Retarded Children Research Articles

Preparation of Non Locomotor Basic Movement Assessment Instruments for Class III Moderate Mentally Retarded Children at SLB Negeri Luragung Kuningan

Assessment is an access used to determine the abilities, difficulties and needs of a child which is then used as a reference to develop an appropriate learning program. A teacher, especially a teacher who handles children with special needs, is required to be able to compile assessment instruments that are suitable for the children he handles. The purpose of this study was to develop a non-locomotor basic motion assessment instrument for class III moderate mental retardation child at SDLB SLB Negeri Luragung. Non-locomotor basic movements are used in learning activities usually in warming up or cooling down during sports that contain motion patterns such as bending, twisting, swinging and bending. This study used a qualitative approach and descriptive method. The data in this study were obtained from observations, interviews, FGDs, and validation. The results of observations made by research to three grade III moderate mental retardation child show that children experience obstacles in gross motor non-locomotor basic movements such as in sports lessons during warm-ups the child looks stiff and less able to maintain body balance so as not to fall, while in daily activities maintaining body balance while doing activities in place is very necessary. Therefore, researchers are interested in compiling a non-locomotor basic motion assessment instrument for grade III moderate disability children to find out more about what the child's difficulties are in basic non-locomotor movements, then the results of the assessment instruments that have been prepared are validated to determine readability and applicability.

Pengaruh Terapi Bermain Media Playdough Terhadap Kemampuan Kognitif Anak Retardasi Mental Ringan

Background of Study: Mental retardation is a condition of imperfection development of mental abilities. The problem of children with mental retardation exists in the state of development of the restrained or incomplete mind, for example cognitive abilities. Various methods are used for cognitive development. This research provides playdough playing media therapy to improve cognitive abilities of children with mental retardation. Playdough is a dough of flour, water, salt, oil, and food coloring. Playdough has not been applied in this SDLB. This study aimed to determine the effect of playdough playing media therapy toward cognitive abilities of children with mental retardation. Methods: This research included pre-experimental design with one group pretest and post test design. On the first day, pretest activity toward children with mild mental retardation was done, intervention of playdough playing media therapy about numbers and letters was done on days 2-6, the researcher did post test on day 7. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using the Wilcoxon Nonparametric test because the data were not normally distributed. Results: Mean score of cognitive abilities pretest is about 11.0 and mean score of cognitive abilities post test is about 13.6. The difference between mean score of cognitive abilities pretest and cognitive abilities post test is 2.6. with value of p = 0.017 (p <0.05). Conclusion: There is effect of playdough playing media therapy toward cognitive abilities of children with mild mental retardation and be reference for nurse related about learning media while playing wich can be used for children with mental retardation who stayed in the hospital. Keywords: Playdough, Cognitive Ability, Mental Retardation Children

Effect of peer support group (PSG) on stress levels of parents with mental retardation children in Bogor

Raising a child with mental retardation is an extraordinary and very emotional experience for parents and can affect the functioning of the family as a whole. The study shows that parents of children with mental retardation experience higher levels of stress and are at risk of mental health problems compared to parents of normal children. One of the efforts to reduce stress is by peer support group (PSG). Peer support group is a gathering of similar groups that carry out activities with the aim of improving coping, providing social support, sharing experiences, reducing fear and worry. This research aims to obtain an overview of the effect of PSG on stress levels in parents of mentally retarded children in Bogor City. This research is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental pre test–post test control group design method to compare the intervention results of two groups: the intervention group (parents who received PSG and the control group (parents who did not receive PSG). Results showed that there was a significant effect on stress levels after PSG was carried out with P value of 0.000 at α 0.005.

THE EFFECT OF A SUGGESTED TRAINING PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPING THE COMPETENCIES OF THE MENTALITY RETARDATION CENTERS TEACHERS APPLIED STUDY- GEZIRA STATE

The study aims to clear off the effect of a training suggested program for developing the competencies of the mentality retardation centers teachers, the sample of the study contained of (23) teachers from the centers of the mentality retardation in Gezira State. The researcher has used the descriptive analytical semi – experimental curriculum, also the researcher has used the questionnaire to find out the necessary competencies, it consists of (6) parts each part represented necessary competency they are (diagnosis – planning for teaching the disabled child – executing the teaching activity – designing of the teaching aids – methods of learning and educational – the evaluation and the assessment). The number of the questionnaire items is (83). The training program which designed for developing the necessary competencies and applied on the study sample. Accumulative Test before and after the training on the suggested program. (SPSS) program has been used for analyzing the data and to get the results. The researcher has reached to the following results. The Profession`s competencies can be developed through the suggested training program , as also the study has shown differentials with statistics evidences at the level of (0.050) for the suggested training program through the accumulative test before and after the program , the results has shown the existence of differentials with statistics evidences about the Profession`s competencies due to the variable of the training in the areas (diagnosis – planning for teaching the disabled child – executing the teaching activity – designing of the teaching aids – methods of learning and educational) the differentials are for the favor and the interest for those who have full training, as there are differentials that have statistics evidence about the necessary competences due to the years of the experiences in the area (diagnosis) and the differential are for the favor and the interest for those who have experiences more than (11 years) , the result has concluded to the effectiveness of the suggested training program for developing the competencies of the teachers. The researcher has recommended the necessary of activating and developing the training programs for the teachers of the centers of the mentality retardation children through the training courses

The Study of Clinical Phenotypes and Analysis of Mutations in L1 Syndrome

The Study of Clinical Phenotypes and Analysis of Mutations in L1 Syndrome

“Dental Health” preventive program as a stage of rehabilitating children with cognitive developmental disabilities

Relevance. One of the paramount directions of preventive dentistry is the development of the author's methods of organization and implementation of dental diseases prevention programs in children with cognitive developmental disabilities, allowing for prevention customization, taking into account the features of child development with disabilities, as well as the combination of many objective factors. The study aimed to increase the efficiency of mentally-retarded children's rehabilitation by improving the dental disease prevention program.Materials and methods. The study involved 140 children diagnosed with moderate mental retardation and comparatively analyzed two methods over three years. Group 1 included 71 subjects aged 8-11 years trained according to "Dental Health", the author's dental and hygiene education program, developed and adjusted to the psychophysical needs of the child development. Group 2 consisted of 69 subjects, trained according to the dental and hygiene education program provided only by the teachers during classes on household chores. We evaluated the effectiveness of the "Dental Health" prevention program introduced into the specialized educational process by the following indices DMFT, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S); PMA index modified by Parma assessed the condition of the gums. Statistical data were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 18.0 application sof tware package.Results. The effectiveness analysis of the author's program for children with moderate mental retardation revealed that the level of oral hygiene in the children increased from "poor" to "good" (2.1 ± 0.3 points to good 0.2 ± 0.1 points); gingival inflammation decreased from 24.6 ± 0.5% to 14.4 ± 0.2%. Classes on dental education and hygiene training helped children with cognitive developmental disabilities to orient better in self, time and place; helped to improve memory, increase vocabulary, form new knowledge and skills, and gradually form effective communication based on the child's intellectual deficiency severity.Conclusions. The developed educational program "Dental Health" for dental diseases primary prevention in children with cognitive developmental disabilities allowed the formation of stable oral care skills, proved by a good score of oral hygiene indices.

Exploring the Challenges of Families With Mentally Retarded Children in Care Centers Under the Supervision of the Welfare Organization of Tehran in the COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions: A Qualitative Study

Objective: Families with mentally-retarded children need more support than other families in overcoming crises and achieving social adjustment. So, it seems necessary to pay special attention to these families durinzg the COVID-19 pandemic and identify their experiences and challenges to provide more support for this vulnerable group. Therefore, the present study was carried out in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran state welfare organization of Iran (SWO) during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the challenges of families with mentally retarded children. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and contractual content analysis method of Granheim and Lundman (2004). The participants were 18 families with mentally-retarded children living in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran State welfare organization of Iran (SWO), who were selected by purposive sampling. Sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were collected and analyzed using in-person or online (telephone) in-depth semi-structured interviews from July 11 to September 22, 2021. To evaluate the data strength, four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of Guba and Lincoln were used. Results: Based on data analysis, 6 main categories and 23 subcategories were obtained. The main categories and subcategories included 1) constant worry about their children getting COVID-19 (inability of the child to protect against coronavirus, not observing protocols by the staff, underlying diseases and deficiency in immune system, few preventive measure for under 18 years people, conflicting information about children and adolescents' infection), 2) disconnection and intensification of stress (agitation and irritability of the disabled, worry about the future, parent's mental confusion, fear of losing child), 3) conflict with family tensions and contradiction (intensification of family guilt, overlooking other children, couple's self-blaming, tension in family interactions, intensification of family melancholia), 4) non-supportive community (further social stigma, social exclusion, lack of supporting vulnerable groups, the limitations of social distancing), 5) family economic crisis (costs of keeping child in the center, losing job and lower income of the family head, poverty and intensification of unstable economic conditions), and 6) care and educational concerns (decreasing the quality of care for the disabled, suspension of rehabilitation and educational activities, restrictions on leisure activities and communication for the disabled). Conclusion: The results showed that the families of mentally-retarded children had encountered many challenges and concerns during the COVID-19 epidemic, some of which were related to the intensification of psychological pressures and some due to insufficient support from governmental and non-governmental institutions for these families. The study findings can be used to provide services and design support programs and policies for children with mental disabilities and their families. In this regard, it is recommended to pay special living allowances, strengthen the communication system between parents and children living in care centers, prepare a care and health packages for parents, design and implement psychological interventions to reduce parents' anxiety and stress, and provide free counseling.

Effects of Triple-task Step Exercise using Foot markers on Gait Pattern and Cognitive Function in Mental Retarded Children

Objectives The purpose of this study was to help neurological disorders seen of the children and improve their quality of life by investigating the triple-task step exercise using foot markers program on gait pattern and cognitive function in mental retarded children. Methods In order to achieve the purpose of this study, 30 mental retarded children at N located in K city, were selected at random and allocated 10 mental retarded children each for the Non Exercise group (NEG), Deficient Exercise group(DEG), Over Exercise group (OEG) and measured kinematic gait pattern and cognitive function before and after the experiment. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 statistical program the two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed. Results The conclusions obtained through this study were as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the change of gait pattern to functional cognitive gait pattern program, there were significantly improved in velocity, cadence, step length, stride length in OEG compared with NEG and DEG after 16 weeks. Second, as a result of analyzing the change of cognitive function according to functional cognitive gait pattern program, there were significantly improved in body part, number display, movement, operation in OEG compared with NEG and DEG after 16 weeks. Conclusions As conclusions, this study confirmed that the triple-task step exercise using foot markers program could improve the gait pattern and cognitive function in the mental retarded children.

Sistem Pakar Untuk Diagnosa Retardasi Mental Anak dengan Metode Bayes Berbasis Web

In children's mental retardation, sometimes the child's parents cannot directly consult with a psychiatric specialist because of the limited time in carrying out activities in the hospital and the high cost. Advances in expert systems can overcome this problem, namely by designing a web-based computer system that is integrated with databases and programming languages ​​such as PHP-MySQL so that it can help patients with mental retardation to diagnose the disorder. The purpose of this research is to build a web-based expert system for diagnosing mental disorders. The application of the expert system in this decision making uses the Bayes method, in probability theory and statistics, the Bayes theorem is a theorem with two different interpretations. In Bayes' interpretation, this theorem states how far the degree of subjective belief must change rationally when there are new clues. to get a diagnosis. The result of the implementation of the system is that the system provides choices in the form of symptoms that must be answered by the patient's parents based on the symptoms experienced by the patient and the results of the process the system will provide information on the mental retardation he experienced in order to get a solution with the handler

Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Retardasi Mental dengan Penerimaan Ibu yang Memiliki Anak Retardasi Mental Sedang di SDLB Negri Ciamis Tahun 2021

Children are the most beautiful things given as a gift that must be cared for and cared. Mental retardation is a condition with less intelligence since the developmental period. Parents feel happy when given a perfect child but when given a less perfect child then the parents of both mothers will be disappointed not even able to accept the child. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between maternal knowledge and acceptance of mothers who have moderate mental retardation children. The research method used in this study was descriptive correlation, a sample used by 37 mothers who had moderate mental retardation children with total sampling techniques. The results found that most mothers had enough knowledge as much as 59.5% with a small percentage of positive acceptance rate of 27% and negative acceptance rate of almost half 32.4%, a small percentage of 18.9% have good knowledge with negative reception 5.4% and a small percentage have less knowledge and negative acceptance is 21.6%. So based on the results of statistical tests with a ƿ of 0.003 which means there is a relationship between maternal knowledge and acceptance of mothers who have moderate mental retardation children. Researchers suggest mothers are more active in their child's activities in order to create communicative relationships in order to help mothers accept the child's condition.

Mentally retarded children and their social problems

Mental retardation is a university problem prevalent in every country, race, caste, and creed. Mental retardation is not only a medical problem but also educational, psychological and social problem. The present study deals with the comparison of social problems of mentally retarded children (MRC) of below poverty line parents (BPL) and above poverty line parents (APL). The proposed study considered five social problems faced by the mentally retarded children via referring MRC as mad, pummeling them, confining them in a room, other people instigating bad habits into them and having no opportunity to mix in society. Also the objective of this investigating was to find whether there is any significant impact of poverty over the MRC while facing these problems. For this study 340 mentally retarded children of special schools and their parents were interviewed by providing interview schedule. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out and tests of significance were used. It is observed that the social problems via. Referring MRC as made is the most grave problem faced by MRC whereas the social problem-other people instigate bad habits to MRC- is a least intensive social problem.

기능성 인지보행패턴운동이 정신지체 장애 아동의 보행패턴과 인지기능에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to help neurological disorders seen of the children and improve their quality of life by investigating the functional cognitive gait pattern program on gait pattern and cognitive function in mental retarded children. Methods In order to achieve the purpose of this study, 33 mental retarded children at N located in K city, were selected at random and allocated 11 mental retarded children each for the Non Exercise group (NEG), Deficient Exercise group(DEG), Over Exercise group (OEG) and measured kinematic gait pattern and cognitive function before and after the experiment. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 statistical program the two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed. Results The conclusions obtained through this study were as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the change of gait pattern to functional cognitive gait pattern program, there were significantly improved in velocity, cadence, step length, stride length in OEG compared with NEG and DEG after 16 weeks. Second, as a result of analyzing the change of cognitive function according to functional cognitive gait pattern program, there were significantly improved in body part, number display, movement, operation in OEG compared with NEG and DEG after 16 weeks. Conclusions As conclusions, this study confirmed that the functional cognitive gait pattern program could improve the gait pattern and cognitive function in the mental retarded children.

기능성 인지보행패턴운동이 정신지체 장애 아동의 보행패턴과 인지기능에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to help neurological disorders seen of the children and improve their quality of life by investigating the functional cognitive gait pattern program on gait pattern and cognitive function in mental retarded children. Methods In order to achieve the purpose of this study, 33 mental retarded children at N located in K city, were selected at random and allocated 11 mental retarded children each for the Non Exercise group (NEG), Deficient Exercise group(DEG), Over Exercise group (OEG) and measured kinematic gait pattern and cognitive function before and after the experiment. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 statistical program the two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed. Results The conclusions obtained through this study were as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the change of gait pattern to functional cognitive gait pattern program, there were significantly improved in velocity, cadence, step length, stride length in OEG compared with NEG and DEG after 16 weeks. Second, as a result of analyzing the change of cognitive function according to functional cognitive gait pattern program, there were significantly improved in body part, number display, movement, operation in OEG compared with NEG and DEG after 16 weeks. Conclusions As conclusions, this study confirmed that the functional cognitive gait pattern program could improve the gait pattern and cognitive function in the mental retarded children.

Parental Support for The Independence of Mental Retardation Children

The majority of children with mental retardation show an effect on the difficulties of their independence level of Activity Daily Living (ADL). Previous evidence shows that parental support is an essential source of social support. Parents’ active role and support determine the child’s development in their daily life skills. This study aims to analyze the relationship between parental support and children’s independence with mental retardation children in their ADL.

Jump Movement Skills Pattern Among Indonesia Mentally Retarded Children Using D-Mat

The study purpose. Currently, the study was to get the pattern of jumping movement skills for mentally retarded children using D-Mat. It is as part of technology advanced to support physical activity and sport. While mentally retarded children have different ways to jump with normal children.
 Materials and methods. The method used qualitative research using observational design. Participants are mentally retarded children aged 6-11 years who are divided into two groups, namely ages 6-8 years and ages 9-11 years. The data were collected through a process of observation and video recording. While the validation of the jumping movement test used observational and test-rater from 2 experts for the needs of mentally retarded children. Data analysis techniques used the Kruskal-Wallis test with a significant level of p <0.05 and descriptive statistics.
 Results. The findings concluded that the jumping movement pattern of mentally retarded children aged 6-11 years is forward jumping movement. They are easy to do it using D-Mat. This movement model is quite stable and easy to master.
 Conclusions. Each component of the movement also shows fairly good stability according to the characteristics and needs of each child.

Correlation Analysis between Parenting Patterns and Ability to Keep Independent Dental and Oral Cleanliness for Mentally Retarded Children

Children with mental retardation often experience problems related to dental and oral health, including periodontal disease, caries, and poor OHI-S this is due to an unclean oral cavity. In addition, parenting in everyday life can also affect a child's ability to maintain and care for his oral cavity. This study aims to determine the correlation between parenting pattern and ability to keep independent dental and oral hygiene cleanliness for mentally retardarded children at SLB-B Negeri Pembina Palembang. This type of research is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. Data collection methods are questionnaires and observations. The research respondents were the parents of 100 mild mental retardation children by simple random sampling. Data analysis using Chi-Square test. The results showed that 55% of children's ability to maintain dental and oral hygiene was still lacking, and categorized in the poor category. 62.2% of parents with democratic parenting have children in the capable category. The results of the Chi-Square test obtained a value of P = 0.041 so that P < = 0.05. Thus, there is a significant relationship between parenting pattern and ability to keep independent dental and oral hygiene cleanliness for mentally retardarded children at SLB-B Negeri Pembina Palembang. The benefit of this research is to provide knowledge so that parents can apply good parenting and find ways to improve their ability to maintain oral hygiene independently, especially for mentally retarded children.

Meyer and Nassau. Feeding an infant. A guide for doctors and students. Translated. from German. Zhorno and Tsimbler. Gosmedizdat, 1933

The book is divided into two parts. The first physiological part examines the growth and development of a healthy child, his metabolism, natural and artificial feeding of infants. There is also a section on feeding premature and retarded children. The second part begins with a chapter giving an overview of the conditions observed in eating disorders. The following is a detailed presentation of the clinic of acute digestive disorders and chronic disorders, developing on the basis of malnutrition. In the same section, a brief description of vitamin deficiencies A, B and CL is given. A separate chapter is devoted to nutritional issues with constitutional anomalies. Relatively little space is devoted to digestive disorders in children who are breastfeeding. Under the general name of secondary eating disorders, rickets, tetany and various forms of anemia that occur in infants are described.

Development of support software for inclusive online education

Situation with corona virus has demonstrated that online education is a compulsory measure in arrangement of education for children with disabilities. Learners with disabilities cannot capture educational programs without use of dedicated (adapted) educational programs, methods of teaching and upbringing, and also their software support. This article covers issues of arrangement of an educational process for learners with mental retardation with the use of online educational technologies and also describes experience of creation of “InclusiveEdu – Information Science 7” software within principal educational school program. It offers maximally available and efficient educational space, arrangement of which takes into account individual characteristics of learners. This educational space can involve all the participants in educational relations: learners, their parents (legal representatives), teachers, special community helpers. It has been found that mentally-retarded children prefer to watch and listen to information instead of reading. That is why the developed software product offers an opportunity to listen to important information. In order to test efficiency of the developed software, a pedagogical experiment was carried out in four schools of Almaty City in conditions of online education which produced positive results in favor of the offered teaching methodology.

Chilaiditi syndrome in a child with cerebral palsy presenting with recurrent abdominal pain

Introduction: The hepatodiafragmatic interposition of colon is called Chilaiditi sign. For symptomatic patients, the term “Chilaiditi syndrome” is used, this term was first reported in 1911 by Demetrius Chilaiditi, a Viennese radiologist, in three asymptomatic patients. Patients are commonly asymptomatic, and some patients may apply with gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms such as abdominal pain or chest pain. In the study of Lekkas et al, the incidence of Chilaiditi syndrome in mental retarded patients was reported to be 63 times higher than normal population.Case Presentation: High liver dome and elevated right diaphragm, hepatic flexura replaced between liver and anterior wall of abdomen were observed in chest radiography and abdominal computer tomography of our 6,5 year old male patient with cerebral palsy who has mental retardation and recurrent abdominal pain in medical history.Conclusions: In conclusion, Chilaiditi syndrome should be considered in mental retarded children with recurrent abdominal pain.Keywords: Child, chilaiditi syndrome, recurrent abdominal pain, mental retardation, cerebral palsy

Development of support software for inclusive online education

Situation with coronavirus has demonstrated that online education is a compulsory measure in arrangement of education for children with disabilities. Learners with disabilities cannot capture educational programs without use of dedicated (adapted) educational programs and methods of teaching and upbringing and also their software support. This article covers issues of arrangement of an educational process for learners with mental retardation with the use of online educational technologies and also describes experience of creation of ‘InclusiveEdu – Information Science 7’ software within principal educational school program. It offers maximum available and efficient educational space arrangement of which takes into account individual characteristics of learners and this educational space can involve all the participants in educational relations: learners, their parents (legal representatives), teachers, special community helpers. It has been found that mentally-retarded children prefer to watch and listen to information instead of reading. That is why the developed software product offers an opportunity to listen to important information. In order to test efficiency of the developed software, a pedagogical experiment was carried out in four schools of Almaty City in conditions of online education which produced positive results in favor of the offered teaching methodology. Key words: online education, inclusive education, inclusive online education, software, disabilities, mental retardation, dedicated educational programs, special educational needs.