Metabolism In Human Body Research Articles

Research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with other drugs in the treatment of tumors

Cancer as the first killer of the influence of human life and health, researcher use a variety of ways to cure cancer, but has been no effective treatment, along with the innovation of new biotechnology, researcher discovered the cancer cells rely on the Warburg effect in the human body metabolism. And understanding the PD-1L receptor on the surface of tumor cells can help tumor cells to achieve immune escape, which is not easy to be recognized and killed by the PD-1 receptor on the surface of immune cells. After understanding this process, researchers have developed PD-1/PD-L1 receptor inhibitors to help cure cancer by targeting this mechanism, which is also part of immunotherapy. Among the drugs on the market today, it has been confirmed that PD-1/PD-L1 is effective in the treatment of non-solid tumors and a small number of solid tumors. However, because of the characteristics of most solid tumors, PD-1/PD-L1 is limited to play a role, so researchers try to develop PD-1/PD-L1 combined with other drugs to treat more solid tumors. In the literature cited in this article, it can be seen that the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 with other drugs is effective, but the adverse reactions will also increase. This article will discuss the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 combined with other drugs in detail.

Analysis of Lead (Pb) Metal Content in Catfish Meat (Clarias batrachus L) Sold at Bekonang Market, Sukoharjo

Catfish (Clarias bathracus L) can survive and be able to tolerate polluted water conditions. Lead metal naturally occurs in water and contaminates the organisms in it. Lead metal contamination in fish will cause poisoning and brain damage if it enters the human body's metabolism and accumulates in amounts that exceed the threshold. This research was conducted to determine the content of Pb metal in catfish meat sold at Bekonang Market, Sukoharjo. The method used in this research is a qualitative analysis using the K2CrO4 reagent and a quantitative analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results of the research with K2CrO4 reagent showed that samples A, B, C, D, and E were negative respectively. The average levels of lead (Pb) in catfish meat samples A, B, C, D, and E were -21.98 mg/Kg ± 0.140; -22.10 mg/Kg ± 0.035; -24.32 mg/Kg ± 0.107; -10.99 mg/Kg ± 0.191; and -24.36 mg/Kg ± 0.091. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the content is still below the threshold according to the requirements for lead (Pb) levels allowed by Republic of Indonesia Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination of 20 mg/kg.

Pharmacokinetics, metabolite profiling, safety and tolerability of YZJ-4729 tartrate, a novel G protein-biased μ-opioid receptor agonist, in healthy Chinese subjects.

Objective: YZJ-4729 is a novel G protein-biased μ-opioid receptor agonist for the treatment of acute pain in adult patients who require intravenous opioid analgesic therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics, metabolite profiling, safety and tolerability of YZJ-4729 in healthy Chinese subjects following the single intravenous doses ranged from 0.2mg to 6mg. Methods: This single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted in 54 healthy male and female Chinese subjects after single ascending doses of YZJ-4729 tartrate (0.2, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6mg). Subjects in each cohort were assigned randomly to receive a single intravenous dose of YZJ-4729 tartrate injection or placebo at a ratio of 4:1. Pharmacokinetic characteristics, metabolite profiling, safety and tolerability profiles of the study drug were evaluated. Results: Overall, YZJ-4729 was safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects. The study drug reached peak plasma concentrations nearly at the end of the infusion. After administration, YZJ-4729 was eliminated rapidly with a terminal elimination half-life of 0.862-2.50h, and excreted little in human excreta. The maximum drug concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased with dose escalation across the entire dose range. YZJ-4729 experienced extensive metabolism in human body. A total of 19 metabolites were identified and the characteristic metabolic pathways involved hydroxylation, ketone formation, N-dealkylation and glucuronide conjugation. Metabolite M10 was the most abundant circulating metabolite, and represented over 10% of total drug-related systemic exposure. Further PK and safety evaluation of M10 was necessary. Conclusion: The clinical study results laid a foundation for the further clinical studies of YZJ-4729 in patients. Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn, identifier CTR20222574.

Additive manufacturing of degradable magnesium alloys and their application in orthopedic implants

ABSTRACT Recently, with the continuous research on magnesium alloy materials, the production and processing technology of magnesium alloys are continuously improved, bringing in their improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Therefore, magnesium alloys have once again become one of the research hotspots of orthopedic degradable materials. Meanwhile, the biocompatibility and biosafety properties of magnesium alloys were considered. The magnesium ions generated after the magnesium alloy is degraded in the body, will participate in the human body's metabolism, regulate bone metabolism activities, and contribute to the synthesis of new bone. Some research studied that magnesium ions can regulate the metabolic function of the human body through multiple signaling pathways, and in vitro cells, and experiments have proved this point of view. Therefore, magnesium alloys are expected to become a promising material in orthopedic treatment, due to their good biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical properties. In this review, we provide an overview of the degradable magnesium alloys and some key surface treatments and additive manufacturing of these materials to promote their application in orthopedic implants.

Analysis of the relationship between the gut microbiota enterotypes and colorectal adenoma.

The essence of enterotypes is to stratify the entire human gut microbiota, and dysregulation of gut microbiota is closely related to the development of colorectal adenoma. Enterotypes may therefore be a useful target for the prevention of colorectal adenoma. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal adenoma has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to analyze the differences in gut microbiome composition between adenoma and control populations. We recruited 31 patients with colorectal adenoma and 71 non-adenoma controls. Patient demographics, risk factors, fecal samples from each subject were collected and metagenomic sequencing was performed. LEfSe analysis was used to reveal differences in intestinal microbiome composition. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between enterotypes and colorectal adenoma. The results showed that Prevotella enterotype (enterotype 4) is only present in adenoma group. Logistic regression analysis showed that Prevotella enterotype was an independent risk factor for colorectal adenoma. The Prevotella enterotype may increase the occurrence of colorectal adenoma through inflammatory association and interference with glucose and lipid metabolism in human body. In conclusion, the differences we observed between different enterotypes add a new potential factor to the development of colorectal adenoma.

MicroRNAs as the Critical Regulators of Forkhead Box Protein Family in Pancreatic, Thyroid, and Liver Cancers.

The metabolism of human body is mainly regulated by the pancreas, liver, and thyroid using the hormones or exocrine secretions that affect the metabolic processes from food digestion to intracellular metabolism. Therefore, metabolic organ disorders have wide clinical symptoms that severely affect the quality of patient's life. The pancreatic, liver, and thyroid cancers as the main malignancies of the metabolic system have always been considered as one of the serious health challenges worldwide. Despite the novel therapeutic modalities, there are still significant high mortality and recurrence rates, especially in liver and pancreatic cancer patients which are mainly related to the late diagnosis. Therefore, it is required to assess the molecular bases of tumor progressions to introduce novel early detection and therapeutic markers in these malignancies. Forkhead box (FOX) protein family is a group of transcription factors that have pivotal roles in regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. They function as oncogene or tumor suppressor during tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved in regulation of cellular processes. Therefore, in the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs during pancreatic, thyroid, and liver tumor progressions through FOX regulation. It has been shown that miRNAs were mainly involved in tumor progression via FOXM and FOXO targeting. This review paves the way for the introduction of miR/FOX axis as an efficient early detection marker and therapeutic target in pancreatic, thyroid, and liver tumors.

Rapid and non-invasive diagnosis of type 2 diabetes through sniffing urinary acetone by a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry

Urinary acetone in urine is produced from fat metabolism in human body, which can be accelerated in diabetic patients because of insufficient utilization and storage of glucose. In this study, we tried to develop a novel diagnosis method of type 2 diabetes (T2D) through sniffing urinary acetone by a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). A total of 180 T2D patients and 180 healthy volunteers were recruited from three hospitals for multicenter study. Urine samples were collected in the morning when donators were fasting and stored in glass bottles. Acetone in the headspace of these bottles was qualitatively and quantitatively detected by the PTR-MS in 8 h. Using a threshold of 690.1 ppbv, a diagnostic model was established using urinary acetone with an accuracy of 81.3% (sensitivity: 73.3%, specificity: 89.3%) in hospital Ⅰ. In the verification studies, the accuracies were 92.5% (sensitivity: 88.7%, specificity: 96.2%) in hospital Ⅱ and 83.7% (sensitivity: 76.9%, specificity: 90.4%) in hospital Ⅲ, respectively. The accuracy is comparable to that of clinically used diagnosis methods, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test. The sensitivity for 35 newly diagnosed patients was 85.7%. The newly developed technology is completely non-invasive and much more rapid than clinical FPG, OGTT, and HbA1c tests. It has a promising prospect in clinical use. But the applicability in different human races still need more validations.

An efficient dual classification support using ISPCE and IRR-GCBANN techniques for detection of thyroid disease

The thyroid gland generates hormones to influence human body metabolism. A proper analysis of thyroid glands functional data is needed for Thyroid Disease (TD) diagnosis. Detecting the TD early is a crucial issue. Disparate alternatives approach was generated for it over time, but inaccurate detection of TD remains. Thus, aimed at detecting TD, the work renders an effectual dual classification framework. The framework was split into seven phases. Initially, to convert the string data into a numerical value, data numeralization is performed. After that, preprocessing is executed, which processes the missing value by means of taking the average and eliminating the repeated data. Next, so as to scale the entire data into a single unit, normalization is carried out. And the essential features are extracted, and Modified Discrete Salp Swarm Algorithm (MDSSA) Features Selection (FS) technique is developed in order to get rid of relevant features. Currently, an Improved Sign Preserving Cluster Ensemble (ISPCE) is proposed to cluster the chosen features accurately. It clusters the TD utilizing base clusters and lessens the decision graph complications, time intricacy, etc. Finally, the clustered features are inputted to Improved Raven Roosting Optimization Algorithm with Gradient Cats Boost Artificial Neural Network (IRR-GCBANN) for classifying the TD as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or normal. Experimental outcomes exhibit that the proposed framework attains 96.94% accuracy for detecting the TD when weighted against the existent techniques.

COVID-19 metabolism: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) dysregulates antiviral signaling, immune response, and cell metabolism in human body. Viral genome and proteins hijack host metabolic network to support viral biogenesis and propagation. However, the regulatory mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced metabolic dysfunction has not been elucidated until recently. Multiomic studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) revealed an intensive interaction between host metabolic regulators and viral proteins. SARS‐CoV‐2 deregulated cellular metabolism in blood, intestine, liver, pancreas, fat, and immune cells. Host metabolism supported almost every stage of viral lifecycle. Strikingly, viral proteins were found to interact with metabolic enzymes in different cellular compartments. Biochemical and genetic assays also identified key regulatory nodes and metabolic dependencies of viral replication. Of note, cholesterol metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism are broadly involved in viral lifecycle. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the hallmarks of COVID‐19 metabolism. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection remodels host cell metabolism, which in turn modulates viral biogenesis and replication. Remodeling of host metabolism creates metabolic vulnerability of SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, which could be explored to uncover new therapeutic targets. The efficacy of metabolic inhibitors against COVID‐19 is under investigation in several clinical trials. Ultimately, the knowledge of SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced metabolic reprogramming would accelerate drug repurposing or screening to combat the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine on glucose metabolism: A systematic review.

The metabolic effects of antidepressants should be considered when prescribing antidepressants due to the increasing risk of diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. This study aims to explore the effects of fluoxetine on glucose and lipid metabolism in human body. Studies of the effects of fluoxetine on glucose and lipid metabolism were collected from the PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase databases without limiting the research design. The retrieval spanned between inception and January 2021. The main outcome measures were fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (mainly HbA1c) and body weight. A total of 24 studies were retrieved, including 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 prospective study and 3 case reports. The meta-analysis showed that FBG and HbA1c levels were moderately decreased(MD-0.85[-1.75, -0.13], P=0.02 and MD-0.55[-1.23, 0.13], P=0.11 respectively) and body weight was significantly decreased (MD-3.01[-5.58, -0.44], P<0.00001) with fluoxetine treatment compared with placebo. Both plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels decreased significantly (P<0.00001). Fluoxetine had a positive effect on improving blood glucose control in patients with disorders of glucose metabolism and was good for weight management in obese people despite significant heterogeneity between studies.

Advancement of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Regulation of Intestinal Flora: Mechanism-based Role in Disease Management.

Intestinal microecology is the largest and most complex human microecology. The intestinal microflora plays an important role in human health. Imbalance of intestinal microflora contributes to the occurrence and development of many diseases. Recently, the treatment of human diseases by regulating intestinal microflora has become a research topic of interest. Traditional Chinese medicine considers the whole human body as the central concept in disease treatment strategies. It advocates maintaining the coordination and balance of the functions of various organs and systems of the human body, including the intestinal microflora. Traditional Chinese medicine improves the metabolism and immune function of the human body by regulating the intestinal microflora. The intestinal microflora could trigger pharmacological activity or reduce toxicity of drugs through regulating metabolism, which enables traditional Chinese medicine formulations to exert their best therapeutic effects. This review summarized the relationship between the intestinal microflora and digestive system, tumors, and other diseases. Furthermore, the role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of tumors, and other diseases is discussed. The relationship among traditional Chinese medicine and the common intestinal microflora, pathogenesis of human diseases, and effective intervention methods were elaborated. In addition, we explored the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of various human diseases by regulating intestinal microflora to provide new treatment concepts. There is a close relationship between traditional Chinese medicine and the intestinal microflora. Traditional Chinese medicine formulations contribute to maintain the natural balance of the intestinal tract and the intestinal microflora to achieve treatment effects. This paper summarizes the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine formulations in regulating the intestinal microflora in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Furthermore, it summarizes information on the application of the interaction between traditional Chinese medicine preparations and the regulation of intestinal microflora in the treatment of common human diseases. Intestinal microflora plays a key role in traditional Chinese medicine in maintaining the natural balance of physiology and metabolism of human body. It will provide a theoretical basis for the traditional Chinese medicine preparations in the prevention and treatment of common human diseases, and simulate future research on this aspect.

Modeling energy depletion in rat livers using Nash equilibrium metabolic pathway analysis

The current gold standard of Static Cold Storage (SCS), which is static cold storage on ice (about + 4 °C) in a specialized media such as the University of Wisconsin solution (UW), limits storage to few hours for vascular and metabolically active tissues such as the liver and the heart. The liver is arguably the pinnacle of metabolism in human body and therefore metabolic pathway analysis immediately becomes very relevant. In this article, a Nash Equilibrium (NE) approach, which is a first principles approach, is used to model and simulate the static cold storage and warm ischemia of a proposed model of liver cells. Simulations of energy depletion in the liver in static cold storage measured by ATP content and energy charge are presented along with comparisons to experimental data. In addition, conversion of Nash Equilibrium iterations to time are described along with an uncertainty analysis for the parameters in the model. Results in this work show that the Nash Equilibrium approach provides a good match to experimental data for energy depletion and that the uncertainty in model parameters is very small with percent variances less than 0.1%.

A universal sensing platform based on iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for detecting hydrogen peroxide and related metabolites in human fluid by ratiometric fluorometry and colorimetry

A universal ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode sensing platform for detecting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and related metabolites in human fluid was constructed based on iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (Fe/N-CDs). As a fluorescent nanomaterial with peroxidase-like property, Fe/N-CDs emits fluorescence at 449 nm (F449) under excitation of incident ultraviolet light, and can catalyze the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) by H2O2 for generating 2,3-diaminophenazine (oxOPD) that exhibits obvious absorption at 420 nm (A420) and fluorescence emission at 555 nm (F555). The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Fe/N-CDs and oxOPD would result in the fluorescence quenching Fe/N-CDs and the fluorescence enhancement of oxOPD, which facilitates the quantitation of oxOPD by ratiometric fluorometry. Since the amount of generated oxOPD is determined by the amount of H2O2 consumed during the oxidation reaction, the detection of H2O2 and related metabolites can be realized by monitoring both ratiometric fluorescent (F555/F449) and colorimetric (absorption, A420) signals of oxOPD. This dual-mode sensing platform exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward with H2O2, xanthine and uric acid in both human serum and urine samples, demonstrating its good potential for monitoring H2O2 and metabolites involved in H2O2 metabolism in human body. The detection limits (LODs) of H2O2, xanthine and uric acid obtained by this sensing platform were 0.07, 0.15, and 0.14 μM for ratiometric fluorescence mode, and 0.12, 0.52, and 0.47 μM for colorimetric mode, respectively. By utilizing appropriate oxidases in this universal sensing platform, the determination of other metabolites involved with producing H2O2 can also be realized facilely.

Sulfite may disrupt estrogen homeostasis in human via inhibition of steroid arylsulfatase.

Steroid arylsulfatase is an important enzyme in human, which plays an important role in dynamic equilibrium of natural estrogens. On the other hand, sulfite can be endogenously produced as a consequence of human body's metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, while its main sources to human are mainly derived from food as it is a widely used additive. Sulfite-sensitivity is a well-known phenomenon to a small proportion of populations. However, its potential adverse effects on healthy individuals have been hardly reported. It was for the first time reported in this study that sulfite could effectively inhibit arylsulfatase, and its IC50 values for the snail- and human urine-derived arylsulfatase were determined to be 71.9 and 142.8µM, which were lower than the concentration of sulfite in some healthy population. Consequently, it appears that sulfite might disrupt estrogen homeostasis in human, and this deserves further investigation.

Recent research on the effect of preeclampsia on maternal-infant intestinal flora interactions.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a unique complication of pregnancy that affects the health of the mother and the infant. Intestinal flora plays an important regulatory role in human body's metabolism and immunity and is associated with many diseases. Studies have shown that the development and progression of PE can lead to alterations in intestinal flora in the mother and are even closely associated with the colonization and development of intestinal flora in the offspring. This article reviews related studies on the effect of PE on maternal-infant intestinal flora, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of maternal and infant complications associated with PE.

VISFATIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR EARLY DETECTION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETESE MELLITUS

Background: The increased levels of visfatin in response to slowly developing resistance to insulin and impairment of glucose metabolism in human body is a well-documented process, beginning early in with uncontrolled diabetes and obesity The objective of present study was to determine the difference between levels of visfatin in the gestational diabetes mellitus cases and pregnancies with normal OGTT. Methods: It was a case control study conducted in Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. Twenty-eight (n=28) diagnosed cases of gestational diabetes mellitus at various gestational ages (ranging from 11 weeks to 33weeks of pregnancy) were included in the Group I and their levels were compared with non-diabetic normal antenatal cases, Group II (n=32). Blood samples were collected for blood glucose and visfatin levels. Visfatin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA). Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS-20, and p&lt;0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Pregnant women (n=60) of different gestational age ranging from 4–36 weeks of pregnancy when subdivided into three categories (4–12 weeks, 13–24 weeks, 24–36 weeks respectively), showed statistically significant (p=0.003) differences of serum visfatin levels (10.11±2.982, 1.01±2.634, 1.17±3.102 ng/ml respectively). There were no significant differences in mean value of serum visfatin (p=0.763) according to parity of the patients (0.16±2.892, 0.19±2.883, 1.01±2.736 respectively) in the three trimesters of pregnancy. Conclusion: Visfatin levels were significantly raised in gestational diabetes mellitus as early as first trimester of pregnancy. Increased levels of visfatin can be used as a novel biomarker for early detection of gestational diabetes mellitus. Pak J Physiol 2021;17(4):11?4

The Correlation of Use of Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) In-jections with Lipid Profile Levels in Rats

Introduction: Family Planning is a national strategy of Indonesia government to manage the population growth. Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) is one of injectable contraceptives most widely used because it is simple and easy to obtain. However, it has various side effects causing imbalance of hormone estrogen, in turns to result in a decrease in HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) and an increase in LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) which will result in an increase in total cholesterol. It will also affect changes in fat metabolism in human body due to hormonal influences. This results in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Method: The method in this study is an experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. Results: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between duration of use of DMPA injections with lipid profile levels in mice. The data were analyzed by using the Paired t-test parametric test to compare between treatment groups. This study found that there were significant differences in HDL levels and total cholesterol levels between before and after administration of DMPA injections on the 14th and 35th days. There is a significant relationship between the duration of administration of DMPA injections with HDL levels and total cholesterol levels in mice. However, there was no difference in LDL levels and triglyceride levels between before and after administration of DMPA injection on day of 14 and day of 35, while, there was a significant difference between before and after the 35th day. There is no relationship between duration of administration of DMPA injections with LDL levels, while there is a relationship among mice triglycerides. Conclusions: Administration of DMPA injections for a long time lowers HDL.

Review On Arsenic Toxicity: Effect On Human Health And Biochemical Aspects

Looking at the global scenario, it has been found that a huge perccntage of population around the globe consider groundwater as their main source for drinking. But unfortunately, this main source is being heavily exposed to various heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, arsenic making it unfit for consumption, ultimately posing threat to human health out there. Although groundwater is considered as safe, but high concentrations of heavy metals like arsenic (As) (above the permissible limit) in ground water can pose risk to human health. Toxicity level of inorganic arsenic is more than the organic one. Arsenic contamination is having a worldwide effect. Arsenic is found to be carcinogcnic in nature, genotoxic as well as cytotoxic. Prolonged exposure to arsenic causes various health hazards like arsenicosis, skin cancer, pigmentation, neurobehavioral effects, impaired intellect and various other chronic illness. Creating awareness and providing proper medical care still remains a big challenge. The biomarkers of arsenic exposure include nails, hair, urine and blood sample. This paper provides an overall overview of ground water arsenic contamination, its health hazards, its toxicity and metabolism in human body. The paper also reviews various analytical techniques that are being used to detect arsenic, the collective steps required to eradicate this global problem and provide high quality safe drinking water for the future generations to come.

Melatonin: a pleiotropic hormone as a novel potent therapeutic candidate in arsenic toxicity

Arsenic is a natural element which exists in the environment in inorganic and organic forms. In humans, the main reason for the toxicity of arsenic is its uptake via water sources. As polluted water and the problems associated with it can be found in many countries. Therefore, considering all these positive effects of melatonin, this review is aimed at melatonin supplementation therapy on arsenic toxicity which seems to be a suitable therapeutic agent to eliminate the adverse effects of arsenic. It is seen in previous studies that chronic exposure to arsenic could cause serious dys functions of organs and induce different degrees of toxicities that is one of the first hazardous materials in the classification of substances by the United States Environmental Protection Agency so leads to costly cleanup operations burdening the economy. Arsenic harmfulness degree depends on the bioavailability, chemical form, valence state, detoxification, and metabolism of human body. The oxidative stress has a major role in arsenic-induced toxicity; on the other hand, it was discovered that melatonin is a powerful scavenger for free radical and it's an extensive-spectrum antioxidant. Due to its highly lipophilic and small size properties, melatonin accesses all intracellular organs by easily passing via the cell membrane and prevents protein, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation. In particular, melatonin, by protecting and reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria, can normalize homeostasis and mitochondrial function and ultimately prevent apoptosis and cell death.

Analysis of therapeutic efficacy of collagen in injections for treatment of osteoarthritis

During the last several years the knowledge of the biological role of collagen in human body metabolism has significantly increased. Therefore, understanding the etiopathogene­tic and physio-pathological mechanisms, leading to the development of multiple conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system including bones, tendons, ligaments, facias and cartilaginous tissue, including osteoarthritis which is the topic of the presented paper, enables effective introduction of collagen into treatment. Collagen makes about 30% of the mass of all proteins in the human body, which is about 6% of body mass. The role of collagen in the treatment of osteoarthritis has been sufficiently proved and the availability of new generation therapeutic preparation containing collagen for oral and transdermal administration or through injections has increased. While collagen supplements in a form of pills, ointments or creams are well-known, widely available on pharmaceutical markets and have been successfully administered for many years, using collagen in a form of injections, developed on the basis of a reliable research findings, have not been yet sufficiently widespread among the specialists in orthopedics and rheumatology. Presentation of the results of the latest multidirectional research presented in this paper, confirming the therapeutic efficacy of new generation injective medications containing collagen, will contribute to an increased use of such medications, both due to its analgesic effect and helping patients regain functional fitness, and due to its effect on tissue regeneration at the molecular level.