Merchant Marine Research Articles

The C.O.P.E. Typology of Coping with Stressors at Sea among Filipino Merchant Marine Ratings: A Q Methodology Study

Background: The seafarers’ poor mental health has been associated with significant morbidity, inefficiency, and accidents on board. Mental and physical health is largely dependent on the way seafarers handle stressors. Anchored on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, this study aimed to identify the typology of Filipino merchant marine ratings according to their coping strategies to stressors on board vessels. Methods: Thirty-seven (37) Filipino merchant marine ratings participated in this study. They were chosen by purposive sampling. They rank-ordered 25 opinion statements on various stressors and coping mechanisms. The rank-ordered sorts were subjected to by-person factor analysis with Varimax rotation using the PQ Method version 2.32. The resulting factors were interpreted using the inductive approach, aided by the interview done after Q sorting. Results: Four factors were generated: solution-focused seafarers, stressor-focused seafarers, self-management–focused seafarers, and the social milieu-focused seafarers. There is a consensus on the supplication-focused seafarers who ask for God’s help in times of stress. Conclusion: The generated typology provides a better understanding of seafarers’ outlook on stress and coping and may help the stakeholders craft individualized strategies to help improve their coping mechanisms and overall mental health. Occupational health research must continue to focus on understanding the role of culture and adaptation on stress and coping behaviors to retain quality seafarers and promote a healthier workplace.

The Effectiveness of STEM for Sea Project to Improve Cadets’ Performance as Preparation for Onboard Training

The use of technology plays an important role in education as we gradually move to what is known as industry 4.0. It becomes more important especially during COVID-19 pandemic where online learning is highly demanded. This research applied online learning using the application of STEM for Sea Project (SforSP) to improve the performance of cadets of CASBMMA (Cirebon AKMI Suaka Bahari Merchant Marine Academy), the preparation of their onboard training. This finding encourages the researchers to upgrade the application in providing more suitable materials which correspond to the company’s needs during on board training.

Merchant Marine Chilean 1973-1985: The Dispute between Liberal Economists and Nationalist Military

Merchant Marine Chilean 1973-1985: The Dispute between Liberal Economists and Nationalist Military

淸日戰爭 후 東游日記를 통해 본 日本社會

While Qing was carrying out system reform during the end of the late Qing Dynasty (淸末新政), Japanese society had become a good example in various aspects such as central control, military, finance, jurisdiction, education etc. Many government officials of Qing Dynasty, scholars and persons in business circles moved to Japan and made an inspection competitively to learn experience of Japan. And many of them left a variety of inspection reports and travelogues. The Diary of the Journey to the East (東遊日記) which is a record of inspection of Japan is the record of Sino-Japan cultural exchange and historical material to read the process of the political reform and modernization of China. This paper classified and categorized the aforementioned as education, business and lawㆍadministration, examining marine civilization of Japanese society appeared in it. In the Diary of the Journey to the East, contents of education field are believed to contain the majority out of the whole quantity. Of the contents, maritime schools like Merchant Marine Academy and Fisheries Academy were included. Merchant Marine Academy aimed to cultivate shipping personnel basically, but was used as a school for training Chinese navy manpower. Fisheries Academy was considered a place where characteristics of Japan, island country were very well shown and Japan certainly believed that it was a world-class school. As for the business circles of Japan such as agricultureㆍindustryㆍcommerce inspected by the merchants of the Late Qing Dynasty, there is an unusually large number of mentions about technical and vocational education, which brought about rise in technical and vocational education to China afterward. Interest in new industries like maritime and fisheries can be found without difficulties. They paid attention to the Japanese Government’s encouragement of shipping industry, development of harbor construction and shipbuilding industry as well as to the importance of fishing industry. Chinese visitors also showed a keen interest in the field of lawㆍadministration under the centralism of Japan, which was closely associated with political situation of the Qing Dynasty in those days. Meanwhile, Diary of the Journey to the East was littered with fragmentary records of marine culture of Japanese society.

BUILDING CHARACTER OF HARDINESS THROUGH RELIGIOUSITY AND LOCAL WISDOM FOR MERCHANT MARINE CADET IN ACEH, INDONESIA

This study aims to describe the model of character building of prospective marine transportation cadets in Malahayati Merchant Marine Polytechnic, Aceh, Indonesia. The research method used in this study was a qualitative method using a phenomenological research design. Through participatory action research, in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, the data were found, which Miles and Huberman’s model used as data analysis. The data analysis process consisted of data reduction, data display, drawing conclusion/verification. The research result showed that character educational implementation of Merchant Marine Education in Aceh was conducted through (1) the instruction method, education, suggestion, persuasion, trusting, punishment, guidance and counseling, Habituation, group discussion, and organizational activities. The method implementation adjusted to the activities and educational cadet level starting from prospective cadet to senior cadet. (2) Method implementation intervention conducted through the hidden curriculum like moral knowing, moral feeling, moral action, and religiosity that manifests in five diversity dimensions: religious belief, religious practice, religious feeling, religious knowledge, and religious effects. (3) Attitude nurture implementation conducted through local wisdom habituation that includes exemplary figures of leaders/coach/trainers/senior cadets, behavioral standards, and reflection studies. (4) Religious character educational implementation bears a resilient cadet profile who is smart, professional, skilled, and good. This research finding recommended the importance of religiosity and local wisdom in building the character of Hardiness.

Review: The Folk Singers and the Bureau: The FBI, the Folk Artists and the Suppression of the Communist Party, USA-1939-1956, by Aaron J. Leonard, and Woody Guthrie: An Intimate Life, by Gustavus Stadler

Review: <i>The Folk Singers and the Bureau: The FBI, the Folk Artists and the Suppression of the Communist Party, USA-1939-1956</i>, by Aaron J. Leonard, and <i>Woody Guthrie: An Intimate Life</i>, by Gustavus Stadler

German’s Maritime Economy Sector: Before and In Time the Pandemic

As an industrially developed economy with a large export share, Germany is inconceivable without reliable and comprehensively developed maritime and inland shipping. Shipbuilding, waterway infrastructure, ports and logistics, marine technology, research and development, energy production and consumption, high-tech services form the framework of the «maritime economy» are interconnected and ensure uninterrupted transportation of goods, goods and people. The paper analyzes the national economic significance of the maritime industry in the modern German economy. It is emphasized that in addition to performing the transport function itself, this industry provides the launch of important multiplier effects on the economy as a whole. All those issues are considered with the challenges of climate policy. In this regard, we consider that the innovative role of German shipbuilding will increase, despite the decline in economic activity during the pandemic. We hypothesize that industry is facing an uncertain future, simultaneously, it should be emphasized that after the pandemic, the federal government is sending a clear signal to the industry community – the shipbuilding industry and the merchant marine are the drivers of the industry and part of environmental change, where a lot depends on new investments in training, expanding digitalization, application new types of fuels. This may be the result of more flexibility when placing orders for various types of vessels, reducing bureaucracy in the implementation of infrastructure water projects.

Maritime Trade and Pakistan’s Merchant Marines

Maritime Trade and Pakistan’s Merchant Marines

SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEPAS D4.0H SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF INLAND NAVIGATION VESSELS

One of the most acute thematic areas in discussions at international forums at various levels are the issues of improving the environmental performance and increasing the energy efficiency of the merchant marine vessels, both in international maritime and inland navigation. This article discusses the results of the practical application of analytical methods for processing the indication data of internal combustion engines of the Danube pusher under operating conditions, as well as some aspects of the application of the results of analytical synchronization of the data obtained to further substantiate the optimal operating modes of such vessels. The results are applicable to determine the possible range of variation in energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. When determining the energy efficiency indices, various forms of pushed caravans, most often operating in the Danube shipping, are taken into account. Further steps have also been taken to substantiate the concept of prioritizing diagnostics and optimizing the operation of engines of existing ships in comparison with the implementation of innovative ships projects. Surely, the introduction of new projects will theoretically lead to a faster achievement of the goals of a number of European projects (for example, GRENDEL - Green and Efficient Danube Fleet, European Green Deal conception, etc.) to achieve zero emissions, but any innovative projects are much more expensive than any modernization and optimization of the movement modes of vessels that are already in the Danube fleet, and which are successfully operating with good economic results. In this context, innovative vessel projects are not attractive to shipowners and other participants in the Danube transport market. The need to attract additional investments, lack of funds, market decline in the context of pandemic restrictions, the actual loss of business positions of small shipowners - all these are factors that make it impossible for the widespread use of innovative developments and solutions for the complete renewal of the Danube fleet by shipowners.

Employability of Female Graduates in a Quasi-Military Maritime Higher Education Institution: Towards Gender Equality in the Maritime Industry

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) underscores the value of conducting graduate employability studies in higher education institutions. On the other hand, the Philippine Commission on Women (PCW) battles for the empowerment of women, notably those who are seafarers assigned to work-aboard inter-ocean ships. The study traces the employment, career path, and relevance of the curriculum and competencies learned in the academy and gender issues experienced by the 26 alumnae of the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) who graduated in 2013-2018. The quantitative-descriptive research design was utilized. A researcher-made questionnaire both via Google form and print-out was the main data gathering instrument. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and Likert scale. Data shows that the female graduates are single, with an OIC license, able to land a job 1-6 months after graduation and mostly working in either an international ocean-going vessel or serving at the Philippine Coast Guard. They also perceive that they have acquired all competencies in PMMA to a great extent which become handy in their respective jobs. Further, they strongly agree that they have acquired work-related values from PMMA and that the curricula at the Academy are relevant. Unfortunately, most of them have experienced gender inequality. The findings imply that even if the alumnae were skilled and had the necessary competencies, gender inequality is still prevalent in the male-dominated industry. The incidence of inequality was mostly experienced in the assignment of tasks and finding a job.

Conquering the Stormy Seas of Pandemic: Appropriateness and Effectiveness of a Quasi-Military Institution’s Covid-19 Response

The global health crisis brought about by the COVID-19 has disrupted and negatively affected even the education sector. Strict measures and plans to curb the spread of the virus were implemented nationwide, but a sudden surge of COVID-19 positive cases at the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy was experienced. Thus, this research generally aimed to discover how PMMA responded to the surge in terms of effectivity and appropriateness. This quantitative-descriptive research used a bilingual researcher-made survey questionnaire. Through the descriptive analysis of the data gathered, the study found out that the measures implemented (e.g., adequate meals for the stay-in respondents, consultation with relevant personnel, ensuring strict compliance with health and safety protocols.) were generally highly appropriate and highly effective. Even so, some practices must be corrected to ensure the safety of cadets and employees, including strict implementation/compliance to health and safety protocols, guidelines on quarantine facilities, and allowing COVID-19 negative students to stay inside the Academy. Given these, to ensure resiliency to future and similar circumstances, it is recommended that cadets who were sent outside for important reasons must be quarantined, a permanent emergency management team be created, a work from the home scheme will be implemented, and vaccination of all employees and cadets will be worked on.

Politics of scale: Colossal containerships and the crisis in global shipping

This article addresses overcapacity and crisis in global shipping through the case of the HMM Algeciras, the world's largest containership inaugurated in 2020. When she left the South Korean shipyard where she was built, the HMM Algeciras (with a size of two soccer fields) could carry 24,000 twenty‐foot equivalent units (TEUs) across the world's oceans. By following the mega‐containership's links to two South Korean shipping companies, Hyundai Merchant Marine and Hanjin Shipping, and her connections to a southern European port, the authors unpack some of the current flip sides of global maritime shipping. In this article, the authors argue that the promise of profit and endless growth, which has led to overcapacity in global maritime shipping, is spurred on by what they call ‘false economies of scale’. Claims of the future profitability of colossal containerships are, they argue, state‐driven political performances of scale.

The Analysis of Factors Related to The Implementation of The COVID-19 Health Protocol For Cadets at Malahayati Merchant Marine Polytechnic of Aceh in 2021

COVID-19 is a disease which prevention can be done with the 5M health protocol. The purpose of this study is to determine what factors are associated with the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol. This research was conducted using a questionnaire with quantitative analytical methods and cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all cadets who were doing face-to-face learning on campus and had experienced face-to-face learning in the previous period. The questionnaire was tested for validity and was also declared reliable with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.673 which was tested on 35 samples. The results showed that there were two factors that had a significant relationship with the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol, namely knowledge (p 0.00), attitude (p 0.03) and the results of multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant variable influenced the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol is knowledge (s = 19,536).

Efektivitas Penggunaan Laboratorium High Voltage di Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran (PIP) Semarang

Semarang Merchant Marine Polytechnic (PIP Semarang) is a university that provides vocational education in the field of shipping. The high voltage laboratory is a means of supporting the practice of electrical equipment on board a ship based on a high voltage of 6.6 Kv. Based on the results of the researchers' preliminary observations and observations, it is known that the use of the high voltage laboratory during the 2019 school year is very minimal, namely 25.5 hours for 1 year. The purpose of this study is to see the use of the high voltage laboratory at PIP Semarang, what security is used in the use of the high voltage laboratory at PIP Semarang, and the efforts made to overcome the problems used in the use of the high voltage laboratory at PIP Semarang. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method. Data obtained from the results of distributing questionnaires to cadets. In addition, interviews were also conducted with Engineering Study Program lecturers. Secondary data obtained from literature study, observation and documentation. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be denied that the use of the high voltage laboratory at PIP Semarang is still not optimal and effective. This can be proven by the results of the questionnaire recapitulation showing that the use of the high voltage laboratory is 32% very effective, 4% effective, 60% less effective, and 4% ineffective.

TRACER STUDY LULUSAN JURUSAN ANGKUTAN LAUT DAN KEPELABUHANAN POLITEKNIK ILMU PELAYARAN MAKASSAR

The objectives of this study was to determine how the characteristics of alumni of Port and Shipping Management and The relevance of the curriculum according to the needs of the workforce which incluoes waiting time to get a job, employment status, occupations, income, how to get a job, educational background relevance to the work, and the relevance of the curriculum to the world the work. The location of this research was Makassar Merchant Marine Polytechnic, Shipping Lines and the Port Authority. There were 60 questionnaires returned by the alumni of the 162 alumni who have been sent. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 13. In analyzing the data, the he used the technique of triangulation. The results of this study are (1) the characteristics of alumni KALK have a job in the shipping company, PT. Pelindo, Lecturer, Department of Transportation , Port Authority , Airport , Freight Forwarding , Syahbandar . (2) Have a GPA between 3:00 - 3.90 (3) the relevance of educational background is very relevant to the type of work (4) the relevance of the curriculum to the world of work needs to be evaluated.

SOBRE ÁGUAS REVOLTAS... CRESCIMENTO E CRISE DA INDÚSTRIA NAVAL BRASILEIRA NO PRINCÍPIO DO SÉCULO XXI

In this article we analyze the recent crisis in the Brazilian naval industry (post-2015) due to the discontinuities of government policies, a fact that occurs after strong growth at the beginning of this century. There is a decrease in activities, the closing of the shipyards and the growing unemployment based on a perspective of less orders and financing from Transpetro / Petrobras. Currently (2018), only 32 shipyards are in operation, against the 52 that existed in 2014 and employs 30 thousand of the 82 thousand before. The research was qualitative with a review of the bibliography and analysis of secondary data, such as employment volume by the Annual List of Social Information of the Ministry of Employment and Labor (RAIS / MTE), evolution of the Merchant Marine Fund (FMM) and other sectoral indicators of the National Union of the Shipbuilding and Offshore Industry (SINAVAL).

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY MARITIME ENGLISH SEAFARERS PROFICIENCY TEST

This research goal was to determine the validity and reliability of the Maritime English proficiency test conducted by PUKP 02 in Banten Merchant Marine Polytechnic. The questions were given in the form of multiple choices. This research is categorized as descriptive analysis because it is intended to describe the level of difficulty, distraction power, validity, and reliability of the Maritime English test for third-grade students in the Maritime vocational school in the 2019/2020 academic year by analyzing the validity and reliability of each item. This study concludes: 1) The Validity for the nautical studies there were 43 item items or 71.66% of the total were valid. In the Engineering studies, there are 41 items or 68.33% of the total were valid. 2) The nautical reliability was found to be 0.5968, while for the technical department of 0.6789, the figures were at intervals of 0.40 to 0.70 with moderate interpretation. Thus, it can be concluded that the Maritime English proficiency test has sufficient validity and reliability.

Evaluating the Textbook Used in the Greek Centre of Further Merchant Marine Education: School of Mechanics

This paper attempts to evaluate a teaching textbook used in the Greek Merchant Marine Center of Further Education: School of Mechanics. The evaluation considers adult learners’ needs and practices to evaluate the prescribed textbook used in this institution. This textbook has been used for a long time and, though it includes proper ESP knowledge, it is considered to need embellishment to satisfy learners’ growing needs, especially as it concerns engineering vocabulary. The research question mainly investigates whether this textbook helps learners in their practice of receptive and productive language skills both in general English and English for Specific Purposes use. Following a checklist of evaluation criteria, internal and external evaluation took place. It was found that the textbook is considered very plain and unattractive by learners. Though it includes the teaching of main vocabulary and grammar necessary to learners, it does not include material for pronunciation practice. Furthermore, it does not offer enough practise of all four language skills. It does not present activities for the practicing of vocabulary use or writing. There is also a lack of participatory tasks like group activities or teamwork. The findings contribute to the field because they could help embellish the teaching material with more communicative tasks and open-ended activities, which would motivate, interest, and engage learners more. The more purposeful use of technical language would be aiding mechanics in their training and in their work field in merchant navy vessels.

The Effect of Internet Use during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Learning Outcomes of Cadets in Merchant Marine Polytechnic of West Sumatera

This research is based on the policy given by central and local governments to stop the face-to-face learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is due to prevent the coronavirus contagion spread and in exchange, remote learning is conducted by utilizing internet as one of supports. The research objective is to discover the significant effects of internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic toward the learning outcomes of the cadets in Merchant Marine Polytechnic of West Sumatera. Based on the data analysis that the researchers have done, it is found that the value of tcount = 3.166 is greater than t table = 1.988 at the 5% significance level, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence on the internet utilization variable during the pandemic on the learning outcomes of Taruna / I Shipping Polytechnic of West Sumatra.

Ranking port state control detention remarks: professional Judgement and spatial overview

IntroductionThe merchant marine fleet is under inspection by several parties to ensure maritime regulation compliance. International Maritime Organization mainly regulates the industry, and the most effective defender is indeed Port StateControl run by the regional memorandum of understandings.ObjectiveThis article aims to analyze all detention remarks of Paris Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) from 2013 to 2019 for EU15 countries (except Luxemburg and Austria) to guide marine industry on detainable Port State Control remarks and country risk profile.MethodsThe data of the detained vessels taken from the public website of Paris MOU and each report considered as a professional judgment that causes detention. Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach has been utilized to indicate the ranking of basic maritime regulations from the perspective of the Port State Control, and Geographic Information System (GIS) helps us to demonstrate the regional dispersion amongst EU15.ResultsThrough an approach based on Analytical Hierarchy Process and demonstrating the results on GIS has been shown that almost all the country’s top priorities for regulation are Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and Fire Safety Systems (FSS). Moreover, a comparative demonstration of the detention percentage of each regulation to AHP results demonstrates a better understanding of EU15 countries' detention profile.ConclusionThe results of the study can assist Port State Officers, ship crew, ship owners, and managers in presenting the facts of their inspection and able to improve themselves. The spatial analysis is also expected to guide ship owners and managers to focus their vessel’s deficiencies on preventing sub-standardization. Policymakers also utilize these reports to evaluate their inspection practices.