic acid (PA), are limited by inherent leakage problem, unsatisfactory thermal responsiveness and inefficient photo-thermal storage capacity, which severely hamper the development of PCMs technology. As a means of addressing these challenges, we developed one novel support material with 2D/0D structure for palmitic acid via thermal polymerization, specifically, in which highly dispersed Ag quantum dots (Ag QDs) was firmly anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). PA was further infiltrated into the layered structure of nanoporous g-C3N4/Ag QDs to successfully synthesize novel shape-stabilized PA/g-C3N4/Ag QDs composite phase change materials (CPCM). On the one hand, benefiting from the tightly stacked porous structure of g-C3N4/Ag QDs, PA is effectively encapsulated to avoid leakage problem during the solid-liquid transition with a superior adsorption capacity up to 65 %. On the other hand, the combination of g-C3N4 and Ag QDs in PA/g-C3N4/Ag QDs CPCM demonstrated a synergistic effect resulting in faster heat transfer capability and more efficient solar energy capture capability compared to pure PA, which is capable of dual utilization of heat and solar energy. The newly developed PA/g-C3N4/Ag QDs CPCM features a high melting latent heat and an appropriate phase change temperature, which are 128.35 J/g and 61.92 °C, respectively. The corresponding solidification enthalpy and temperature are 121.70 J/g and 60.02 °C. The photo-thermal conversion efficiency of the material is improved to 78.6 %, facilitating a rapid capture and storage of solar energy. Furthermore, through the optimization of the preparation process, Ag QDs are densely anchored on the surface of g-C3N4, which retains the excellent properties of metallic silver while eliminates the metal agglomeration phenomenon after repeated utilization of CPCMs. PA/g-C3N4/Ag QDs CPCM is proved to be extremely recyclable and thermally stable after massive thermal cycles. This innovative and operational encapsulation modified method significantly optimizes the practicality of phase change materials. The obtained shape-stabilized PA/g-C3N4/Ag QDs CPCM is more versatile, and its unique comprehensive properties can provide high-quality materials for photo-thermal storage systems.

Uptake, Agglomeration, and Detoxification of Trace Metals and Metalloids in Plants

Uptake, Agglomeration, and Detoxification of Trace Metals and Metalloids in Plants

Sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming coupled with water splitting for syngas and H2 coproduction using waste plastic as fuel

Chemical looping is a promising technology for hydrogen production. Achieving both high purity and yield is an ongoing challenge, due to low fuel conversion and carbon deposition. In this study, a sorption-enhanced chemical looping reforming coupled with water splitting (SE-CLSR-WS) process was proposed to co-produce syngas and H2 by using waste plastic as the fuel. The Ni-doped Ca2Fe2O5 brownmillerites were designed and employed as oxygen carriers (OCs) and CO2 sorbent. The introduction of Ni leaded to lattice distortion of brownmillerite, thereby enhancing the redox activity of lattice oxygen. In fuel reactor (FR), CaO in-situ captured CO2 and shifted reaction equilibrium towards PET pyrolysis gas reforming, enhancing both syngas yield and PET conversion rates. Adhere to the surface of OCs, CaO improved cyclic performance by inhibiting agglomeration of active metals. Calcination reactor (CR) was set between FR and steam rector (SR) to in-situ desorb CO2 and remove carbon deposition, enhancing hydrogen purity in SR. When Ca2Ni0.75Fe1.25O5-0.25CaO was applied to SE-CLSR-WS process, it exhibited synergistically strengthened performance in reaction activity, sorption capacity and cyclic stability, with a syngas purity of 82.71 % and H2 yield of 8.01 mmol/g OC with 93.26 % purity.

Molecular Wiring of Electrocatalytic Nitrate reduction to Ammonia and Water Oxidation by Iron-Coordinated Macroporous Conductive Networks.

Developing stable electrocatalysts with accessible isolated sites is desirable but highly challenging due to metal agglomeration and low surface stability of host materials. Here we report a general approach for synthesis of single-site Fe electrocatalysts by integrating a solvated Fe complex in conductive macroporous organic networks through redox-active coordination linkages. Electrochemical activation of the electrode exposes high-density coordinately unsaturated Fe sites for efficient adsorption and conversion of reaction substrates such as NO3- and H2O. Using the electrode with isolated active Fe sites, electrocatalytic NO3- reduction and H2O oxidation can be coupled in a single cell to produce NH3 and O2 at Faradaic efficiencies of 97% and 100%, respectively. The electrode exhibits excellent robustness in electrocatalysis for 200 hours with small decrease in catalytic efficiencies. Both the maximized Fe-site efficiency and the microscopic localization effect of the conductive organic matrix contribute to the high catalytic performances, which provides new understandings in tuning the efficiencies of metal catalysts for high-performance electrocatalytic cells.

Molecular Wiring of Electrocatalytic Nitrate reduction to Ammonia and Water Oxidation by Iron‐Coordinated Macroporous Conductive Networks

AbstractDeveloping stable electrocatalysts with accessible isolated sites is desirable but highly challenging due to metal agglomeration and low surface stability of host materials. Here we report a general approach for synthesis of single‐site Fe electrocatalysts by integrating a solvated Fe complex in conductive macroporous organic networks through redox‐active coordination linkages. Electrochemical activation of the electrode exposes high‐density coordinately unsaturated Fe sites for efficient adsorption and conversion of reaction substrates such as NO3− and H2O. Using the electrode with isolated active Fe sites, electrocatalytic NO3− reduction and H2O oxidation can be coupled in a single cell to produce NH3 and O2 at Faradaic efficiencies of 97 % and 100 %, respectively. The electrode exhibits excellent robustness in electrocatalysis for 200 hours with small decrease in catalytic efficiencies. Both the maximized Fe‐site efficiency and the microscopic localization effect of the conductive organic matrix contribute to the high catalytic performances, which provides new understandings in tuning the efficiencies of metal catalysts for high‐performance electrocatalytic cells.

Effects of lanthanum and ethylenediamine tetraacetic a cid

Using nickel-tungsten as active metals and TiO₂-Al₂O₃ as the support, Ni-W/TiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts for the hydrodesulfurization of heavy oil were prepared by wetness impregnation. The effects of the modification of lanthanum, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)and La in cooperation with EDTA on the structure and hydrodesulfurization performance of the catalysts were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, H₂-TPR and SEM. The results indicated that La and EDTA could weaken the interaction between support and active component, facilitate the reduction of active component, and benefit the formation of Ni-W-S phase. Addition of La or EDTA could increase the surface area and suppress the agglomeration of active metals on surface, forming smaller and highly dispersed active phase particles. The La, EDTA and combined La and EDTA modified catalysts possessed higher HDS activity than Ni-W sample, Ni-W-La-E catalyst had the highest HDS activity, and its thiophene conversion reached 99.7%.

Instantaneous Thermal Energy for Swift Synthesis of Single-Atom Catalysts for Unparalleled Performance in Metal-Air Batteries and Fuel Cells.

Based on experimental and computational evidence, phthalocyanine (Pc) compounds in the form of quaternary-bound metal-nitrogen (N) atoms are the most effective catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the heat treatment process used in their synthesis may compromise the ideal structure, causing the agglomeration of transition metals. To overcome this issue, a novel method is developed for synthesizing iron (Fe) single-atom catalysts with ideal structures supported by thermally exfoliated graphene oxide (GO). This is achieved through a short heat treatment of only 2.5min involving FePc and N, N-dimethylformamide in the presence of GO. According to the synthesis mechanism revealed by this study, carbon monoxide acts as a strong linker between the single Fe atoms and graphene. It facilitates the formation of a structure containing oxygen species between FeN4 and graphene, which provides high activity and stability for the ORR. These catalysts possess an enormous number of active sites and exhibit enhanced activity toward the alkaline ORR. They demonstrate excellent performance when applied to real electrochemical devices, such as zinc-air batteries and anion exchange membrane fuel cells. It is expected that the instantaneous heat treatment method developed in this study will aid in the development of high-performing single-atom catalysts.

Atomic-level precision engineering: Single-atom catalysts with controlled loading density for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

An important but challenging task in single-atom catalysis is synthesizing a catalyst with controllable single-atom loading densities and no metal agglomeration. Here, we construct MoS2/rGO supports by a simple hydrothermal method and precisely control single-atom platinum (PtSA) loading density by its targeted growth on MoS2 for electrocatalysis. Using the optimized geometric and electronic structure, PtSA-MoS2/rGO exhibits an ultra-low overpotential of 11 mV at − 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). First-principles calculations reveal that enhanced density of PtSA on the MoS2 surface favors the reduction of Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption, facilitating the kinetic process of electrocatalytic HER. This work provides a new engineering route to fabricating a series of performance-tunable single-atom catalysts with controllable locations and loading densities.

In-situ immobilization strategy for single-atom iron sites to enhance oxygen reduction reaction in Zn–air batteries and microbial fuel cells

A straightforward and environmentally friendly approach was utilized to synthesize single-atomic Fe–N–C catalyst. In-situ immobilization of Fe3+ during the formation of polydopamine (PDA) and ZIF-8 in aqueous solution effectively prevent metal agglomeration. The mutual promotion of PDA and aqueous solution constructed the hybrid-level porous hollow structure in P–FeNC. This method extends the solution scope from organic solution system to water solution, thus providing fascinating opportunities for investigating metal-N-C catalyst by in-situ mixing various metal salt precursor and dopamine. The optimal P–FeNC catalyst demonstrates superlative oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, with the half-wave potentials (E1/2) of 0.886 V, 0.79 V, and 0.72 V in 0.1 M KOH, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 0.05 M PBS solutions, which exceeded commercial 20 wt% Pt/C. The combinatorial impacts of highly dense FeN4 active sites and interconnected hierarchical mesopores/macropores are presumed to underpin the observed enhancement in ORR performance. Further evaluations show that the power densities of P–FeNC equipped zinc-air battery (ZAB) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) are 460 mW/cm2 and 3083 ± 10 mW/m2, respectively. This study confirms the feasibility to design the innovative single-atom catalyst in aqueous solution and provides constructive ideas to employ the high-performance P–FeNC electrocatalyst in ZABs and MFCs.

Enhancing the conversion of waste motor oil into diesel-like fuels using mineral-impregnated biochar catalysts

This study shows how the presence of metal-impregnated biochar influences the kinetics of the catalytic conversion of waste motor oil (WMO) into a diesel-like fuel (DLF). First, the initial metal concentration in the wet impregnation process was optimized, showing that high metal concentrations tend to clog the biochar pores, reducing the reaction’s conversion and speed. Zinc and calcium showed higher kinetic constants at the optimized conditions than nickel, while the yield- and selectivity-to-liquid products were unaffected. Then, a reduction method was developed for impregnating metal particles of calcium oxide to enhance the metal dispersion at the biochar surface. This material showed the best performance in the reaction due to the presence of small particles instead of metal agglomerates. An increase of about 280% in the kinetic constant at 420 °C and a much lower activation energy (246 kJ mol−1) compared to the thermal cracking (308 kJ mol−1) was obtained. Finally, the DLF from the best catalytic system was analyzed. Interestingly, the fuel showed similar rheological properties to commercial diesel with a similar hydrocarbon distribution but with the presence of smaller hydrocarbon chains.

“Two-in-one” high stretchable healable WPU based conductive hydrogel for intelligent wearable sensing

In recent years, conductive hydrogel based sensors have been widely used because of their flexibility and convenience, especially in strain sensing, handwriting recognition, object shape recognition and so on. In this research, the conductive hydrogel with “two-in-one” structure was well designed to avoid the agglomeration and leakage of liquid metal by using polyvinylpyrrolidone modified liquid gallium indium alloy/polydopamine composite hydrogel as the top layer and hydrogen bonding crosslinked waterborne polyurethane/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite hydrogel as the bottom layer, respectively. Finally, a hydrogel based sensor with excellent stretchability and sensitivity was successfully obtained. The tensile strength of the prepared composite hydrogel exceeded 2 MPa. The elongation at break could be greater than 500 %. The toughness was greatly improved due to the introduction of waterborne polyurethane, which was greater than 7.5 MJ/m3. The GF value of the sensors reached 4.54. More interestingly, the mechanical self-healing ability of composite hydrogel prepared by adding polydopamine, reached about 70 % of the original. The hydrogel based sensor was able to use for gesture recognition and controlling the manipulator in human-computer interaction. This research can provide a practical idea to achieve advanced intelligent wearable sensing.