Message Content Research Articles

Email Spam Detection in the Age of Cyber Threats: a Comprehensive Approach Integrating Cleaning, Analysis, and Modeling

With the escalating sophistication of cyber threats, the imperative task of safeguarding email communication from spam has become increasingly challenging. This research presents a holistic approach to email spam detection, incorporating meticulous data cleaning, in-depth exploratory data analysis (EDA), and advanced modeling techniques. The study delves into the performance evaluation of diverse machine learning classifiers, including Gaussian Naive Bayes, Multinomial Naive Bayes, and Bernoulli Naive Bayes. Exploratory visualizations, such as word clouds and bar plots, contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the textual content in spam and ham messages.

'Getting control of Corona takes many angles': COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among refugee/immigrant/migrant communities in four US cities.

The objectives of the study were to (i) document refugee, immigrant and migrant (RIM) communities' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs (KABs) related to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine and (ii) identify best practices for developing and disseminating culturally and linguistically responsive health messaging addressing those KABs. Thirteen online focus groups (OFGs) in 10 languages were conducted. Each OFG was conducted in the participants' native language. OFGs were recorded, transcribed, translated and uploaded to qualitative software for coding. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results suggest that while there was some variation between different language groups (e.g. whether religious leaders were seen as trusted sources of information about COVID), there were also important commonalities. Most language groups (i) alluded to hearing about or having gaps in knowledge about COVID-19/the COVID-19 vaccine, (ii) reported hearing negative or conflicting stories about the vaccine and (iii) shared concerns about the negative side effects of the vaccine. There continues to be a need for health messaging in RIM communities that is culturally and linguistically concordant and follows health literacy guidelines. Message content about the COVID-19 vaccine should focus on vaccine importance, effectiveness and safety, should be multimodal and should be primarily delivered by healthcare professionals and community members who have already been vaccinated.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ БІЗНЕС-МОДЕЛЕЙ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of changes in the micro and macro environment on business during a full-scale war and directions for modifying business models that ensure the survival and development of business structures. The methodological basis of the research is А. Osterwalder's and I. Pigneur’s approach to business modeling. In the study it was determined that the war caused the emergence of new consumer segments. There are displaced persons, the state or volunteers, consumers with specific needs due to the special circumstances created by the war. As a result of changes in the demographic, socio-economic characteristics of society, business must rethink the characteristics of existing market segments. The value proposition can be modified taking into account the growth of national self-awareness, an increase in psychological stress, and changes in consumer priorities in wartime conditions. Problems with the organization of physical movement of goods increase the relevance of e-commerce. There is a need to review the channels and quality of communications to attract consumers to form long-term relationships with them, because consumers are more particular about the content and timeliness of messages from sellers during a war. Review of key segments, value proposition prompts to make changes to the range of goods and services that ensure incomes, sales organization, payment methods. An increase in the cost of resources, primarily raw materials, direct loss of property, a decrease of availability of financial resources, and the loss of human capital during the war causes the need to review the priority of resources for the company, and the search for new ways of attracting them. Determination of key types of activities is carried out under the influence of adjustment of consumer segments and available resources. Since many businesses lose the ability to fulfill previously obligations, companies need to look for new key partners, and the increase in the price of resources and the drop in client incomes increases the urgency of cost optimization.

Dysphonia as a Speech Disorder

Oral communication is one of the most important forms of communication. It is through which the speaker directly delivers the content of the verbal message to the addressee. Usually, the existence of any defect or disorder in the speaker’s vocal cords may result in not delivering the message properly. One of the problems that cause such improper delivery of a verbal message is voice disorders, especially voice hoarseness (Dysphonia). Thus, this paper is entitled (Dysphonia as a Speech Disorder), which refers to the changes occurring in the speaker’s voice that are marked as disorders compared to the normal patterns. Such disorder occurs due to a defect in the elements needed for the process of voice production in a healthy person. This disorder is not confined to a specific age group. It can occur at any age, from childhood onwards, and it may be a temporary or chronic disorder.
 Speech disorders and their treatment methods are often approached in the domain of applied linguistics, and dysphonia is one of those voice disorders that have not received ample attention from researchers in general, and speech pathologists in particular, despite the steady increase in the number of cases day after day due to several factors including the noise pollution and crowdedness in cities, and some everyday duties that cause injury, which then can be an effective factor for this disorder to occur.
 Hence, this study is determined to introduce the most important modern trends in rehabilitating voice disorders and presenting methods for curing them.

The Effectiveness of Whatsapp in Disseminating Work-Related Information: The Case of UPTM

In today’s digital age, WhatsApp, an instant messaging application has been extensively utilized in people’s daily lives, especially at work. Previous study shows that the use of instant messaging enables the workers to communicate better in a workplace. Hence, this study aims to examine the effectiveness and impact of WhatsApp as a communication tool for disseminating work-related information within an organization. This study employs a quantitative method approach to collect data where survey questionnaires are distributed to the employees across faculties and departments in Universiti Poly-Tech Malaysia (UPTM). The factors investigated include speed, accessibility, clarity and overall satisfaction among UPTM employees in navigating WhatsApp to discuss work-related information. The results of this study complement the existing literature on organizational communication and technology adoption which are fruitful for both employers and employees. Overall, the study outlines best practices recommendations to optimize the use of WhatsApp as a communication tool within an institution by taking into account key factors such as message content, timing and recipient preferences.

Emotivism Trends in Digital Political Communication: The Influence on the Results of the US Presidential Elections

Citizens, organizations and institutions are increasingly making use of digital social networks such as Twitter as a means by which to express their position as regards political topics. However, an increasing amount of academic literature coincides, in that it highlights the emotive and expressive nature of these positions. In other words, for the most part, the political opinions that are publicized are more like backing based on support or rejection (without arguments or motives). In parallel, said expressions have a key emotional element (expressions of a positive or negative affective disposition). This article consists of an analysis that aims, on the one hand, to measure the affective disposition of US citizens as expressed on Twitter during the two most recent electoral campaigns (2016 and 2020). Similarly, we have generated a model that facilitates the measurement of the extent to which the content of the aforementioned messages demonstrates arguments or motives, or lack of. By way of the use of a database for the same Twitter accounts in both elections, we provide very consistent results that highlight the lack of argumentation of the public debate and the notably polarized profile of the affective dispositions shown by participants. We use the thesis of emotivism to give a more significant analytical weighting to this research.

Unveiling the Language Techniques Behind the Pragmatic Meaning of Sarcasm in American Confrontational Film Discourse

. This article delves into the concept of sarcasm in confrontational American film discourse, examining its primary functions and characteristics. Specifically, the study focuses on how sarcastic statements are used in American television series to heighten emotional engagement and aesthetic appeal. The defining features of sarcasm, namely implicitness and double meaning, are also discussed. The analysis is conducted through a case study of the modern American drama series This Is Us, which highlights the key mechanisms utilized to achieve the pragmatic effect of sarcasm, including intonation, metaphors, and repetitions. Additionally, the article examines the work of translators, their professional challenges, and the methods and techniques employed to convey the semantic content of sarcastic messages in the target language. The findings suggest that translational means such as literal translation, ellipses, and equivalent translation are effective in transferring the intended sarcasm across languages. Overall, this study provides insight into the language techniques and translational strategies involved in the implementation of sarcasm in confrontational American film discourse.

Facets of Constructive Voice Behavior: Construct Clarification, Theoretical Refinement, and Measurement

Constructive voice encompasses a multitude of voice message content. However, existing measures of voice do not capture these differences in a precise way and contribute to inconclusive evidence. Based on existing conceptualizations of constructive voice, we suggest that employee voice messages differ along three main dimensions: (1) suggesting innovative opportunities versus highlighting harm (functional orientation), (2) offering specific suggestions versus pointing out problems (substantive orientation), and (3) addressing existing versus potential future issues (temporal orientation). Using this three-dimensional approach, we define five distinct prototypical facets of voice with well-defined conceptual boundaries. Through two expert studies (N = 12 and N = 10), we identify uncertainties in the content of current voice measures. We then introduce a newly developed measure that addresses these shortcomings. In two consecutive survey studies (N = 132 and N = 553), we present initial evidence supporting the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of this measure. The correlations among the five facets of voice were high. However, we also found evidence for differential associations with some antecedents.

Mental Health Counseling From Conversational Content With Transformer-Based Machine Learning

Use of asynchronous text-based counseling is rapidly growing as an easy-to-access approach to behavioral health care. Similar to in-person treatment, it is challenging to reliably assess as measures of process and content do not scale. To use machine learning to evaluate clinical content and client-reported outcomes in a large sample of text-based counseling episodes of care. In this quality improvement study, participants received text-based counseling between 2014 and 2019; data analysis was conducted from September 22, 2022, to November 28, 2023. The deidentified content of messages was retained as a part of ongoing quality assurance. Treatment was asynchronous text-based counseling via an online and mobile therapy app (Talkspace). Therapists were licensed to provide mental health treatment and were either independent contractors or employees of the product company. Participants were self-referred via online sign-up and received services via their insurance or self-pay and were assigned a diagnosis from their health care professional. All clients received counseling services from a licensed mental health clinician. The primary outcomes were client engagement in counseling (number of weeks), treatment satisfaction, and changes in client symptoms, measured via the 8-item version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). A previously trained, transformer-based, deep learning model automatically categorized messages into types of therapist interventions and summaries of clinical content. The total sample included 166 644 clients treated by 4973 therapists (20 600 274 messages). Participating clients were predominantly female (75.23%), aged 26 to 35 years (55.4%), single (37.88%), earned a bachelor's degree (59.13%), and were White (61.8%). There was substantial variability in intervention use and treatment content across therapists. A series of mixed-effects regressions indicated that collectively, interventions and clinical content were associated with key outcomes: engagement (multiple R = 0.43), satisfaction (multiple R = 0.46), and change in PHQ-8 score (multiple R = 0.13). This quality improvement study found associations between therapist interventions, clinical content, and client-reported outcomes. Consistent with traditional forms of counseling, higher amounts of supportive counseling were associated with improved outcomes. These findings suggest that machine learning-based evaluations of content may increase the scale and specificity of psychotherapy research.

Pengaruh Konten Tiktok @pandawaragroup Terhadap Perilaku Menjaga Kebersihan Lingkungan

The study "The Influence of @pandawaragroup Tiktok Content on Environmental Cleanliness Behavior" is motivated by content from @pandawaragroup which is quite popular among the public. With the aim of finding out how much influence @pandawaragroup's Tiktok content has on behavior in maintaining environmental cleanliness. This research uses quantitative research methods with an explanatory survey. The theory used is Uses and Effect with a population of followers of the Instagram account @pandawaragroup and sampling using a non- probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling method. The data collection technique used was a questionnaire using Google Form. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique uses a Likert scale. The results of this research are that the intensity, message content and attractiveness of the Tiktok @pandawaragroup content significantly influence the behavior of maintaining environmental cleanliness.

Exploring the Constrained Faced by Farmer in Use of ICT Mediated Extension Services in Arghakhanchi District of Nepal

A study was conducted to find out the profile characteristics of the respondents and constraints faced by farmers in usages of ICTs mediated extension services by the farmers of Arghakhanchi district of Nepal in 2020. A total of 180 farmers were randomly selected for the study from 6 wards of 2 municipality of the district. Data was collected by structured interview schedule and used different statistical analysis tools for interpreting the data such as Frequency, Percentage, Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation and Rank order. The constraints perceived by farmers were divided on 4 sections i.e., Infrastructural constraints, financial constraints, Content related constraints, and Personal constraints. Majority of respondent possessed the lack of network connectivity is first problem among infrastructural constraints, high cost of internet facilities in village on financial constraints, Similarly Complexity of message content on content related constraints and lack of specialized training on ICT on Personal constraints.

Does self-affirmation augment the effects of a mandated personalized feedback intervention? A randomized controlled trial with heavy drinking college students.

Theory and evidence indicate that affirming the value of the self before exposure to a threatening message fosters more open-minded appraisal of message content. We predicted that college students mandated to a computer-delivered personalized feedback intervention (PFI) and who engaged in a self-affirmation (SA) exercise would demonstrate reduce drinking and consequences relative to those who received an attention control. Participants were 484 undergraduates (age 18-24, 56% male, 78% White) mandated to participate in an alcohol intervention following a first-time alcohol policy violation. After a baseline assessment, each was randomized to SA (n = 256) or attention control (n = 227) prior to a computer-delivered PFI intervention. Posttest measures included an affirmation manipulation check; primary outcomes (past month weekly quantity, peak drinks, binge frequency, consequences) were assessed at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups. We used latent growth curve modeling to test study hypotheses. The SA exercise increased positive self-evaluation at posttest (p < .001). Overall reductions in drinking and consequences were observed at early follow-up (all p < .05), but the SA manipulation was not associated with intercept or slope factor differences in the models. Engaging in assessments during COVID restrictions was generally associated with reduced drinking and consequences. The SA exercise did not differentially affect trajectories of alcohol use and consequences, despite evidence that the exercise had the predicted effect on participant's self-evaluations. The lack of SA effects could be attributed to a nonthreatening PFI intervention that is generally accepted among mandated students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Educational Video Intervention to Improve Health Misinformation Identification on WhatsApp Among Saudi Arabian Population: Pre-Post Intervention Study.

Health misinformation can adversely affect individuals' quality of life and increase the risk of mortality. People often fail to assess the content of messages before sharing them on the internet, increasing the spread of misinformation. The problem is exacerbated by the growing variety of digital information environments, especially social media, which presents as an effective platform for spreading misinformation due to its rapid information-sharing capabilities. Educational interventions have been developed to help consumers verify the validity of digital health information. However, tools designed to detect health misinformation on social media content have not been validated. Given the increased use of social media platforms, particularly WhatsApp, it is crucial to develop tools to help consumers assess the credibility of messages and detect misinformation. The main objective of this study is to develop and assess an educational tool aimed at educating consumers about detecting health misinformation on WhatsApp. The secondary objective is to assess the association between demographic factors and knowledge levels. The study used a single-arm, pre-post intervention design to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational video in improving participants' ability to detect health-related misinformation in WhatsApp messages. In the first phase, an educational video intervention was developed and validated. In the second phase, participants were invited to complete a web-based survey that consisted of pre-evaluation questions, followed by the educational video intervention. Subsequently, they were asked to answer the same questions as the postevaluation questions. The web-based survey received 485 responses. The completion rate was 99.6% (n=483). Statistically significant associations existed between knowledge level and age, gender, employment, and region of residence (P<.05). The video intervention did elicit a statistically significant change in the participants' abilities to identify misinformation in WhatsApp messages (z=-6.887; P<.001). Viewing the video was associated with increased knowledge about the following concepts: checking the "forwarded" label (P<.001), looking for spelling and grammatical errors (P<.001), analyzing the facts (P=.03), checking links (P=.002, P=.001), and assessing the photos and videos (P<.001). There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge level before and after the intervention (P<.001). This study developed and evaluated the effectiveness of an educational video intervention to improve health misinformation identification on WhatsApp among the Saudi Arabian population. The results indicate that educational videos can be valuable tools for improving participants' abilities to identify misinformation. The outcomes of this research can contribute to our understanding of what constitutes an effective tool for enhancing health misinformation awareness. Such interventions may be particularly useful in combating misinformation among Arabic-speaking populations on WhatsApp, which may ultimately improve eHealth literacy. Limiting the prevalence and impact of misinformation allows people to make better-informed health decisions.

FEATURES OF THE LOVE OF TREES AND LAND PROGRAM OF CAN THO RADIO-TELEVISION STATION

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Love&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; of Trees and Land &lt;/em&gt;program&lt;em&gt; (&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="https://canthotv.vn/"&gt;https://canthotv.vn&lt;/a&gt;) is a television program about the agriculture of Can Tho Radio-Television Station, Can Tho City, in the Mekong Delta region, South of Vietnam. Researching the characteristics or features of this program will contribute to clearly stating the content and messages through each program, adding specific information about city agriculture in which the program uses language, form of transmission, and content of messages to the people. At the same time, it would present the characteristics, content, and form of this journalism genre, taking advantage of the strengths of television journalism. Through the statistical classification method, it is necessary to collect and classify information, data, images, etc. in the program to serve the deployment and explanation of scientific arguments through each category with 39 episodes included in the program from content to form elements namely, information, data, images, language from the hosts and from comments. This television program has brought the audience knowledge, experience, and information about agricultural activities in the region such as &lt;em&gt;agricultural news, farmers needing to know, advanced farmers, behind the rice crop, information about climate change, science, and technology in production, farmers getting rich, new rural areas,&lt;/em&gt; etc. Form the findings of the research, it was seen that each part brings the audience attractive, useful and practical content, helping the audience better understand current agricultural issues, opportunities, and challenges, knowledge of the agricultural industry in the context of climate change and international integration, clean, efficient and sustainable agricultural models, stories of typical farmers with good production, quality agricultural products in the region and volunteer activities, building local infrastructure, cleaning up the environment, and policies to support farmers in production, which are just in &lt;em&gt;The&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Love of&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Trees and Land &lt;/em&gt;program&lt;em&gt;. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0509/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A Tale of Two Hazards: Studying Broadcast Meteorologist Communication of Simultaneous Tornado and Flash Flood (TORFF) Events

Broadcast meteorologists are the primary source of weather information for the public, and thus are key to messaging the multiple weather hazards that can occur during simultaneous tornado and flash flood, or TORFF, events. Due in part to the challenge and cost needed to study broadcast coverage, there has been limited study into how broadcasters present these hazards to their viewers during TORFF events. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we developed the Coding Algorithm for Storm coverage Transcripts, or CAST. Bot, a simple algorithm that can efficiently and inexpensively compare the mentions of tornado and flash flood hazards made by meteorologists during on-air coverage. For this study, we used CAST.Bot to quickly analyze 39 segments of coverage from eight TORFF events. Findings suggest that broadcasters generally favor mentions of tornadoes more than flash flooding during TORFF events with many tornado warnings, with more balanced coverage identified during events with similar numbers of tornado and flash flood warnings. Additional study of two cases, 1) the El Reno/Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, tornado and flash flood on 31 May 2013, and 2) Hurricane Harvey in Houston, Texas, on 26 August 2017, suggests that TORFF event coverage on television is subject to differences across stations and the way that the tornado and flash flood hazards in a TORFF unfold. Future work should seek to better understand how changes in the focus of messaging for TORFF events can impact viewers decisions and identify how context can influence TORFF message content. Options for use of the CAST.Bot algorithm to aid broadcasters during multi-hazard event coverage are also discussed.

Warning Labels as a Public Health Intervention: Effects and Challenges for Tobacco, Cannabis, and Opioid Medications.

Warning labels help consumers understand product risks, enabling informed decisions. Since the 1966 introduction of cigarette warning labels in the United States, research has determined the most effective message content (health effects information) and format (brand-free packaging with pictures). However, new challenges have emerged. This article reviews the current state of tobacco warning labels in the United States, where legal battles have stalled pictorial cigarette warnings and new products such as electronic cigarettes and synthetic nicotine products pose unknown health risks. This article describes the emerging research on cannabis warnings; as more places legalize recreational cannabis, they are adopting lessons from tobacco warnings. However, its uncertain legal status and widespread underestimation of harms impede strict warning standards. The article also reviews opioid medication warning labels, suggesting that lessons from tobacco could help in the development of effective and culturally appropriate FDA-compliant opioid warning labels that promote safe medication use and increased co-dispensing of naloxone.

Who says what to whom through what channel? Formative communication research on antibiotic resistance messaging for urgent care patients.

To explore the source, message, channel, and receiver effects on patient concern for antibiotic resistance, willingness to reduce antibiotic use, and expectations for an antibiotic prescription in a prepandemic sample. We used data reported from a national cross-sectional survey of adults who had visited an urgent care center within the last year. Data were collected from April 4 to April 9, 2017. The survey included an embedded experimental design to test changing effects before versus after message exposure. A national sample of adult participants (n = 610) who had used urgent care at least once in the past year were recruited through GfK's KnowledgePanelTM. KnowledgePanel survey response rates are typically about 65%. Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 85 and were more likely to be female (377/610; 62%), White (408/610; 67%), and covered by private insurance (414/610; 68%). Outcome variables were measured on 4-point scales 1-4 scale, and t-tests were conducted for measures that were collected pre and postmessaging. The majority of participants trusted their doctor and desired them as the source for information regarding antibiotic resistance, followed by field experts (eg, CDC). Direct messaging (eg, email) and targeted advertisements were least preferred. This study provides foundational data on patient communication preferences in terms of source, message content, and channel when receiving information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, as well as how these factors affect patient concern, willingness, and expectations. Follow-up work is needed to replicate these findings in a postpandemic sample.

"My Mom Would Always Say Pussy Rules the World": A Qualitative Exploration of Southern Black Women's Sexual Messages.

Exploring southern Black women's sexual messaging is important for appropriately contextualizing their sexual experiences. This study advances the literature on southern Black women's sexuality by analyzing the valence, content, and sources of sexual messages using #HotGirlScience. Twenty-five Black women's semi-s tructured interview responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. Thirteen women reported mixed messages, followed by positive messages (n = 10) and negative messages (n = 2). Seven major content themes were constructed: 1) sex is taboo, 2) sex is painful, harmful, and/or violent for Black women, 3) sex prioritizes male partner's pleasure, 4) consent and safety, 5) agency and sexual pleasure, 6) pleasure expansiveness, and 7) sexual communication.

Monitoring and Sorting of Radical and Extremist Content in Social Network Messages using Regression Learning-Based Bayesian Regularized ANN

Monitoring and Sorting of Radical and Extremist Content in Social Network Messages using Regression Learning-Based Bayesian Regularized ANN

Interoperability Challenges in Multivendor IEC 61850 Devices for Parallel Power Transformer Differential Protection

Interoperability of GOOSE messages is essential for the proper operation of protection schemes such as the parallel power transformer (PTRF) differential protection scheme, especially when using multivendor IEC 61850 devices. GOOSE messages allow for fast and reliable communication between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and are based on Ethernet communication. To ensure the interoperability of GOOSE messages between multivendor devices, adherence to the IEC 61850 standard specifications is crucial. The standard defines the format and content of GOOSE messages, including the data object model, data types, and communication protocols. Third-party testing and certification programs can also ensure compliance with the standard and help guarantee interoperability between different vendors. Device conformance with these standards does not ensure interoperability when devices from various manufacturers are utilized. Interoperability is necessary between the relevant devices from various vendors to provide system power stability and protection. If multivendor device interoperability is achieved, power utilities will be able to utilize multivendor devices in substations. The study investigates and provides comprehensive methods for achieving IEC 61850 standard-based interoperability problems in parallel with PTRF’s current differential protection schemes between IEDs (SEL-487E and MiCOM-P645) produced by different vendors under fault conditions. In a lab-scale environment with RTDS for real-time simulation in Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL), the designed technique is simulated and tested.