Mental Health Of Mothers Research Articles

Do social support and community engagement act as mechanisms in the association between neighbourhood income inequality and the mental health of mothers in Calgary, Canada? A mediation analysis.

According to the social determinants of health framework, income inequality is a potential risk factor for adverse mental health. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms suspected to mediate this relationship. The current study addresses this gap through a mediation analysis to determine if social support and community engagement act as mediators linking neighbourhood income inequality to maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms within a cohort of new mothers living in the City of Calgary, Canada. Data collected at three years postpartum from mothers belonging to the All Our Families (AOF) cohort were used in the current study. Maternal data were collected between 2012 and 2015 and linked to neighbourhood socioeconomic data from the 2006 Canadian Census. Income inequality was measured using Gini coefficients derived from 2006 after-tax census data. Generalized structural equation models were used to quantify the associations between income inequality and mental health symptoms, and to assess the potential direct and indirect mediating effects of maternal social support and community engagement. Income inequality was not significantly associated with higher depressive symptoms (β=0.32, 95%CI=-0.067, 0.70), anxiety symptoms (β=0.11, 95%CI=-0.39, 0.60), or lower social support. Income inequality was not associated with community engagement. For the depression models, higher social support was significantly associated with lower depressive symptoms (β=-0.13, 95%CI=-0.15, -0.097), while community engagement was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms (β=0.059, 95%CI=-0.15, 0.27). Similarly, for the anxiety models, lower anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with higher levels of social support (β=-0.17, 95%CI=-0.20, -0.13) but not with higher levels of community engagement (β=0.14, 95%CI=-0.14, 0.41). The current study did not find clear evidence for social support or community engagement mediating the relationship between neighbourhood income inequality and maternal mental health. Future investigations should employ a broader longitudinal approach to capture changes in income inequality, potential mediators, and mental health symptomatology over time.

Yoga's Therapeutic Effect on Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In recent years, the incidence of perinatal depression in female population is very high. Perinatal depression has adverse effects on the physical and mental health of mothers and children. However, according to current researches, Yoga has been considered as an effective exercise that can help pregnant women to regulate their emotions. Thus, this review reports the effectiveness of yoga on perinatal depression. We reviewed all of the relevant RCT (Randomized Control Trial, RCT) studies published until June 2021 from the major open-access databases. 12 RCTs were selected and included in this study, and the total number of people included in the analysis in the combined study was 594. The level of depression and anxiety of participants was evaluated using detailed and recognized scale. Compared with the control group, the yoga intervention group indicates a statistically significant decrease in depression levels (SMD (Standardised Mean Difference, SMD), -2.31; 95% CI, -3.67 to -0.96; P=0.139) and anxiety (SMD, -4.75; 95% CI, -8.3 to -1.19; P=0.002). In addition, we also conducted a subgroup analysis according to the type of population. The subgroup analysis successfully reduced the level of heterogeneity and the results indicated that the difference in population types in the combined analysis leads to the higher heterogeneity. The SMD value for healthy women is -2.3 (95% CI, -4.83 to 0.23) and for depressed women is -9.02 (95% CI, -11.42 to -6.62). Finally, the meta-analysis results of the self-control group prove that yoga can reduce the depression scores (SMD, 5.23; 95% CI, 1.90 to 8.56; P=0.049) compared with baseline. Yoga can effectively relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety in the perinatal period, which can be used as an auxiliary treatment option clinically.

A Promotive Process of Resource Gain Against Harsh and Inconsistent Discipline in Mothers Coping With Breast Cancer: A Serial Mediation Model.

Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease and a source of enduring stress. The Family Stress Model posits that psychological distress provoked by stressful conditions may spill over and intensify harsh and inconsistent parental discipline. However, the Conservation of Resources theory posits that having more resources may lead to further resource gain, which may promote adaptive coping with adversities. Therefore, this study examined a serial mediation model in which financial resources (income) are predicted to be associated with more interpersonal resources (paternal involvement). The latter is expected to be linked with less maternal post-traumatic stress symptoms, which, in turn, should be associated with less harsh and inconsistent discipline in mothers coping with breast cancer. A sample of 100 Israeli mothers receiving breast cancer treatments was recruited through social media. The participants completed online self-report questionnaires. Structural Equation Modeling indicated significant serial mediation, in which a greater income level was associated with more paternal involvement, which was linked to a lower level of maternal post-traumatic symptoms. The latter, in turn, was associated with less harsh and inconsistent maternal discipline practices. We controlled for illness severity and the time since diagnosis, which did not predict maternal discipline practices. The study suggests that although breast cancer is a stressful condition for any family, having more financial resources can be a significant promotive factor predicting a cascading process by which paternal functioning facilitates better mental health of mothers, and, in turn, better maternal parenting practices.

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mother-Infant Mental Health Relationship

Maternal health cannot be separated from infant, child and adolescent health, which includes mental health as well. Expecting mothers go through a number of changes during their pregnancy. Due to the specific alterations of their physique and immune system, pregnant mothers are more vulnerable to the Covid-19 infection. This highlights the importance of the vaccinations in their cases. During the pandemic, mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and stress aroused in greater numbers. This affected mothers, and younger children as well. Expecting mothers, without pre-existing mental disorder (>50%) reported a weightier level of anxiety in their first trimester. Also, infants can suffer developmental disadvantages, as their infected mothers are separated from them. Even though evidence is not yet clear in this topic, vertical transmission seems to be fairly uncommon. Treatment guidelines, that could help Covid-19 infected mothers to handle their infants, are scarce. Hence the importance of telehealth has started to be outlined. Separation from the children might be necessary, while the mental health of mother and infant is continuously screened, since the long-term consequences of the symptoms are still unknown. Hence, prevention is imperative to avoid any negative effects. Even still, WHO advises mothers to breastfeed safely, with good respiratory hygiene, emphasizing the importance of skin-to-skin contact of newborns and sharing the room with them. On policy level: investment into pre-, peri-, post-natal care, family supporting national programs, inter-sectoral collaborations, monitoring and research are important elements of prevention and treatment efforts during the Epidemic and the post-Covid-19 era.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Generalized anxiety disorder among mothers attending perinatal services during COVID-19 pandemic: using ordinal logistic regression model

BackgroundGeneralized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events. It is critical to ensure a pregnant mother's mental health in order to reduce pregnancy and birth-related problems. The major goal of current study was to identify the factors associated with generalized anxiety disorder among mothers attending perinatal services in the study area during COVID-19 using ordinal logistic regression. MethodsThe institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 10th, 2020 to August 10th, 2020 at Kembata Tembaro zone, Southern Ethiopia. The current study included 423 mothers. The GAD-7 scale was used to assess the anxiety level among mothers. An Ordered logit model was used to identify the determinants of GAD. Brant test of the parallel line was utilized to check proportionality assumption. The statistical significance was determined using an adjusted proportional odd ratio with a 95%CI, and a p-value <5%. STATA software version 14 was used to analyze statistical data. ResultsOf all 423 mothers attending perinatal service during COVID-19; 134(31.7%), 171(40.4%), 85(20.1%), and 33 (7.8%) had non/minimal to severe generalized anxiety disorder respectively. The results of multivariable proportional odds model (POM) showed that the variables town residents [aPOR = 1.827; 95% CI:1.233–2.708], having alcohol habit [aPOR = 3.437, 95% CI = 1.397–8.454], having occupation [aPOR = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.303–0.857], being health care worker [aPOR = 0.117, 95% CI = 0.044–0.311], having chronic illness [aPOR = 7.685, 95% CI = 3.045–19.39], having family history of anxiety/mood disorder [aPOR = 7.839, 95% CI = 2.656–23.12], fear of contracting COVID-19 [aPOR = 1.704, 95% CI = 1.152–2.521], having moderate social support [aPOR = 0.648, 95% CI = 0.425–0.989], having strong social support [aPOR = 0.495, 95% CI = 0.272–0.901] were significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder at 5% level of significance. ConclusionCurrent findings concluded that the prevalence of GAD among mothers attending perinatal service during COVID-19 was high. The covariates like being town resident, lower-income status, occupation status, having a chronic illness, having a positive family history of anxiety or mood disorder, perceived social support, and fear of the COVID-19 were significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder among mothers. Mothers who visit perinatal services should be given special consideration to improve health care services and ensure their mental health.

Mental Health of Mothers of Children with Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders in Pakistan.

This study examined maternal mental health in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders in Pakistan; maternal education and affiliate stigma were also tested. It was hypothesised that mothers of children with neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders would experience high levels of depression, anxiety and affiliate stigma, and that these variables would be mediated by the level of maternal education. Seventy-five mothers of children with neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders were recruited from “Special Needs” schools in Lahore and Islamabad. The results showed that the majority of mothers were clinically depressed and a large majority of mothers were clinically anxious. The distribution of mothers with clinical anxiety was significantly different among mothers with different levels of education (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mothers with higher levels of education had less affiliate stigma. This result suggests that maternal education may be a protective factor of mental health in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders. Limitations, implications and future research are discussed.

Psychological Support for Mothers Victims of Perinatal Death by Caregivers: Case of the Regional Hospital Center (RHC) of Yamoussoukro

The loss of a baby during the perinatal period leads to a real grieving process for mothers since they establish an attachment bond with their baby before birth. If relatives and environment bereaved underestimate this particular type of bereavement and its potential impact, this should not be the case for nursing staff. And yet, in African maternities, there are very few psychological support for mothers who are victims of perinatal death. Perinatal bereavement deserves to be analyzed in all its complexity. The aim of this study is to show the importance of psychological support for mothers who are victims of perinatal death in the prevention of negative impact on the mental health of mothers.&#x0D; Quantitative and qualitative data are collected on a sample of 55 selected mothers through a purposive non-probability sampling strategy.&#x0D; Quantitative data are processed with SPSS 20 software. Text processing as well as tables and graphs were produced with Word 2016 and Excel 2016 software. The results indicate on the one hand that the psychological support provided by the nursing staff reduces the harmful effects of perinatal bereavement on mothers and on the other hand, the need for the establishment of a support protocol for couples in health facilities.&#x0D; Keywords: perinatal death, bereavement, mothers, psychological support.

Barriers and requirements for parenting supports and mental health care among mothers with intellectual disabilities: Health and social service-provider perspectives

BackgroundMothers with intellectual disability (ID) experience high rates of mental illness, but these needs are not adequately addressed. AimsWe examined health and social service-provider perceptions of barriers to parenting and mental health care among mothers with ID and strategies for building good practice capacity. Methods and proceduresIn this qualitative study in Ontario, Canada, we interviewed 13 service-providers working with mothers with ID about their experiences supporting parenting and mental health in mothers with ID, including barriers to services and strategies for building good practice capacity. Data were analyzed via inductive, semantic-level thematic analysis. Outcomes and resultsPerceived barriers to care provision were the vulnerable social context of women with ID, distrust of “the system” by women with ID, and siloed services. Increased training of service-providers, making accommodations in existing services, and building a community of support for women with ID were offered as strategies for good practice capacity. Conclusions and implicationsEfforts to improve mental health among mothers with ID should focus on improving service-provider capacity and accommodations in existing services, and enhancing coordination of care. What this paper adds?Mothers with intellectual disability (ID) experience high rates of mental illness, but supports for mothers with ID typically focus on parenting skills, and women’s mental health care services do not consider the unique needs of those with ID. Health and social service-providers have reported inadequate training, fragmented services, high caseloads, and lack of practical supports as barriers to providing quality care to mothers with ID. However, no studies have examined service-providers’ perceptions of needs related specifically to parenting and mental health among mothers with ID. This study provides new information on barriers to parenting and mental health care among mothers with ID and strategies for good practice capacity, from the perspectives of service-providers. Perceived barriers to care provision include social determinants of health, a distrust of “the system” by women with ID, and siloed services. Providers recommended that providing better training, including accommodations in existing services, and building a community of support could be beneficial to improving practice capacity in the context of mental health care and parenting supports. These factors need to be addressed to improve mental health among mothers with ID.

A study of nursing patient care in gestational diabetes during SARS CoV-2 pandemic

Although hyperglycaemia that occurs in pregnancy and resolves after birth has been recognised for over fifty years, worldwide consensus on levels of hyperglycaemic thresholds is incomplete and should be diagnosed as 'gestational diabetes mellitus' (GDM). The involvement of GDM is linked to a number of negative perinatal outcomes, including macrosomia, preterm delivery, pre-eclampsia, and eventually will affect the metabolic wellbeing of the resulting infant in future. A nursing care model for non-communicable disorders in primary hospitals increased therapy compliance, as providers aided by clear guidance and administration flowcharts. Early reports from China find COVID-19 infections among men in Wuhan. Later evidence from 30 jurisdictions outside Hubei demonstrated a drop in male domination, as did young women who were diagnosed with the disease at middle age. The psychological and mental health of mothers with GDM has become a big burden with this pandemic in the COVID-19 world-wide that resulted in serious deaths. However, as far as we know, no study explores the success of nurses or licensed clinical nurses during the SARS CoV-2 pandemic in caring for women with GDM.

Modelling triadic relationships in families of children with intellectual disability.

BackgroundExisting research has predominately focused on dyadic relationships in families of children with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to build on emerging literature exploring triadic relationships between a mother, sibling, and child with intellectual disability, investigating how they influence each other's well‐being.MethodAn online survey was used to collect information regarding the mother's mental health and the emotional and behavioural problems of the sibling and the child with intellectual disability in 573 families.ResultsUsing structural equation modelling, we found that maternal psychological distress was associated with higher levels of behaviour problems in the sibling, and the behaviour problems of the child with intellectual disability were associated with higher levels of maternal distress.ConclusionsFamily member well‐being is inter‐related in families of children with intellectual disabilities. Clinical interventions that improve the behaviours of children with intellectual disabilities should be considered.

Prevalence of Nocturnal Enuresis Among Children and Its Association With the Mental Health of Mothers in Northern Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundNocturnal enuresis (NE) is troubling for children and their families. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of NE, its associated health problems, and the outcome of the provided management among children aged 6-18 years and to assess the impact of NE on the mental health of mothers in Northern Saudi Arabia.MethodologyA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia, among children aged 6-18 years old. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire including a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Means ± standard deviations (SDs) were used to represent quantitative data, and frequencies and percentages were used to represent qualitative data. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess the association of NE with perceived stress.ResultsA total of 420 participants were included in this study. Nocturnal enuresis was reported in 24% of the respondents’ children. Around 51% of the mothers know about the causes of NE. Nocturnal enuresis caused embarrassment and social shame to 71% of the mothers. Two-thirds (66%) of the mothers wake up the child at night for urination. Three-quarters (76%) of the participants reported improvement on decreasing fluid intake before sleeping. Of the mothers, 19% perceived low stress, 78% perceived medium stress, and 3% perceived high stress. NE was associated with a higher risk of stress (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-4.37).ConclusionAbout a quarter of the children suffer from NE, of which a large proportion of mothers face embarrassment and shame. There was a significant association between NE and a higher level of stress. Mothers of children with NE should be provided with counseling and social support to ensure good mental health.

Supporting Maternal and Child Mental Health Through Dietary Changes Focused on the Gut Microbiota

Growing evidence from preclinical studies, epidemiology, and randomized controlled trials supports a causal role for diet quality in mental disorder risk, and clinical psychiatric guidelines now place diet, along with other lifestyle behaviors, as foundational treatment targets for mood disorders. Diet quality in the perinatal period is related to both mothers' mental health and children's emotional and neurodevelopment outcomes. The human gut microbiota composition is influenced by diet, and emerging evidence suggests that disturbances in gut microbiota, at least in part, mediate these relationships. Thus, optimizing maternal diet should be prioritized as part of a multidisciplinary approach for promoting physical and mental health in mothers and their off spring. This paper addresses the current evidence base and discusses its application in perinatal health care. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2022;52(2):51–55.]

Tastes Like War by Grace M. Cho

Reviewed by: Tastes Like War by Grace M. Cho Sunhay You (bio) Tastes Like War, by Grace M. Cho. New York: Feminist Press, 2021, 296 pp. ISBN: 9781952177941. An “unintended sequel” to Haunting the Korean Diaspora, Grace Cho’s memoir, Tastes Like War, engages in a sociological mode of storytelling (6). Her voice is familiar, evoking the autoethnographic portions of her first book: an “experimental writing voice . . . intended to show the mixing up of fact and fiction, of self and other, so neither a discreet narrator nor a clear storyline is always [End Page 143] present” (203). True to her commitments to unraveling the limits of a discreet authorial subject, Cho weaves together Korean recipes, psychological texts, history, personal anecdotes, and dreams to uncover the tacit knowledge that lies in the wake of her mother’s schizophrenia. The memoir peels away at the insights of her first book, revealing another US imperial structure of shame and secrecy besides the military bride: mental disability. In the opening prologue, Cho claims that she was raised by at least three different mothers. The mother of her early childhood is a charismatic entrepreneur who sells foraged wild blackberries while supporting other racial minorities. Cho’s teenage years mark the onset of her mother’s schizophrenia, when she becomes a “prisoner to the voices that told her to stop doing the things she used to do” (3). In her thirties, Cho begins to observe her mother's vivacious qualities return while teaching Cho how to cook Korean food. The breaks in these three mothers organize the breaks between parts 2 to 4 of the memoir, the prologue and part 1 offering the sociological framework to her storytelling. As Cho cites throughout the first section, theories on the relationship between mental disability and structures of racial-sexual violence are relatively new. While research on schizophrenia from the 1970s and 80s explains the condition as “the result of a bad gene,” more recent studies suggest that schizophrenia is symptomatic of a social disease as much as a biological anomaly (4). Referring to T. M. Lurhmann’s 2016 study Our Most Troubling Madness: Studies in Schizophrenia, Cho explains that five of the six risk factors associated with schizophrenia apply to her mother: low socioeconomic status, childhood adversity, physical or sexual trauma, immigration, and “being a person of color in a white neighborhood” (56). Indeed, besides narratives of her mother’s passage to the United States as a military bride, many of Cho’s early recollections of her mother take place in Chehalis, Washington. She notes that the city is known for having hosted a regional meeting of approximately seventy thousand members of the KKK in 1924, a legacy of white supremacy that continues today. Cho’s mother grows especially paranoid about being a target of “the John Birch Society, a radical right-wing organization founded in 1958 and named after an American who had been killed by the Chinese at the end of World War II” (136). Through these details,Cho demonstrates how her mother’s experiences of racial-sexual violence undergird developments in her schizophrenic paranoia, which would later confine her to the home, the curtains drawn and cabinets closed on a dwindling supply of food. In part 3, Cho delves into the structural obstacles she faced as a teenager trying to help her mother in the absence of such a nuanced understanding of schizophrenia. A doctor at the local mental health center told her that if her mother was in danger of hurting someone, the police could force her mother [End Page 144] to seek treatment. Given her age and inability to convince her mother of her schizophrenia, Cho resorts to calling the police after aggravating one of her mother’s schizophrenic episodes. This event plants a seed of mistrust that casts a shadow over Cho’s future attempts to care for her mother. These careful and honest observations present a wide-spanning cognitive map of institutional structures, histories, and cultural forces that have impacted her mother's mental health as a military bride. Anecdotes about the healing power of food interrupt the more daunting stories of racial-sexual violence that give shape to her mother...

Within-dyad bidirectional relations among maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems from infancy through preschool.

Although dyadic theory focuses on the impact of a mother's mental health on her own child and the impact of a child's mental health on their own mother, commonly used statistical approaches are incapable of distinguishing the desired within-dyad processes from between-dyad effects. Using autoregressive latent trajectory modeling with structured residuals, the current study evaluated within-dyad, bidirectional associations between maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems from child age 1-4.5 years among a sample of low-income, Mexican American women (N = 322, Mage = 27.8) and their children. Women reported on maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems during laboratory visits at child age 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4.5 years. Results provide novel evidence of child-driven bidirectional association between maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems at the within-dyad level as early as child age 1 year and within-person stability in child behavior problems emerging early in life.

The Shared Pleasure Paradigm: A study in an observational birth cohort in South Africa

Mother–infant dyads in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) may be exposed to a range of factors associated with suboptimal development. Optimal infant development is likely supported by synchronicity in the early mother–infant relationship, but limited corroborative research is available in LMICs. The Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS) provided an opportunity to study this synchronicity and its associations in South Africa. A South African birth cohort study investigating early-life determinants of child health in a LMIC context provided participants. The Shared Pleasure (SP) paradigm helped assess early mother–infant synchronicity in videos of a sub-set of 291 mother–infant dyads at their 14-week well baby visit. General linear regression models investigated the relationship between selected maternal and infant characteristics and the presence of Shared Pleasure moments. Out of a possible 291 dyads, 82% (n = 239) yielded Shared Pleasure moments. The mean age of mothers was 27 years, while infant sex distribution comprised 54% females and 46% males. The shortest single Shared Pleasure moment lasted at least 0.5 s and the longest 28 s. Shared Pleasure moments were associated with higher gestation age at delivery (p = 0.008) and higher infant birth weight (p = 0.006), but were not related to mother's mental health and infant health outcomes at 14 weeks. The high frequency of positive Shared Pleasure moments in reciprocal dyadic interactions in this sample suggests that significant disruption in shared pleasure may be present only in extreme cases (e.g. mothers with severe mental disorders). Further work is needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the associations between early mother–infant synchronicity and better outcomes noted here, and to assess whether SP may serve as a culturally appropriate screen for assessing connectedness.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and children's mental health at age 22 years: Results of a birth cohort study

BackgroundEarly exposures such as maternal smoking can be associated mental disorders. We aimed to analyze the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression in the 1993 birth cohort (Pelotas, Brazil). MethodsData on maternal smoking were collected in the perinatal study, while information on GAD and depression was collected at age 22 years using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Information on maternal mental health, the mediator, was collected at the 11-year follow-up. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the association between exposure, outcomes, and analysis of negative controls. Results3,781 participants presented complete data. The incidence of GAD was 10.4%, depression 2.9%, and smoking during pregnancy 32.6%. The children of mothers who smoked had a 45% higher chance of developing GAD at age 22 years (OR 1.45; 95%CI 1.18; 1.80) and 75% higher chance of depression (OR 1.75; 95%CI 1.18; 2.59). Also, the higher the number of cigarettes smoked. the higher was the chance for the development of GAD. Paternal smoking was not associated with the outcomes. The mother's mental health accounted for 18.2% of the association between maternal smoking and GAD, and for 13.4% for maternal smoking and depression. LimitationsData for smoking during pregnancy were collected through a self-report. Residual confusion due to important variables cannot be ruled out. ConclusionsMSDP was associated with the mental health of children in early adulthood. However, a small part of the effect found was mediated by the mother's mental health.

Impact of perinatal maternal depression on child development.

Background:As India reduced maternal mortality by 50% in the last decade, the mental health of mothers has slowly started catching our attention. Increased participation of women in the economic sector and awareness of women’s rights has added to this process. Perinatal depression has been associated with negative birth outcomes and poor child development. The paucity of research from eastern India poses challenges for physicians and hinders effective medical interventions.Aim:To investigate the effect of antenatal and postnatal depression on child development at 12 months of age.Method:In total, 174 mothers were administered Bengali Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-B) for assessment of antenatal and postnatal depression. Developmental Assessment Scale in Indian Infants (DASII) was administered to assess the motor and cognitive development of their children (n = 153) at 12 months.Result:The prevalence of antenatal and postnatal depression was 28.7% and 16.7%, respectively. Antenatal depression predicted postnatal depression (b = 0.631). Mothers with AD scored significantly low on family support measures (P = 0.012). Children of mothers with AD had low motor and cognitive attainment at the age of 12 months (P = 0.022).Conclusion:Screening and treatment of mental health need to be included in the antenatal care routine to facilitate appropriate child development.

Effect of Maternal Anxiety on Parenting Stress of Fathers of Children With ADHD.

BackgroundHyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increase parenting stress and familial conflict. Among parent-related factors, maternal mental health has been studied in-depth, but studies on paternal factors in this context are scarce. This cross-sectional study was conducted of children with ADHD and their parents in South Korea. We investigated the relationships between ADHD symptom severity of children and the mental health of their mothers and fathers.MethodsThe study included 70 children with ADHD and their 140 married heterosexual parents (70 fathers and 70 mothers). Children completed the Child Depression Inventory and State-Anxiety Inventory for children, and their parents completed the Korean ADHD rating scale-IV, Adult ADHD self-report scale, State-Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Parental Stress Scale.ResultsThere was a significant positive correlation between children’s ADHD symptoms and maternal anxiety symptom severity, whereby more severe ADHD symptoms were associated with more severe maternal anxiety symptoms. There was also a significant positive correlation between maternal anxiety symptom severity and paternal parenting stress severity, whereby more severe maternal anxiety was associated with more severe paternal parenting stress. A mediation model showed that paternal parenting stress severity was not directly related to children’s ADHD symptoms, but the severity of maternal anxiety mediated this relationship.ConclusionThe present study found the importance of mental health in mothers of children with ADHD and the interrelatedness of mental health within families. Future assessments and treatment of children with ADHD should include both the children and their parents.

The Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Childbirth And Social Support And Marital Satisfaction

Introduction & Objective: Childbirth is one of the most significant and pleasant events in a woman's life, this event is possible to be a traumatic event and a threat to the mother's mental health. This study aims to recognize the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) after childbirth and social support and marital satisfaction. Methods: This Crossectional -analytical study was carried out on a sample of 400 mothers who had delivered at Shohadaye-15-Khordad Hospital in Varamin (in two groups with and without PTSD). The research instruments include the Demographic, Midwifery, and Neonatal Factors checklist, Enrich Marital Satisfaction, Weinfeld and Tigman Social Support, and the PTSD Symptoms Scale. We used SPSS-V24 software to analyze the data in terms of descriptive and also Pearson correlation and logistic regression. A P-value of less than 0/05 was considered Significant. Results: The prevalence of PTDS in this study was 16.8%. There was no significant correlation between the mean of the total score of PTSD in all its dimensions with social support (p> 0.05). Marital satisfaction significantly affected the probability of PTSD after childbirth (p = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between PTSD total score and dimension of avoidance symptoms and with infant gender (p = 0.038), and between gestational age and avoidance symptoms (p = 0.001) and type of nutrition feeding and with motivational symptoms (p = 0.041) of PTSD dimensions. Conclusion: According to the relationship between marital satisfaction and PTSD, it is recommended to design suitable interventions to improve the marital status, and to diagnose timely the susceptible mothers to prevent the spread of this complication.

The influence of parenting style and mother's mental health from mental health in children who have siblings with autism

Background: Mental health is a good emotional and psychological state. Globally 10-20% of children and adolescents experience mental health disorders. Risk factors for mental health problems in children are the mental and physical health of poor/poor parents, problems in childcare and lack of support from neighbors/ neighborhoods. Children who have autism are prone to mental problems.Objective: know the influence of parenting and maternal mental health on the mental health of children who have autismMethods : The study used a mixed, cross-sectional method to find out the relationship of free variables and bound variables and qualitative secondary data analysis. The analyses used are chi square and multiple linear regressions. The respondents in this study numbered 35 people.Results: Maternal parenting does not affect a child's mental health, while the mother's mental health significantly affects the child's mental health. Maternal acceptance is influenced by family support, professional, and family autism networks. Coping mechanisms that mothers apply are positive thinking, understanding children, and activities with children.Conclussion: The child's mental health condition is affected by the mother's mental health, but simultaneously the mother's parenting also affects the child's mental health. Early treatment in mothers who have mental health problems can reduce the risk of children experiencing mental health problems, so the negative impact on the child can be reduced.