Mesh Screen Research Articles

Experimental study on wake flow structures of screen cylinders using PIV

Experiments were conducted in a water flume using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to study the evolution of the vortical structures in the wakes of four types of screen cylinders at a Reynolds number of about 3200. The results were compared with that of a bare cylinder. The screen cylinders were made of stainless steel screen meshes of various porosities (37%, 48%, 61% and 67%) rolled into cylindrical shapes. Smoke wire flow visualisations in a wind tunnel were also conducted in support of the PIV tests. Depending on the porosity of the screen mesh, two vortex formation mechanisms for the screen cylinder wakes were identified. One was associated with wake instability and the other was associated with shear-layer (Kelvin-Helmholtz) convective instability which involved merging through pairing and tripling of small-scale vortices within the shear layers. The former was responsible for the formation of large-scale vortices in the bare cylinder and the screen cylinder wakes with 37% and 48% porosities, while the latter was responsible for the screen cylinder wakes with 61% and 67% porosities. The results also showed that with increasing porosity, the vortex formation region was extended farther downstream and the Reynolds shear stress, the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and vortex intensity were decreased constantly.

Hydrate-induced clogging of sand-control screen and its implication on hydrate production operation

Blockage of sand-control media is one of the main obstacles that affect gas production efficiency from gas hydrate-bearing sediments. Hydrate reformation is a potential plugging inducer of sand-control media. In this study, we conduct a series of experiments using steel-wired screen mesh to examine the hydrate-induced clogging of sand-control screen. The screen mesh sample was installed into a closed-circuit circulating system under gas-water two-phase flow condition to simulate bottomhole multiphase production processes. The results indicate that hydrate formation within the screen would causes permeability loss of the screen up to 98%. The pseudo-permeability of the screen sample shows dual-gradient decreasing characteristics during hydrate clogging. Therefore, we speculate that hydrate accumulating and hydrate particle bridging are the two main mechanisms causing screen plugging. The hydrate accumulating sub-process is mainly controlled by the degree of subcooling, while the hydrate particle-bridging sub-process is affected by fluid flow rate. Furthermore, the “ J -shape” coiling of pressure-temperature relationship can be used as an indicator in diagnosing possible bottomhole screen plug during hydrate exploitation. Artificial interference of downhole temperature is strongly recommended to mitigate screen plugging induced by hydrate reformation. • Hydrate clogging causes permeability loss of sand-control screen up to 98%. • Hydrate accumulation causes dual-gradient decrease in the permeability of sand-control screen. • The “ J -shape” coiling of P - T curve is a indicator to diagnose downhole hydrate-induced screen clogging. • Artificial temperature interference is recommended to mitigate hydrate induced screen clogging.

Performance study of flat heat pipe with metallic copper hierarchical structure as a wick

Flat plate heat pipes (FHP) can transport high heat fluxes liberated by electrical and electronic equipment. Wick structure plays an essential role in the performance of the heat pipe. The wick structures are made of materials like sintered metal powder, foam, screen mesh, different shapes of grooves, or any material capable of producing capillary force. Generally, wick structures can be inserted or fixed easily inside the heat pipe enclosure. There are cases where one cannot insert or fix the wick structure, such as tubes with several bends and varying cross-sections. Therefore, this study directed to develop a wick structure inside the enclosure through an electrochemical process. As a preliminary study, a hierarchical wick structure is formed at the inner side of the flat heat pipe, and the performance is studied. This method can be applied to create dendrite copper wicks with the required porosity, pore size, and wick thickness by adjusting the electrolyzing conditions. In this study, a flat heat pipe is fabricated with copper hierarchical wick structure, and the performance analyzed over another heat pipe without wick and with screen wick.

Revisiting Bone Grease Rendering in Highly Fragmented Assemblages

Bone grease rendering is a low-return activity well described in the ethnohistorical and ethnographic literature. However, identifying this activity in archaeological contexts is complex because diagnostic criteria are few. The goals of this article are twofold: (1) to provide new experimental data on bone grease manufacture for assemblages associated with severe fragmentation, and (2) to assess how these data can be used to make stronger inferences about skeletal fat processing in the archaeological record. The results presented here show that, despite some variation, several forms of damage appear to be diagnostic of bone grease manufacture, regardless of the degree of fragmentation. The results indicate that extensive pounding produces many fragments that can be identified as deriving from articular ends, which conflicts with the oft-cited notion that articular ends are destroyed “beyond recognition” during this activity. Consequently, assemblages with few epiphyseal remains are not consistent with bone grease rendering, assuming that the comminuted fragments were not burned or discarded off-site after boiling. Because bone grease manufacture produces many small fragments, a close analysis of the indeterminate remains is strongly recommended, as is the use of fine mesh screens (2 mm or smaller) in excavations.

Analysis of the Screening Accuracy of a Linear Vibrating Screen with a Multi-layer Screen Mesh

This paper investigates the screening characteristics of the multi-layer vibrating screens. A portable linear screen with a three-layer screen mesh and the vibrating screening experimental platform were designed and simulated. Based on the discrete element method (DEM), the influences of the motor excitation frequency, the pulverized coal mass flow rate, and the shape of the particles on the screening accuracy of each layer of the screen and the total energy contained in the particles were analysed. The simulation analysis found that, during the vibration screening process, with the increase of the frequency of motor excitation, the screening accuracy of each screen layers increased first and then decreased. The ratio of the sieving accuracy of the first screen and the third screen is reduced first and then increased. The energy contained in the particles gradually increases. With the increased pulverized coal mass flow rate, the screening accuracy of each layer gradually decreased, while the ratio of the screening accuracy of the first layer to that of the third layer gradually increased. The energy contained in the particles gradually decreases. Similarly, the increased percentage of non-spherical particles generated slightly decreased screening accuracy and an increased ratio of the screening accuracy of the first and third screens. The particles also contain much less energy than spherical particles do. A simulation was carried out on the vibrating screening experimental platform with screening materials such as soybeans and red beans. The experimental results matched the discrete element simulation. The screening accuracy was proved to be higher when the excitation frequency lay in 18 Hz to 20 Hz, and the particles mass flow rate stayed below 0.4 kg/s. This study demonstrated that changing the shape of particles is a practical way of managing real screening work. It also provided a theoretical basis and reference for the design and applications of multi-layer vibrating screens.

Control of Shielding Effectiveness of Optically Transparent Films by Modification of the Edge Termination Geometry

This article deals with the design, fabrication, and characterization of optically transparent electromagnetic screens to protect optical sensors against high-intensity radiated fields. To ensure the best tradeoff between high optical transparency over the entire visible light spectrum and high shielding effectiveness at microwaves, micrometric mesh metal films printed on glass substrates were selected. Changing the micrometric mesh pattern allows reaching various shielding effectiveness values required for different applications, but implies important adjustments of the design and fabrication processes. The variation of the number of contact ribbons between the mesh screen and its direct peripheral area consists of an alternative solution to modify the screen shielding effectiveness, while keeping the meshed part of the screen identical. An analytical model, which predicts the shielding effectiveness variation measured under statistically uniform illumination in a reverberation chamber as a function of the number of metal ribbons and the aperture sizes between them was specifically developed. Experimental results follow the trend predicted by the analytical model. As a result, adjusting the number of peripheral contact ribbons enables the shielding effectiveness to be fitted to specified requirements at constant optical transparency.

Harvesting microalgal-bacterial biomass from biogas upgrading process and evaluating the impact of flocculants on their growth during repeated recycling of the spent medium

Microalgal-bacterial consortium can be used to upgrade biogas by removing CO2 and H2S. Photosynthetic biogas upgrading requires harvesting microalgal-bacterial biomass in order to use the biomass-free cultivation medium as scrubbing liquid in the absorption column. In this study, the efficiency of different flocculants (Zetag 8125, cationically modified cellulose nanocrystals, Tanfloc, chitosan, and FeCl3) to harvest microalgal-bacterial biomass used for biogas upgrading in alkaline medium (inorganic carbon concentration up to 1800 mg L−1 and a pH ~10) was evaluated. Zetag and cationic cellulose nanocrystals resulted in maximum flocculation efficiencies of 95% (optimal dose 30 mg g−1) and 93% (optimal dose 20 mg g−1), respectively. Low flocculation was observed with other flocculants at doses as high as 200 mg g−1, which can be ascribed to the high pH of the alkaline medium. Zetag and cationic cellulose nanocrystals were selected for harvesting the biomass during semi-continuous cultivation of the microalgal consortium. Both Zetag and cationic cellulose nanocrystals were effective in flocculating the biomass with efficiencies of over 90% during five successive harvesting cycles. Gravity settling of the flocs formed by Zetag and cationic cellulose nanocrystals resulted in low biomass concentration factors of 7.7 and 2.0, respectively. Screening of flocs using a nylon mesh screen (pore size of 180 μm) resulted in a biomass concentration factor as high as 19.8. Zetag and cationic cellulose nanocrystals could be useful in harvesting biomass under high alkaline conditions without detrimental effects on biomass growth.

Oil-water separation device based on super-hydrophobic material with multi-scale surface structure

A buoyancy-adaptive oil-water separation device is developed based on the prepared oil-water separation materials with a micro-nano hierarchical structure. This device can achieve the efficient recovery of diesel oil pads in the process of salt cavern construction without an external power source. The surface structure of superhydrophobic materials and the wettability of droplets on their surfaces are characterized. Then the separation mechanism is theoretically analysed. In addition, the brine breakthrough pressure and the separation efficiency of the device are studied considering the different surface structures of the separation materials. The mesh number and the layer number of separation materials are explored to determine their effects on the breakthrough pressure. It is found that this pressure increases with an increasing mesh number, but the influence of the screen layers is weak. Furthermore, the mesh number and the number of cycle separations that affect the separation efficiency are investigated. The results show that the sieve hole is smaller when the mesh number is larger, and the volume flow rate of diesel oil is thus reduced. Therefore, the screen mesh number should be reasonably selected based on the actual needs. The results of the cyclic separation test indicate that the separation material has good reusability. After 30 cycles of recycling, the separation efficiency of the device can still reach 90.1 ± 1.7%.

Numerical Modeling of a Wicked Heat Pipe Using Lumped Parameter Network Incorporating the Marangoni Effect

This paper proposes a numerical model of wicked heat pipes using a lumped parameter network. A lumped parameter network of a screen mesh wicked heat pipe is developed for the solid and fluid regions. Nodal analysis is applied to each node using the principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. The resulting system of differential equations is solved using numerical integration. The lumped parameter model is validated using experimental results available from the literature. A parametric study is conducted to determine the effect of heat input, wick thickness, and effective wick porosity on the thermal resistance of the heat pipe. The interplay between heat input and pipe diameter of the heat pipe is investigated. A comparison of heat pipe with working fluid as water and self-rewetting fluids has been conducted. Self-rewetting fluids are found to give better performance for the wicked heat pipe.

Dynamic colour in textiles: combination of thermo, photo and hydrochromic pigments

Colour Change Materials are a class of smart materials that present distinct characteristics relative to conventional pigments and dyes. When exposed to a given stimulus, these materials exhibit reversible chromatic changes, allowing the introduction of dynamic and interactive qualities to textiles. Currently, the combination of various chromic materials presents an under-developed area. The objective of this research is to study the integration and combination processes of different types of dynamic colourants in textiles, namely thermo, photo and hydrochromic pigments. The experimental work conducted demonstrates the effect of screen printing variables in textile chromatic qualities, being the variables set: screen mesh count, magnetic field of the screen printing table, printed layers (number and process) and pigments’ combination method – overprinting and combination in the screen printing paste. The results attained also highlight design possibilities to further research colour change effects and outline a methodology to explore and design screen printed textiles with multi-sensitive qualities.

Rapidly Separating Earthworm from Vermicompost Using Two-Step Technology

The vermicomposting has become a widely accepted approach to dispose organic solid waste such as livestock manure, plant straw and municipal sludge. With the enlargement of vermicomposting scale, it is necessary to separate earthworm from vermicompost as soon as possible before marketing. However, nowadays, separating earthworm is a bottle-neck in vermicomposting industry because it is often done manually, which is inefficient and expensive. The objective of this study is to develop a rapid and highly efficient two-step technology of separating earthworm from large-scale vermicompost. During the separation process, small granule vermicompost (diameter size < 6 mm) were separated with rolling screen and the earthworm were thoroughly separated from vermicompost through a special cone structure equipment called conical separator. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the separation efficiency and obtain the optimal parameters for Earthworm-Vermicompost Rolling Separator (EVRS). The results showed that the optimal parameters for the EVRS were as follows: screen mesh size was 6 mm, rolling speed was 33.05 r min−1, inclined angle of rolling screen was 6.40°, screening length of rolling screen was 1290 mm and the generatrix angle of conical separator was 28°. The optimal separation effect could be achieved for EVRS at 45–55% vermicompost moisture content. Ten kg earthworm and vermicompost mixture was treated within 41.55 s, consuming electric power in 0.0025 kWh. EVRS can separate 84.38 ± 3.20% of mature earthworm and earthworm can be separated with survival rate of 96.25 ± 2.50%. In this study, the developed two-step technology and separator is a rapid, less energy consumption, highly efficient and applicable, which is expected to lighten the labor burden and shorten the recycling time of vermicomposting product.

Heat Transfer-Friction Factor and Correlations for Wavy Porous Screens as Inserts in Channel Thermal Performance

Abstract Structural inserts are employed to enhance the heat transfer in channel flow with the expense of thermal performance. The present investigation employs the wavy porous screens as inserts in an air channel and measures the pressure drop and heat transfer along the channel. The wave vectors are parallel to the flow and in point contact at the tips with the channel walls. The pores in the insert generate turbulence to enhance the heat transfer from the channel walls with a moderate pressure penalty because of the low blockage ratio. The objectives are to investigate the effects of wavelength (λ), porosity (ξ), and height (H) of the sinusoidal wave of the insert as well as the Reynolds number (Re) on the friction factors (f) and Nusselt numbers (Nu). Twelve inserts are formed from the flat metal mesh screens for testing between the Reynolds number (Re) of 400 and 35,000. The results of (f, Nu) and smooth channel-based enhancements (f/f0, Nu/Nu0) are affected the most by Re followed by λ and then ξ. The values of both (f/f0, Nu/Nu0) increase significantly as the Reynolds number increases in Re &amp;lt; 3000. However, both the (f/f0, Nu/Nu0) decrease little as both the (λ, ξ) increase at all Re. The performance factor index, (Nu/Nu0)/(f/f0)(1/3) &amp;gt; 1.0 irrespective of (λ, ξ, H) only when Re is about 3000. The correlations developed for the f, Nu, and performance factor provide reasonable predictions of the experimental results.

Effect of reducing sample volume on the detection of drugs in urine by transmission mode direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.

Matrix interference attributed to urea and other nitrogenous substances in unprocessed urine is significant. In this study desorption ionization of sub-microliter volume samples is performed in an effort to improve the detection of drugs in unprocessed urine using transmission mode-direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (TM-DART-MS). Urine samples were spiked with analytical standards of two drugs of abuse, codeine and methadone. Various sub-microliter volumes of unprocessed urine were deposited onto wire mesh screen consumables and analyzed using TM-DART for desorption ionization and a high-resolution mass spectrometer operated in full scan mode for mass analysis. A 22 factorial design of experiment (DOE) was employed to examine the effects of sample volume and sample introduction speed to the DART source. Results from analysis of one microliter and sub-microliter sample volumes were compared by measuring the signal produced by TM-DART-MS. Based on an α of 0.05, the lower-volume samples yielded spectra where the abundance of urea and creatinine ions was reduced, thus significantly improving the TM-DART-MS signal for drugs of abuse. Using slower sample introduction speeds increased the time during which the sample was exposed to the heated ionization gas, resulting in a significant increase in the TM-DART-MS signal. Reducing the sample volume to sub-microliter levels improved the detection of drugs of abuse present as either individual or multiple components of the untreated urine. The improved signal demonstrates the potential for using sub-microliter volumes for screening drugs in urine without the need for chromatography or sample pretreatment.

Properties of particleboard made from Salacca (Salacca sp) frond

Salacca frond is a potential agricultural waste material that is not fully utilized yet. This study aimed to investigate the properties of particleboard made from salacca frond. The single-layer and three-layer particleboards were manufactured at three kinds of particle size. The particle size of the core layer was passed through a 10 mesh screen and retained on a 20 mesh screen (-10 +20 mesh). Two different particle sizes of face layer were passed through a 20 mesh screen and retained on a 40 mesh screen (-20 +40 mesh) and passed through a 40 mesh screen and retained on a 60 mesh screen (-40 +60 mesh). The target density of particleboard was set at 0.8 g/cm3 to be pressed at a temperature of 180°C for 10 minutes. Citric acid was used as a bonding agent with 20 wt% based on the dry weight of particles. Physical and mechanical properties tests were performed according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 for particleboard. The result showed that the single-layer particleboards had higher mechanical properties compared to three-layer particleboards. The highest properties of single-layer particleboard were achieved with the particle size of salacca frond of -40 +60 mesh. The properties of the board met the requirement of the JIS A 5908 type 13 standard. Based on this result, it showed that salacca frond has potential as a material for manufacturing particleboard.

Effect of a social peer on risky decision making in male Sprague Dawley rats.

Adolescence is a period associated with increased risk taking and peer relations. Research has shown that age is correlated with vulnerability to peer pressure, with youth being more influenced by peers compared with adults, leading to exacerbated risk taking, including risk for drug abuse. Preclinical research suggests that these findings may also be applicable to rodents, as younger rats find social interaction rewarding and are prone to risky behavior. However, there is little research on the effect of social interaction on rodent models of risky decision making. This study examined risky decision making utilizing a dual-compartment apparatus that consisted of two adjacent operant conditioning chambers separated by a wire mesh screen partition that allowed for limited social interaction. Male rats performed a risky decision making task in which they had a choice between a small reinforcer and larger reinforcer that was associated with a mild footshock, which increased in probability across the session. Rats were initially trained during adolescence and performance on the task was assessed in the presence or absence of a peer in the adjacent chamber during young adulthood. Results revealed that there was less risk discounting, leading to greater preference for the larger, risky reinforcer, in rats that had daily exposure to a social peer during training. These results provide evidence that social influence on risk taking can be modeled in rats, perhaps having implications for drug abuse risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Exploring a green route for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: Revealing and solving deep screening problem

The conventional recycling methods of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) regard Al/Cu foils as impurities, which are usually removed by deep screening or alkali leaching. Deep screening refers to the process of over-screening the electrode materials by passing the crushed materials of spent LIBs through a screen with a pore size of only 0.075 mm. However, the serious hole-blocking phenomenon of deep screening and the environmental hazards of alkali leaching restrict their practical application. Herein, a combination of mild screening, reduction leaching and selective purification is proposed to achieve green and sustainable recycling of spent LIBs. Specifically, spent LIBs are subjected to discharge, crushing and mild screening to obtain fine-mixture materials under 4-mm sieving, leaving large pieces of Cu/Al foils on the screen mesh, which can be separated as crude products by color sorting. Then, dilute H2SO4 is employed to dissolve the valuable elements in underflow fractions, where residual Cu/Al foils serve as reductants to assist leaching. Eventually, through multi-step precipitates and hydrothermal treatment, a series of promising products (CuO, NaAlCO3(OH)2, precursor and Li2CO3) are obtained, at high quality. This route provides a clever strategy for fine management and cascade recovery of the valuable components from spent LIBs.

Protocol for sand control screen design of production wells for clayey silt hydrate reservoirs: A case study

AbstractThe process of extracting natural gas from gas hydrate‐bearing sediments (GHBS) may yield significant sand influx due to the metastable nature of GHBS. Selecting appropriate sand control media is vital to addressing the challenges caused by excessive sand production. This study proposes a protocol called holding coarse expelling fine particles (HCEFP) for sand control design. The protocol aims to provide a new optimization method for screen mesh size selection for clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. Detailed optimizing procedures of proper candidate screen mesh sizes in hydrate exploitation well in clayey silt hydrate reservoirs are depicted based on the HCEFP. Then, the site W18, which is located in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea, is taken as an example to illustrate the optimization procedure for screen mesh size selection. The results reveal that complete solid retention via a standalone screen is rarely beneficial as high clay contents can adversely affect wellbore productivity due to excessive plugging. Screen aperture size selection for clayey silt hydrate wells should strike a balance between retaining coarser particles and avoiding screen blockage by the relatively fine particles. Furthermore, longitudinal heterogeneity of the PSDs also increases the difficulties associated with sand control design. Multistage sand control optimization is necessary in hydrate production wells. For Site W18, we recommend that the entire production interval can be divided into two subintervals for multistage sand control operations.

Novel jamming mechanism for dry separation of particles by density

Previous work on a novel separation device called the Sink-Hole Fluidizer has been extended to investigate the effect of increasing the Sink-Hole diameter from 13 mm up to 60 mm. This device consists of a pair of mesh screens with 1 mm square apertures mounted above the surface of a vibrated fluidized bed. The upper mesh contains a large central hole referred to as a Sink-Hole. The fluidized granular media, nominally 0.2 mm sand particles, expanded up through the large Sink-Hole, spread radially and deposited across the upper mesh, and then sifted back into the lower fluidized zone. The effective density of the medium at the mouth of the Sink-Hole was determined by examining the probability of large tracer particles of a given density floating over or sinking through the Sink-Hole. It was seen previously for a 13 mm diameter Sink-Hole that the separation density exceeded the bulk density of the fluidized medium, and often also even the skeletal density of the granular media itself. Similar results were achieved here, even for a significant increase in the Sink-Hole diameter up to 60 mm. Moreover, the separation density was largely independent of the size of the tracer particles covering the range 2.8 to 8.0 mm, a sign of genuine density-based separation. The underlying mechanism was attributed to a self-organised, tenuous, jamming condition that develops at the mouth of the Sink-Hole. As the diameter of the Sink-Hole increased, the separation density decreased, while the speed at which the sorting of the test particles occurred increased significantly. A 60 mm diameter Sink-Hole achieved a steady state separation within approximately 10 s, and a remarkably sharp density-based separation.

Experimental investigations and optimization of process parameters of meshed-wick heat pipe

Heat pipes are used to transfer heat, which are hollow cylindrical shape device filled with small amount of working fluid, which can change its phase. The rate of heat transfer in heat pipes compared to normal heat exchanging devices is more. Depending on the applications of heat transfer various heat pipes are being designed. Methanol fluid is used with 50% fill ratio. It is made of copper with outer diameter of 15.88mm and inner diameter of 14.88mm. It consists of a screen mesh made of copper powder inside it with thickness of 0.5mm. Due to heat input methanol changes its phase from liquid to vapor. The vapor loses its heat and changes its phase back to liquid in the condenser. At the condenser section the vapour gives up it heat and changes its phase from vapour to liquid. The screen mesh assists the flow of condensed working fluid through capillary action. Optimized the results by “Taguchi method” using “Minitab software”. The Thermal analysis was done with the optimum conditions, which were obtained as a result from the optimization method by Ansys Fluent software. Then finally compared the thermal parameters obtained from experiments with the Thermal analysis result. It is found the maximum heat transfer rate is optimized using meshed wick heat pipe conditions.

Experimental investigation of heat pipe thermal performance with microgrooves fabricated by wire electrical discharge machining

This work presents the use of electrical discharge machining (EDM) technology for manufacturing of three different types of axial microgrooves in heat pipes. This specific process, called wire electrical discharge machining (wire-EDM), allows the fabrication of microgrooves on the inner wall of a heat pipe with accuracy. Different from other capillary structures, such as composite wick and screen mesh, the material is removed from the pipe?s container in order to conceive the capillary structure, which contributes with the mass reduction of the passive two-phase heat transfer device. The heat pipes were manufactured from a straight copper pipe with the external diameter of 9.45 mm, the inner diameter of 6.20 mm, and a total length of 200 mm. Three types of axial microgrooves were manufactured for constant width (35 ?m) and varying the depth (from 30-48 ?m), and thickness (from 35-70 ?m). The number of microgrooves was also varied from 21-32 microgrooves. Water was used as the working fluid and the loading filling ratio was 60% of the evaporator volume. The condenser was cooled by air forced convection, the adiabatic section was insulated and the evaporator was heated by an electrical resistor and it was insulated from the environment with aeronautic thermal insulation. The thermal performance of the heat pipes are analyzed based on experimental results, so the heat pipes were tested at the horizontal and different inclinations under different low heat loads (from 5-50 W or a heat flux from 0.21-2.10 W/cm2). The experimental results showed that the axial microgrooves manufactured by the wire-EDM process worked satisfactorily in all analyzed cases and microgrooves of Type 1 showed a better thermal performance when compared with the others.