Metabolic Blood Profile Research Articles

Effects of wheat processing and dietary fat sources on performance, ruminal and blood parameters, and steak fatty acids profile of Holstein steers

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing wheat grain processed by different methods and different fat sources on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and meat fatty acid composition of growing steers. The experiment, which lasted 14 weeks, involved 28 growing Holstein steers (296±56kg BW). A 2×2 factorial design was used, with steers receiving two types of wheat processed and two fat sources. Treatments included: (1) steam-flaked wheat (SFW) diet with palm oil (RumiFat); (2) SFW diet with roasted soybean (RSB); (3) formaldehyde-treated wheat (WHCHO) diet with RumiFat; and (4) WHCHO diet with RSB. During the feeding trial, ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected, and after 85 days steer were slaughtered and carcass data were recorded. Results from growth trial of steers showed that final BW and gain as well as feed efficiency and dry matter intake (DMI) were not influenced by dietary treatments. None of the carcass traits studied was significantly by diet, and wheat processing and fat source had no effect on total tract nutrient digestibility. Ruminal parameters were unaffected by diets, except for propionate concentration that was greater (P<0.01) for steers fed SFW. The variables related to metabolic blood profile had a high (P<0.01) range of variation among diets. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in steaks were greater significantly from steers fed RSB, whereas the saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher in steaks from both groups fed RumiFat. Although wheat processing method and fat sources did not affect steer performance, but the use of RSB in steer diets produced steak with a lipid profile that can prevent human diseases.

INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS OF LAMBS IN ORGANIC PRODUCTION

The influence of age to changes of some blood parameters was been researched within the blood serum of lambs during the suckling (30th day) and fattening period (70th day). Lamb was holding on the organic way. Significantly decreased concentration of calcium (2.78 and 2.67 mmol/L), inorganic-phosphorus (3.53 and 3.10 mmol/L), triglyceride (0.43 and 0.28 mmol/L), total cholesterol (1.67 and 1.04 mmol/L), HDL and LDL- cholesterol (1.10 and 0.73 mmol/L ; 0.37 and 0.19 mmol/L) as well as increased concentration of sodium (149.43 and 152.14 mmol/L), urea (6.89 and 8.66 mmol/L), total proteins (56.41 and 59.76 g/L), albumins (29.91 and 31.11 g/L) and ALT-alanine aminotransferase activity (9.14 and 12.14 U/L) were determined in the blood of lambs with increasing of age. With increasing age of lamb significantly increased the number of WBC (leucocytes) and RBC (red blood cell) as well as content of haemoglobin and haematocrite in blood. Higher content of platelet and MCV as well as lower content of MCH and MCHC were found in the blood of older lamb in comparison with the youngest lamb. The results of some blood metabolites in the lamb organic production indicate that the age must be taken as a very important factor in determining metabolic profile of blood.

Dairy nutrition management: Assessing a comprehensive continuing education program for veterinary practitioners

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a team-based educational program designed to enhance the flow of applied, research-based, nutrition information to dairy veterinarians. A comprehensive dairy cattle nutrition curriculum was developed and participants from 11 veterinary practices located in 5 states (IN, NY, PA, NM, and OH), serving an estimated 186,150 dairy cattle in 469 herds, attended the 2 advanced nutrition modules (∼2.5 d each and ∼40h of learning) held in 2009. Nutrients, feeding transition cows, calves, and heifers, dry matter intake, feed storage, metabolic diseases, evaluating cows (scoring body condition, manure, and lameness), metabolic blood profiles, and feeding behavior were discussed. Educational materials were delivered through in-class lectures, followed by case-based learning and group discussions. A farm visit and out-of-class assignments were also implemented. Attendees were assessed using pre- and post-tests of knowledge to determine the level of knowledge gained in both nutrition modules. Participants evaluated the program and provided feedback at the conclusion of each module. Veterinarians (100%) reported that the overall program, presentations, and discussions were useful. Attendees found the presented information relevant for their work (agree=60% and strongly agree=40%) and of great immediate use to them (neutral=6.5%, agree=56%, and strongly agree=37.5%). The presented materials and the implemented educational delivery methods substantially increased the knowledge level of the attendees (16.9% points increase from pre-test to post-test scores). Importance of feed particle size, ration evaluation, interpreting feed analysis, balancing carbohydrate components, and metabolic profiling in fresh cows were listed as learned concepts that participants could apply in their practices. Results suggested that both nutrition modules were relevant and effective, offering new information with immediate field application. This program has important implications for dairy veterinarians because they serve as a vital source of information for dairy producers.

The influence of genetic provenience on metabolic blood profile of dairy cows

Availability of easily accessible methods and apparatus for establishing the essential parameters that indicate physiological status of animals at different stages of productive life may have greater application in daily controls on smaller farms in order to remove, in time, the causes and consequences of disturbances in the reproductive and productive cycle of cows. Two groups were formed, Domestic spotted cattle and Red Holstein, and in the blood serum from tested animals following parameters were determined: glucose, urea, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), and inorganic phosphorus. Determined glucose concentration of 2,97 mmol/L in redholstein cows is within physiological range, while in domestic spotted cows it is in hypoglycemia (1,14 mmol/L). Statistical significance also demonstrate derived concentrations in different genotypes of blood urea (3,42 : 4,90 mmol/L) and GLDH (12,19 : 5,76 IU/L).Differences in concentrations of certain parameters of the examined blood serum, and variations amplitude that occur between groups, as well as statistical analysis of results and the test of significance, just confirm the hypothesis that for each animal breed, reference values related to narrow distribution area of growing should be established.

HEMODYNAMIC AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF NEBIVOLOL IN LOCOMOTIVE CREW STAFF WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Aim. To evaluate influence of long-term monotherapy with nebivolol on blood pressure (BP) (office BP; self-monitoring BP, pre-trip BP monitoring, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM)) and metabolic blood profile in locomotive crew staff with newly diagnosed arterial hypertension (HT). Material and methods. Locomotive crew engineers and their assistants (n=50; age 20-55 y.o.) with newly diagnosed HT 1-2 degree with moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk were included into the open prospective uncontrolled study. The study duration was 12 months. The office BP level, heart rate were evaluated initially, in 12 weeks and 12 months of treatment; pre-trip BP level – one time per month; ABPM and blood biochemical tests (glucose and lipid profile) - initially and in 12 months of therapy. Data of BP self-moni￾toring, nebivolol treatment compliance and safety was also evaluated. Results. Long-term monotherapy with nebivolol allowed reaching the target level of office BP, self-monitoring BP, ABPM. Nebivolol provided BP control both in working days and in week end. Efficacy of nebivolol monotherapy was 88%. Nebivolol therapy improved basic ABPM indicators (load pressure, variability, daily rhythm), pulse BP, heart rate. Nebivolol had no significant negative metabolic effects, 78% of patients demonstrated sufficient compliance with nebivolol treatment. Adverse reaction (bradycardia) was observed in 2 (4%) patients. Conclusion. Nebivolol has high antihypertensive efficacy, metabolic neutrality and good safety profile in the locomotive crew staff with newly diagnosed HT.

The effect of carnitine on hatching rate and metabolic profile of blood in breeding layers

We examined the effect of orally administered L-carnitine (at a dose of 30 mg per kg of feeding mixture) on egg hatching and some haematological and biochemical parameters of blood plasma in COBB 500 breeding layers of meat type. The experimental results confirmed a positive effect of L-carnitine, which increased the hatching rate significantly (P &amp;le; 0.05) by 8.89% as compared to the control. This positive effect resulted from a highly significant (P &amp;le; 0.01) decrease in the number of unfertilized eggs in experimental layers (4.44%), as compared to the control (12.2%). Haematological tests such as total counts of erythrocytes and leukocytes showed no differences between control and experimental layers. However, the average levels of haematocrit and haemoglobin in experimental layers were significantly lower (P &amp;le; 0.01) (0.31 l/l and 85.67 g/l) in comparison with the control (0.33&amp;nbsp;l/l and 89.92 g/l). Biochemical examination of the samples of blood plasma collected from experimental layers after the administration of L-carnitine revealed higher levels of glucose and magnesium and lower levels of total protein, cholesterol, AST, calcium and phosphorus, as compared to the control. The differences in the average levels of the monitored biochemical parameters between control and experimental layers were found highly significant (P &amp;le; 0.01). The results provide new knowledge of the effect of L-carnitine on the metabolism of layers. These results are important not only from the scientific aspect, they are also of practical importance and can be used to formulate diets for breeding layers in order to enhance reproduction. &amp;nbsp;

Influence of different planes of energy supply prior to the breeding season on blood metabolites in female mink (Mustela vison).

Metabolic blood profiles were studied in a total of 30 female mink (Mustela vison) at different planes of nutrition prior to the breeding season in a control (CON; n = 10), a flushed (FLUSH; n = 10) and a negative energy balance group (NEG; n = 10). The animals were kept in metabolism cages or under normal farm conditions, respectively. The experiment, which was divided into six 1-week periods, started on 6 February and continued until 20 March. Flushing was performed by restricted feeding in periods 2 and 3 and refeeding in periods 4 and 5. The animals were weighted weekly and blood sampled at the end of periods 1, 2 and 4, 1 week after changes in the food supply of the FLUSH group. Plasma was analysed for insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, free thyroxine, glucose and fructosamine. Generally, within the FLUSH group, animal live weights and blood metabolites were strongly influenced by energy supply, these variables remained almost constant in the CON group. In the NEG group the live weight, total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, insulin and glucose concentrations decreased significantly. Differences in blood metabolites between the FLUSH and CON groups were non-significant, reflecting only small differences when considered over the total experimental period, thus reflecting an acute response to a varied energy supply, while the differences between the NEG group and the CON and FLUSH groups were significant, indicating a considerable chronic response in all metabolites to a constantly low energy supply.

Effects of the somatostatin analog, octreotide, on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

To examine the effect of the somatostatin analog, octreotide, on insulin-mediated glucose uptake, seven insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) subjects were studied with and without 4 days of continuous subcutaneous octreotide administration (1 μg/kg/d). Insulin dosage was adjusted after frequent measurements of plasma glucose level. On the third day a hormonal and metabolic blood profile was obtained, and on the fourth day a euglycemic (5 mmol/L), hyperinsulinemic (1 mU/kg/min) clamp was performed in combination with calorimetry and a muscle biopsy. Mean plasma glucose levels on day 3 were similar (7.9 ± 0.9 v 9.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L). Growth hormone (GH) (0.39 ± 0.10 v 0.78 ± 0.23 μg/L, P < .05), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (127 ± 17 v 157 ± 21 μg/L, P < .05), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) (239 ± 25 v 405 ± 44 μmol/L, P < .01) were lower following octreotide administration. Insulin requirements were reduced during octreotide administration, resulting in significantly lower insulin levels (27.3 ± 2.7 v 39.9 ± 9.9 mU/L, P < .5). During the clamp, glucose and insulin levels were similar. Following octreotide, glucose disposal (7.33 ± 0.49 v 6.08 ± 0.55 mg/kg/min, P < .05) increased and hepatic glucose production (HGP) was more suppressed (−1.56 ± 0.07 v −0.63 ± 0.34 mg/kg/min, P < .05, 220 to 270 minutes). Oxidative glucose disposal (indirect calorimetry) was enhanced (3.09 ± 0.24 v 2.70 ± 0.37 mg/kg/min, P = .08), whereas glucose storage, as well as the fractional velocity for glycogen synthase activity, were unaltered during octreotide administration. Conversely, octreotide decreased lipid oxidation (0.12 ± 0.1 v 0.41 ± 0.15 mg/kg/min, P < .05). In conclusion, a low-dose octreotide infusion for 4 days to IDDM subjects leads to significantly increased insulin sensitivity.

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 3. Effect of formalin-treated ryegrass silage of high digestibility givenad libitumwith and without urea

ABSTRACT1. Young adult and adult lactating British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) were individually fedad libitumon perennial ryegrass silage (F) made with an additive of formic acid (3·41 of 85% acid/t fresh grass) or on a silage (FF) made from the same crop with an additive of 9·01/t of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin (35% w/w solution of formaldehyde). Silage F was supplemented with a concentrate containing 50% dried grass and 50% barley at a low (L) or high (H) level of feeding; silage FF was supplemented with the same concentrate at the lower level only, either with urea at 2·0% of the silage DM (FFLU) or without urea (FFL).2. Silage F had a lower pH (P&lt; 0·001) and contained more lactic, acetic and total fermentation acids (P&gt;&lt;0·001). The DOMDin vivoof the diet was lower (by up to 3 units) for treatment FFL than for the other treatments (P&lt;0·05 in weeks 17 and 18).3. Over weeks 4 to 18 of lactation the mean dry-matter intakes (DMI) of silage on treatments FL and FFL were similar, but silage DMI was 12 to 13% greater on treatment FFLU than on FL or FFL (P&lt;0·05). Digestible OM intake was greater with FFLU than with FFL (P&lt;0·01) and with FL (P&lt;0·05).4. Milk yields did not differ significantly between treatments and metabolic blood profiles were normal.