Meta-analytic Investigation Research Articles

A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Manipulation

This study examines a possible dark side of emotional intelligence (EI). Specifically, a meta-analytic investigation of 5,687 participants was conducted to examine the relationship between EI and emotional manipulation. The findings revealed that self-reported ability-based EI was positively correlated to non-prosocial emotional manipulation (as measured by the Emotional Manipulation Scale), with a 0.10 effect size. Whereas, a negative relationship emerged between self-reported trait EI and non-prosocial emotional manipulation (as measured by the Worsen factor of the Managing Emotions of Others Scale [MEOS]), with a −0.16 effect size. Moreover, self-reported trait-based EI was positively correlated with prosocial emotional manipulation (as measured by the Enhance and Divert factors of the MEOS), with effect sizes of 0.40 and 0.34, respectively. Furthermore, gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between self-reported ability-based EI and non-prosocial emotional manipulation; this relationship was stronger among males than females. We discuss the implications of these findings across academic and practice settings.

The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Incumbent Employees: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms

This article reviews 86 studies and uses meta-analytical methods to investigate how perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) impacts employee attitudes and behaviors and to identify the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions. An initial review of this body of research finds a multitude of mediators but a limited focus on CSR typology as a potential moderator. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we develop and test two multivariate mediation models to integrate and synthesize three most-studied mediating mechanisms: organizational justice, organizational trust, and organizational identification. Meta-analyses find that while all three mechanisms within the parallel mediation model are equally significant in mediating the effect of perceived CSR on organizational commitment and job satisfaction, organizational identification is superior to organizational justice and organizational trust in mediating the effect of CSR perceptions on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and turnover intention. It is also found that although both mediation models adequately represent the accumulated empirical data, the sequential model is statistically superior to the parallel model. Although meta–structural equation modeling analyses reveal minimal differences between the broadly defined internal and external CSR perceptions, significant heterogeneity exists between perceived CSR and the outcome variables. The additional analyses suggest that significant differences exist between more specific stakeholder CSR types. In summary, this article extends our understanding of how employees perceive and respond to CSR through multiple sociopsychological mechanisms in additive and sequential fashions and how such responses could differ depending on the specific stakeholder subgroups targeted by CSR. Theoretical contributions and future research directions are also discussed.

A Meta-Analysis of Cue Reactivity in Tobacco Cigarette Smokers.

The cue reactivity paradigm allows for systematic evaluation of motivational responses to drug-related cues that may elicit drug use. The literature on this topic has grown substantially in recent decades, and the methodology used to study cue reactivity has varied widely across studies. The present research provided a meta-analytic investigation of variables that have an impact on cue reactivity effects to enhance our understanding of this key feature of tobacco use disorders. A total of 128 publications yielded 249 effect sizes, which were analyzed to investigate the magnitude of the cue reactivity effect and potential moderators. Craving generated a moderate-to-large effect size (Hedges' g = 0.71, p < .001), indicating that drug cues produced significantly greater craving than neutral cues. However, physiological variables yielded significantly lower or nonsignificant effect sizes. Analyses of a variety of empirically and theoretically relevant moderator variables showed that cue modality, cue personalization, cue reactivity environment, and the use of multiple assessments of cue reactivity were significantly associated with the magnitude of cue-specific craving effects (ps < .001). Effect sizes were not significantly related to abstinence status, gender, cigarettes per day, and treatment-seeking status. The results underscored the strength of self-reported craving as an index of cue reactivity across studies, which support theories that posit cue reactivity is core to the addictive process for daily tobacco cigarette smokers. The present research further elucidates the variables that alter the cue reactivity effects across studies and provides recommendations for future cue reactivity research. A core feature of addiction is that drug-related cues can have a major impact on motivational responses across multiple substance use disorders, including tobacco cigarettes. This paper describes a meta-analysis updating and synthesizing cue reactivity research with tobacco cigarette smokers over the last 20 years, a time of rapid growth for this literature. The study leads to a better understanding of the cue reactivity paradigm across different self-report and physiological variables and identifies factors that may modulate addictive motivation for tobacco cigarettes.

Achievement Motivation and Academic Dishonesty: A Meta-Analytic Investigation

Academic dishonesty is a rampant and troubling phenomenon in the educational sector. Although demographic factors have been linked with students’ academic dishonesty in the literature, many of these aspects are difficult to change. However, students’ motivation, a known malleable factor, may allow for opportunities to shape students’ beliefs, goals, and values, which can, in turn, mitigate academic dishonesty. In light of the growing literature on this topic, a research synthesis is needed to clarify discrepant findings and identify salient motivation factors associated with academic dishonesty. Thus, we examined relations between academic dishonesty and motivation as informed by achievement motivation frameworks. From 79 studies, meta-analytic results indicated that academic dishonesty was negatively associated with classroom mastery goal structure, individual mastery approach goals, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, utility value, and internal locus of control. Academic dishonesty was positively linked with amotivation and extrinsic goal orientation. Students’ age was a significant moderator for the relation between intrinsic motivation and academic dishonesty. Implications from meta-analytic findings are drawn with regard to theory and practice.

Board Characteristics and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Meta-Analytic Investigation

Boards of directors affect corporate strategy and decision-making through monitoring of management and resource provision. Recently, an increasing number of studies have examined the relationships between board characteristics and corporate social responsibility (CSR). These studies have yielded inconsistent findings. This article therefore reports the results of a study applying meta-analytical techniques to a sample of 82 empirical studies to help clarify the relationships between board characteristics and CSR. Although prior research has tended to apply relatively simplistic models investigating the impact of individual board characteristics independently and only directly, we adopt a more complex perspective to shed new light on the board characteristics–CSR nexus. Specifically, we use a meta-analytic path model that accounts for the potential interplay between board characteristics in determining CSR and tests whether the presence of a CSR committee plays a meditating role. Our findings suggest that board size, board independence, and female board representation are partially interrelated with each other and jointly influence CSR directly as well as indirectly via the presence of a CSR committee. In addition, we find that country-level institutional factors act as moderators and that the relationships differ with regard to the specific dimension of CSR (i.e., social, environmental, or aggregate).

The Multidimensional Forced-Choice Format as an Alternative for Rating Scales

The Multidimensional Forced-Choice Format as an Alternative for Rating Scales

A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Task-Related Diversity and Psychological and Behavioral Integration in Top Management Teams and the Moderating Role of National Cultural Characteristics

A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Task-Related Diversity and Psychological and Behavioral Integration in Top Management Teams and the Moderating Role of National Cultural Characteristics

Association Between the Use of Cannabis and Physical Violence in Youths: A Meta-Analytical Investigation.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the extent to which cannabis use among youths is associated with the risk of perpetrating physical violence. Searches were conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published from the inception of each database to July 2019. All studies that examined both cannabis use and the perpetration of physical violence in a sample of youths and young adults <30 years old were included. The meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model. Risk of publication bias was assessed with Egger's test. Guidelines from the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology were followed. After screening 11,348 potential studies, 30 study arms were included, yielding a total of 296,815 adolescents and young adults. The odds ratio for the pooled studies was 2.11 (95% CI=1.64, 2.72). The pooled odds ratios were 2.15 (95% CI=1.58, 2.94) and 2.02 (95% CI=1.26, 3.23) for the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, respectively. Preliminary evidence suggests that the risk of violence was higher for persistent heavy users (odds ratio=2.81, 95% CI=1.68, 4.74) compared with past-year users (odds ratio=2.05, 95% CI=1.5, 2.8) and lifetime users (odds ratio=1.94, 95% CI=1.29, 2.93). The odds ratio for unadjusted studies was 2.62 (95% CI=1.89, 3.62), and for studies using odds ratios adjusted for potential confounding factors, 2.01 (95% CI=1.57, 2.56). These results demonstrate a moderate association between cannabis use and physical violence, which remained significant regardless of study design and adjustment for confounding factors (i.e., socioeconomic factors, other substance use). Cannabis use in this population is a risk factor for violence.

Executive Functions and Decoding in Children and Adolescents: a Meta-analytic Investigation

Previous meta-analyses highlight the role of executive functions (EF), encompassing working memory updating, task-switching, and inhibitory control, in reading comprehension, but have not established their role in decoding. Decoding is defined as the use of orthographic patterns to access oral pronunciations. According to the dual route model, decoding involves parallel activation of lexical and phonological routes, which places cognitive demands on EF. We used multivariate meta-analyses to examine associations between decoding, assessed via nonword and word reading tasks, and EF across 65 studies involving children and adolescents (162 effect size estimates, 22,806 observations from 10,173 participants, weighted mean age = 8.8 years). Meta-regression analyses examined a broad set of potential moderators of correlational effect size estimates, including variables related to sample characteristics, task features, and study design. Results indicated significant small-to-moderate correlations between EF constructs and decoding tasks (rz ranged from .28 to .34), with little evidence of moderation. The observed associations between EF and decoding skills in children and adolescents appear to be relatively consistent, even when accounting for moderators related to the sample, task, and study design.

The Nomological Net of the HEXACO Model of Personality: A Large-Scale Meta-Analytic Investigation

Based on lexical studies, the HEXACO (honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) model of personality has been proposed as a model of basic personality structure that summarizes individual differences in six broad trait dimensions. Although research across various fields relies on the HEXACO model increasingly, a comprehensive investigation of the nomological net of the HEXACO dimensions is missing entirely. Thus, it remains unclear whether each HEXACO dimension accounts for individual variation across theoretically relevant outcome criteria. We close this gap through a large-scale meta-analytic investigation, testing whether each HEXACO dimension is uniquely linked to one broad and theoretically relevant outcome domain. Results from 426 individual meta-analyses, 436 independent samples, and 3,893 effect-size estimates corroborate this unique mapping. Specifically, honesty-humility maps onto the outcome domain of exploitation, emotionality onto insecurity, extraversion onto sociality, agreeableness versus anger onto obstruction, conscientiousness onto duty, and openness to experience onto exploration. Overall, the current investigation provides a comprehensive empirical test of the (breadth of) content captured by the HEXACO dimensions and allows for a broad specification of the nomological net of the HEXACO model overall.

The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health

The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health

문화적 차원에 따른 관계 혜택의 차별적 중요성: 메타분석

기업이 관계마케팅을 보다 효과적으로 실행하기 위해서는 고객이 기업과의 장기적인 관계에서 어떤 관계 혜택들을 얻으며, 이 중 어떤 관계 혜택이 고객과의 관계 성과를 향상시키는 데 보다 효과적인 지를 알아볼 필요가 있다. 기존 연구들은 관계마케팅을 통해 고객이 얻게 되는 관계 혜택을 확신적, 사회적, 특별대우 혜택의 세 가지로 범주화해 왔으나, 각각의 연구가 진행된 상황/환경에 따라 세 가지 관계 혜택의 중요성은 서로 다른 결과들을 보여주었다. 또한 고객과 기업 간의 거래관계가 진행되는 문화에 따라 특정 관계 혜택의 중요성이 증가하거나 감소할 가능성이 제기되었음에도 불구하고 문화 차원에 따라 각 관계 혜택의 효과성이 어떻게 변화하는 지에 관해서는 연구가 진행되지 못했다. 이에 기존 연구들의 서로 다른 결과들을 체계적으로 정리, 통합하고, 문화 차원에 따른 관계 혜택의 차별적 중요성을 알아보고자, 본 연구는 기존의 관계 혜택과 관계 성과의 관계에 관한 54개 표본에서 추출된 261개 효과크기를 통합한 메타 연구를 실시하였다. 메타 연구 결과에 따르면, 확신적 혜택은 문화 차원에 관계없이 기업과의 관계 성과를 높이는 데 가장 강력한 효과를 발휘했으며, 특별대우 혜택은 관계 성과 향상에 기여하지만 문화 차원에 따라 효과성에 유의미한 차이가 존재하였다. 구체적으로 일반적인 고객과 달리 장기적인 관계를 맺어 온 고객에게만 특별한 배려, 서비스를 제공하는 특별대우 혜택은 권력 거리가 높은 문화, 집단주의가 높은 문화, 여성적 문화에 속한 고객들에게 보다 가치 있는 혜택으로 인식되었다. 기업이 고객에게 사회적 혜택을 제공하는 것은 세 가지 관계 혜택 중, 가장 미미한 영향력을 지니며, 심지어 높은 권력 거리, 높은 집단주의 문화에서는 관계 성과에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이러한 연구 결과들은 고객관점에서 관계마케팅의 효과성을 체계적으로 통합할 뿐만 아니라, 관계마케팅을 활용하는 기업들에게 특정 문화 환경 속에서 어떤 종류의 관계 혜택을 강조하는 것이 보다 효과적인지 구체적인 시사점을 제공한다.

Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training Programs (CCTP) with Game-like Features in Children with or without Neuropsychological Disorders: a Meta-Analytic Investigation.

Computerized cognitive training programs (CCTP) are based on the assumption that cognitive abilities may be boosted by repetitively performing challenging tasks. The integration of game-like features in these programs, associated with the goal of amusing or rewarding participants, may contribute to generate cognitive benefits. Indeed, reinforcement contingencies have been reported to produce positive effects on performance and motivation, especially in children. This meta-analysis was aimed at providing a quantitative summary of the effectiveness of CCTP with game-like features in school-aged children with typical and atypical development. A total of 24 studies, with the cognitive and behavioral outcome data of 1547 participants, were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the sources of the observed methodological heterogeneity. A robust variance estimation model, after removal of study outliers, yielded a small-to-moderate significant effect size. Final results pointed out smaller but more precise estimate effect sizes according to methodological aspects related to cognitive domain of outcomes, standardization of measures and type of control applied. Alongside supporting the use of CCTP for rehabilitating cognitive functions, the present results shed light on how different methodological choices are able to shape research findings in the field of children's cognitive rehabilitation.

Universal dimensions of individuals' perception: Revisiting the operationalization of warmth and competence with a mixed-method approach

A dynamic and growing body of marketing literature draws from the Stereotype Content Model's (SCM) dimensions, warmth and competence, to describe individuals' perception of various market-related stimuli (e.g., salespeople, employees, products) and predict their influence on subsequent behavior. However, the operationalization of these fundamental dimensions in empirical marketing research has been inconsistent and problematic, hindering comparability of findings across studies and limiting the overall usefulness of warmth–competence in relevant research. Using a mixed-method approach, the present paper scrutinizes the warmth–competence dimensions in order to validate and optimize their measurement. Through seven studies using different methodologies and metrics, we identify a set of trait items that (a) capture perceptions of warmth and competence consistently across a variety of impression formation settings, and (b) display strong psychometric properties. Our findings offer a parsimonious approach that promotes the consistent operationalization of warmth and competence across marketing studies and enables the integration of empirical findings, both of which are crucial requirements for meta-analytic investigations, replication studies, and integrative reviews.

Factors Affecting Trust Among Natural Resources Stakeholders, Partners, and Strategic Alliance Members: A Meta-Analytic Investigation

Trust, defined as a willingness of one entity (e.g., stakeholders) to be vulnerable to the discretionary actions of another (e.g., a wildlife management agencies), is a key attribute of effective environmental management. A lack of clarity about which factors matter most in developing and sustaining trust creates an impediment to good governance. Our objective was to derive a set of antecedents of trust from research reported in peer-reviewed literature in natural resource and environmental science, management and policy domains. We conducted a meta-analysis of the relationships between trust and seven antecedents: reputation, communication, shared norms and values, cooperation/support, negative past behaviors, satisfaction with/quality of services, and fairness. We also examined whether relationships between antecedents and trust differ depending on whether the target of trust is a specific person or the organization as an entity, as well as whether the relationship with the referent of trust is horizontal (i.e., between natural resource agencies partnering together) or vertical (i.e., between stakeholders and agencies). Results provide estimates of relationships between each antecedent and trust, as well as the relative importance of the antecedents in predicting trust. We conclude by evaluating the state of the literature on trust and providing recommendations for future research.

Nonsuicidal self-injury and religiosity: A meta-analytic investigation.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a potentially life-threatening behavior with significant public health implications that may potentiate suicide risk. Religiosity has been identified as a significant protective factor against suicide attempts, and more broadly acts as a buffer against negative mental and physical health outcomes. Whether religiosity may reduce risk for NSSI is unclear. To understand the nature of the association between NSSI and religiosity, correlations from 16 samples (total N = 24,767) were computed to evaluate the magnitude and direction of the association between NSSI and religiosity. Gender, age, location, publication status, and method of religiosity measurement were included as moderators. Results from the meta-analysis show a small but significant negative correlation between NSSI and religiosity (r = -0.101, p < .001). The role of ethnicity, identity, social support, and religious coping as contributors to this association are also discussed. Recommendations for future research are offered based on these findings, along with a discussion of clinical implications for assessment and treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Effect Declines Are Systematic, Strong, and Ubiquitous: A Meta-Meta-Analysis of the Decline Effect in Intelligence Research.

Empirical sciences in general and psychological science in particular are plagued by replicability problems and biased published effect sizes. Although dissemination bias-related phenomena such as publication bias, time-lag bias, or visibility bias are well-known and have been intensively studied, another variant of effect distorting mechanisms, so-called decline effects, have not. Conceptually, decline effects are rooted in low initial (exploratory) study power due to strategic researcher behavior and can be expected to yield overproportional effect declines. Although decline effects have been documented in individual meta-analytic investigations, systematic evidence for decline effects in the psychological literature remains to date unavailable. Therefore, we present in this meta-meta-analysis a systematic investigation of the decline effect in intelligence research. In all, data from 22 meta-analyses comprising 36 meta-analytical and 1,391 primary effect sizes (N = 697,000+) that have been published in the journal Intelligence were included in our analyses. Two different analytic approaches showed consistent evidence for a higher prevalence of cross-temporal effect declines compared to effect increases, yielding a ratio of about 2:1. Moreover, effect declines were considerably stronger when referenced to the initial primary study within a meta-analysis, yielding about twice the magnitude of effect increases. Effect misestimations were more substantial when initial studies had smaller sample sizes and reported larger effects, thus indicating suboptimal initial study power as the main driver of effect misestimations in initial studies. Post hoc study power comparisons of initial versus subsequent studies were consistent with this interpretation, showing substantially lower initial study power of declining, than of increasing effects. Our findings add another facet to the ever accumulating evidence about non-trivial effect misestimations in the scientific literature. We therefore stress the necessity for more rigorous protocols when it comes to designing and conducting primary research as well as reporting findings in exploratory and replication studies. Increasing transparency in scientific processes such as data sharing, (exploratory) study preregistration, but also self- (or independent) replication preceding the publication of exploratory findings may be suitable approaches to strengthen the credibility of empirical research in general and psychological science in particular.

P.486 Common structural grey matter and functional activation abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytic investigation

Reports exist regarding a gradual approach to the care of patients with differences of sexual development. Each patient and family have different values and styles of learning that have to be taken into account. The goals of care should include education about the condition, counseling of the patient and family, and a complete outlining of treatment options. Motivated by a call from the 2010 Health Reform Law for the use of shared decision-making tools and the emphasis placed on these issues by the DSD Consensus Statement, we sought to develop and implement such tools for the DSD population.1–3 Thus, we developed an organized checklist for providers to share with a patients and families affected by CAIS, beginning with the initial visit. The development of the document enlisted input from physicians, clinical coordinator, advocacy groups and affected individuals. It allows providers to explain the process of care and develop a plan for delivery of that care over multiple visits spanning six months or more. The checklist is divided into five sections: 1) An overview addressing how much information is desired and in what manner the patient prefers to obtain information; 2) A preferred words list so that the patient can choose nomenclature that is most comfortable; 3) A list of topics to review over the course of multiple visits; 4) A list of questions to be answered by the providers or other resources over time, and; 5) A list of concerns to be addressed before surgical intervention is considered. An organized approach to long-term delivery of compassionate care and accurate information can be facilitated for patients with CAIS by the use of a shared decision-making checklist. Documentation of the care delivery process can stimulate referral to peer support and promote fully informed consent for treatment decisions. The use of the checklist should encourage trust in the provider, as well as aid in identifying and addressing stressors for the patient and family. The checklist will be updated and revised as new treatments and advanced technology emerges.

The Neural Correlates of Time: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies

During the last two decades, our inner sense of time has been repeatedly studied with the help of neuroimaging techniques. These investigations have suggested the specific involvement of different brain areas in temporal processing. At least two distinct neural systems are likely to play a role in measuring time: One is mainly constituted of subcortical structures and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals below the 1-sec range (subsecond timing tasks), and the other is mainly constituted of cortical areas and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals above the 1-sec range (suprasecond timing tasks). Tasks can then be performed in motor or nonmotor (perceptual) conditions, thus providing four different categories of time processing. Our meta-analytical investigation partly confirms the findings of previous meta-analytical works. Both sub- and suprasecond tasks recruit cortical and subcortical areas, but subcortical areas are more intensely activated in subsecond tasks than in suprasecond tasks, which instead receive more contributions from cortical activations. All the conditions, however, show strong activations in the SMA, whose rostral and caudal parts have an important role not only in the discrimination of different time intervals but also in relation to the nature of the task conditions. This area, along with the striatum (especially the putamen) and the claustrum, is supposed to be an essential node in the different networks engaged when the brain creates our sense of time.

Remote Technology-Based Training Programs for Children with Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analytic Exploration.

Introduction Multidisciplinary rehabilitation interventions are considered to be a need for children with acquired brain injury (ABI), in order to remediate the important sequelae and promote adjustment. Technology-based treatments represent a promising field inside the rehabilitation area, as they allow delivering interventions in ecological settings and creating amusing exercises that may favor engagement. In this work, we present an overview of remote technology-based training programs (TP) addressing cognitive and behavioral issues delivered to children with ABI and complement it with the results of a meta-analytic exploration. Evidence Acquisition We performed the review process between January and February 2019. 32 studies were included in the review, of which 14 were further selected to be included in the meta-analysis on TP efficacy. Evidence Synthesis Based on the review process, the majority of TP addressing cognitive issues and all TP focusing on behavioral issues were found to be effective. Two meta-analytic models examining the means of either cognitive TP outcomes or behavioral TP outcomes as input outcome yielded a nonsignificant effect size for cognitive TP and a low-moderate effect size for behavioral TP. Additional models on outcomes reflecting the greatest beneficial effects of TP yielded significant moderate effect sizes for both types of TP. Nevertheless, consistent methodological heterogeneity was observed, pointing to cautious interpretation of findings. A subgroup analysis on visuospatial skill outcomes showed a smaller yet significant effect size of cognitive TP, with low heterogeneity, providing a more reliable estimation of overall cognitive TP effects. Conclusions Promising results on remote cognitive and behavioral TP efficacy emerged both at the review process and at the meta-analytic investigation. Nevertheless, the high heterogeneity that emerged across studies prevents us from drawing definite conclusions. Further research is needed to identify whether specific training characteristics and population subgroups are more likely to be associated with greater training efficacy.