Cognitions Research Articles

Cannabis expectancies and associations with cannabis use and health functioning among adults with chronic pain

IntroductionCannabis is increasingly available to individuals in the United States, with the majority of states legalizing medical or recreational cannabis use. Cannabis expectancies (e.g., positive expectations from cannabis use) are related to more frequent cannabis use and associated with greater odds of lapse following a cessation attempt. MethodsTo evaluate the relationship between expectancies and cannabis- and health-related outcomes, we surveyed adults who used medical cannabis for chronic pain (n = 633; 52.2 % female; 82.1 % white) over a two-year period. Then, we performed a principal components analysis (PCA) on the Cannabis Expectancies Questionnaire to derive components of cannabis expectancies. We performed k-means clustering to identify subgroups with similar expectancies. The relationship between subgroup assignment and cannabis use outcomes (frequency, quantity), and physical and mental health functioning were evaluated. ResultsThe PCA identified a three-component solution and k-means clustering identified four subgroups: low expectancies, negative expectancies, amotivation expectancies, and positive expectancies. Participants’ cannabis expectancies were dynamic over time. After adjusting for demographics, expectancy subgroup was able to predict six-month cannabis use frequency (χ2(3) = 11.244; p = 0.010) and mental health functioning (χ2(3) = 24.926; p < 0.001), but not quantity (χ2(3) = 2.741, p = 0.433) or physical health functioning (χ2(3) = 5.110, p = 0.164). ConclusionIn a large cohort of individuals who use medical cannabis, four subgroups with differing cannabis expectancies emerged: low expectancies, negative expectancies, amotivation expectancies, and positive expectancies. These subgroups predicted subsequent outcomes and may be important for targeted intervention approaches to reduce cannabis use and improve functioning.

S-(+)-Carvone, a Monoterpene with Potential Anti-Neurodegenerative Activity-In Vitro, In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies.

Carvone, a natural monoterpene, has been identified in various plants, giving them a characteristic scent. Enantiomers (R-(-) and S-(+)) reveal specific biological activities that are successfully used in traditional medicine for their antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and anti-influenza properties. The presented paper is based on S-(+)-carvone, characterized by a specific caraway scent, which revealed rich biological activities both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the potential anti-neurodegenerative activity of S-(+)-carvone, including in vitro experiments (butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory, neuro- and hepatotoxicity as well as neuro- and hepatoprotective activity), in vivo (memory acquisition, locomotor activity), and ex vivo (determination of S-(+)-carvone's level in tissues collected from mice). Results revealed the multidirectional character of S-(+)-carvone. It has been shown that S-(+)-carvone is capable of butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (40% for 0.025 mg applied onto the plate), and neuroprotection and hepatoprotection at selective concentrations against reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation along with non-hepatotoxicity character. Additionally, multiple-dose administration of the monoterpene at a dose of 100 mg/kg had a positive influence on memory acquisition. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the plasma and the brain showed that S-(+)-carvone can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the hippocampus (0.217 µg/mg of tissue), a crucial part of the brain associated with cognition and mental functions.

Progress Toward Meaning-as-Goal and Its Association with Pain, Functioning, and Global Meaning and Purpose Among Veterans with Co-occurring Chronic Pain and PTSD.

Co-occurring chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poorer physical and mental functioning and well-being. Treatments often incorporate goal-setting around personally meaningful behaviors; however, it is unclear whether intentionally focusing on improving meaning and purpose in life (i.e., meaning-as-goal) may also serve as a helpful treatment target. The objective of the current study is to determine whether reported progress toward meaning-as-goal at 6months is associated with pain severity and interference, physical and mental health functioning, and global meaning and purpose at 6- and 12-months. Data were collected as part of an evaluation effort focused on VA's Whole Health System implementation efforts. VA electronic health records were linked to survey data across three time points (baseline, 6months, and 12months) from Veterans with both chronic pain and PTSD across 18 VA sites. A total of 1341 Veterans met inclusion criteria (mean age = 62, SD = 11.7). Regression analyses showed that progress toward meaning-as-goal was significantly associated with all 6-month variables, with standardized coefficients ranging from - 0.14 (pain severity and interference) to .37 (global meaning and purpose), in addition to all 12-month variables, with standardized coefficients ranging from - .13 (pain severity and interference) to .31 (global meaning and purpose). Efforts to intentionally promote meaning and purpose as part of evidence-based treatment for chronic pain and PTSD may lead to decreased pain and improved physical and mental health functioning and global meaning and purpose. With coefficients ranging from small to moderate effect sizes, more work is needed to better understand how best to maximize meaning-related goals.

Mental Functions in People with Mild Intellectual Disability to Borderline Intellectual Functioning

ABSTRACT Introduction The first aim of this study was to explore the mental functions of patients with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning (MID-BIF) in mental health care. The second aim was to examine the differences in mental functions between people with MID-BIF and those with higher educational levels (i.e. further education [FE] and higher education [HE]). Materials and methods Eleven mental functions were assessed using the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200-NL). In total, 245 patients were included, divided into three groups (MID-BIF: N = 52; FE: N = 86; HE: N = 107). Results Results showed that the MID-BIF group scored relatively high on three mental functions (i.e. the capacity for impulse control and regulation, capacity for defensive functioning, and capacity to construct and use internal standards and ideals). One mental function scored relatively low (the capacity for adaptation, resiliency, and strength). Regarding group comparisons, similar patterns in average scores emerged, and the HE group scored higher than the MID-BIF and the FE groups on most mental functions. Discussion The mental functions of the HE group were most adaptive, whereas the mental functions of the FE and MID-BIF groups were less adaptive and on a similar level in each of these groups.

Развитие принципов культурно-исторической теории в специальной педагогике и психологии

&lt;p&gt;The article analyzes the importance of research in the field of special education and psychology for the development of cultural-historical theory. In this article we show that the development of the principles of cultural-historical psychology should be analyzed, and problematic areas of special education are identified. We have analyzed an importance of researches on special education and psychology to better understand a correlation between learning and development, the cultural development of a child as "growing into culture", the development of the regulatory function of speech, the content of the category "development" in psychology, the role of the collective in the development of children with disabilities. For the first time in cultural-historical psychology were shown the role of interaction with a peer without disabilities in the development of higher mental functions of a child with disabilities, the importance and conditions of interaction of a special child with an adult for making a step in development, the ratio between disability and its compensation, ideas about the zone of proximal development and the patterns of abnormal development. We showed how L.S.Vygotsky's ideas on the diagnosis of abnormal development in modern special psychology work, and importnt modern studies are for better understanding of normal development. It is shown that many problems of special education (including the problems of inclusive education) pose a challenge to cultural-historical theory and can be solved using it. The article shows prospects for the development of the analyzed problem area.&lt;/p&gt;

Nauczyciel wczesnej edukacji w obliczu problematyki tanatologicznej

Introduction: Including elements of thanatological education in early education is a necessary aspect of upbringing. Reaching the end of one’s life, the needs of a dying person and of his loved ones – these are difficult subjects, giving rise to strong, negative emotions. In the modern world, the experience of death has unfortunately become much closer, often also personally painful. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have caused a significant worsening of mental functioning in children as well as adults. Thanatological education at the stage of classes I–III in elementary school is therefore a difficult task, often overpassing the capabilities of even the most experienced and talented teachers. Research Aim: The article presents the subject of thanatological education as a challenge for the early education teacher, on the basis of subject literature, and the study’s purpose was to present the preparation of early education teachers in this area on the basis of their self-evaluation and to conduct a diagnosis of these competencies with reference to work experience on the basis of our own research. Method: In the research, use was made of a diagnostic survey, with the questionnaire technique and an online questionnaire (Google Forms). For analysis of the study material, elements of descriptive statistics were used. Results: Research results have indicated that most early education teachers do not possess sufficient competencies in the area of thanatological education, and for half of them, the subject of death is a difficult topic of conversation with children. At the same time, teachers realize the need to support a pupil suffering after the loss of a close person and declare that they offer help in this matter. Conclusions: The subject of death is everywhere present. The early education teacher should be aware that a conversation about dying is a very difficult, delicate subject for the young child. It is often related to dramatic events and stirs negative emotions in pupils. The teacher should have knowledge in the matter of thanatology, with skills and ease of conversation on this level; he should demonstrate sensitivity, tact and empathy towards the pupil in mourning. Therefore, it is suggested that thanatological education be included in the program of pedagogical studies. It has become necessary to consciously perceive the role and place of thanatological education as one of the necessary elements of early school education.

The development of a cognitive screening protocol for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples: the Guddi Way screen.

Background Many Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples are exposed to risk factors for cognitive impairment. However, culturally appropriate methods for identifying potential cognitive impairment are lacking. This paper reports on the development of a screen and interview protocol designed to flag possible cognitive impairments and psychosocial disability in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults over the age of 16years. Methods The Guddi Way screen includes items relating to cognition and mental functions across multiple cognitive domains. The screen is straightforward, brief, and able to be administered by non-clinicians with training. Results Early results suggest the Guddi Way screen is reliable and culturally acceptable, and correctly flags cognitive dysfunction among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults. Conclusions The screen shows promise as a culturally appropriate and culturally developed method to identify the possibility of cognitive impairments and psychosocial disability in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults. A flag on the Guddi Way screen indicates the need for referral to an experienced neuropsychologist or neuropsychiatrist for further assessment and can also assist in guiding support services.

Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and vertebrobasilar ischemia. From cerebello-cerebral diaschisis to "dysmetria of thought"

Cerebellum, along with it' s role in coordinating motor functions, exercises a significant regulatory influence in fields of cognitive and affective functions. Therefore, studying the effect of cerebrovascular atherosclerotic pathology on mood and cognition should not be limited to stenotic dysfunctions of carotid arteries, but also extend its methodological framework to the consideration of the integrity of vertebrobasilar system (VBS), cerebellar perfusion and posterior cerebral circulation in general, as it has not been yet sufficiently addressed whether VBS insufficiency is associated with deterioration of patients' mental and emotional status and quality of life (QoL). Vertebrobasilar circulatory dysfunction has been pointed out, since decades, as a cause of progressive memory impairment and dementia, due to multiple infarcts in cerebral areas which are topographically critical for mental and emotional functions. Indicative of the pathophysiological and anatomic-functional association of VBS with these neuro-psychiatric domains are cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome (CCAS) and crossed cerebello-cerebral diaschisis (CCCD). Mental and psychiatric components of CCAS, along with ataxic motor disability, constitute the conceptual hypothesis of "dysmetry of thought", while diagnostic significance of mental dysfunctions and psychopathological manifestations, in terms of symptoms preceding motor impairments that ascribe cerebellar malfunction in the epicenter of their pathophysiology, such as cerebellar ataxias, in which, early recognition of CCAS may facilitate therapeutic interventions aimed at improving QoL, reveal that cerebellar pathology, either of degenerative etiology or vascular substrate on the ground of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) or other surgical conditions of the posterior fossa, is associated with deterioration of patients' QoL which is related to significant impairments in their cognitive functions with (co)manifested emotional disorders. Studies in animal models also support these conclusions. Since VBI is responsible for a wide range of psychiatric and neurological symptoms, new findings concurred with current indications advocating that, without consideration of VBS disorders, it is impossible to clarify the connection of cerebral perfusion dysfunctions to neurocognitive deficits. The inclusion of cerebellar perfusion disorders in scientific research and clinical approaches to cognitive and affective disorders that may occur in patients with cerebrovascular lesions constitutes a paradigm of best clinical practices implementation and interdisciplinary convergence of neurosciences and vascular medicine.

A new approach: Cervical approach for marginal resection of the posterior mandible

Gingival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the posterior mandible often requires marginal resection of the mandible in conventional surgery. However, the posterior location of the lesion can limit surgical visibility, which is critical for complete tumor removal and minimizing recurrence. Typically, marginal resection of the posterior mandible is achieved through a midline lower lip incision and mental nerve transection, providing adequate exposure but resulting in nerve damage, lip numbness, and facial scarring. In this paper, we describe a case using a submandibular incision for neck dissection, extending from the mandibular angle to the mental foramen, to fully expose the posterior mandible. The intraoral incision, extending 1 cm beyond the tumor margin, connected with the submandibular incision. Under direct vision, we performed a marginal resection of the mandible, preserving the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle and the mental nerve, and maintaining at least 1 cm of the inferior mandibular margin. This technique achieved complete tumor removal while preserving mental nerve function and lower lip integrity, reducing surgical difficulty and patient trauma. This approach maintains nerve function and aesthetics as much as possible, with a faster postoperative recovery. In treating gingival SCC of the posterior mandible, it is essential to preserve surrounding healthy tissue and critical anatomical structures, minimizing postoperative complications while ensuring complete tumor resection.

COST OF ILLNESS ANALYSIS OF EPILEPSY OUTPATIENTS USING VALPROIC ACID, PHENYTOIN AND CARBAMAZEPINE THERAPY IN HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA

Epilepsy is a condition of the onset of attacks in the form of abnormal, irregular brain nerve cell movements, occurring repeatedly and causing temporary motor, sensory or mental function disorders. The treatment of epilepsy has costs that must be known, including direct medical costs, indirect medical costs, and indirect costs; this study aims to determine the cost of illness of epilepsy in one hospital in banyuasin regency with retrospective costing in outpatients. The research method used in this study is a cross-sectional study using patient medical record data and cost data taken from BPJS claims data and hospital rate patterns. This study uses the BPJS perspective and societal perspective, the cost data taken from the BPJS perspective is the result of BPJS claims according to the INACBGs. Package tariff and for the socital perspective the data taken is doctor consultation data, administrative costs, laboratory costs, drug costs and transportation costs and lost productivity costs carried out by interview method for 12 months. The results of this study indicate that the cost of epilepsy outpatients from a societal perspective is Rp.3,141,414 and for BPJS perspective is Rp.2,338,567.

Exploring Personality Traits, Values, and Attitudes toward Professionalism: Implications for the Promotion of Mental Health and Functioning in Medical Students.

Healthcare workers face significant mental health challenges, including stress, burnout, and psychological distress, leading to high rates of mental health symptoms and even suicide attempts, as well as an increase in medication errors and unprofessional behavior. Targeted interventions are needed to address these issues. However, promoting healthier traits in medical students or refining selection could also prove beneficial, as research shows that mental health is significantly influenced by personality traits and personal values. This study examines the relationship between personality traits, values, and attitudes toward professionalism among medical students in Slovenia. A total of 996 participants were examined in three data collections from the academic years 2015-2016 to 2019-2020 using the Big Five Questionnaire, the Personal Values Scale, and the Attitude Toward Professionalism Scale. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the factors associated with professionalism. The results showed that attitudes toward professionalism were stable over the years, with higher scores consistently associated with the female gender, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Conversely, material value orientation had a negative impact on professionalism. In addition, we examine the associations between mental health and personality traits, personal values, and attitudes toward professionalism to illustrate the importance of selecting and nurturing medical students, based on traits that promote mental health and professional behavior. These findings may lead to improvements in medical education and selection processes to improve the well-being and functioning of future medical professionals.

Osteosarcopenia in Finland: prevalence and associated factors

SummaryThis cross-sectional study investigated osteosarcopenia prevalence and its correlates among 2142 adults aged 55 and older in Finland. Findings show 3.9% had osteosarcopenia, while 13.8% and 11.1% had probable sarcopenia only or osteoporosis only, respectively. Osteosarcopenia was associated with low BMI, impaired mobility, ADL limitations and depression. Sarcopenia appeared to drive these associations more than osteoporosis. Osteosarcopenia may be a risk factor for functional decline, hospitalization, and institutionalization, warranting further research.PurposeOsteosarcopenia is a disorder consisting of concurrent osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from Finland in 2000 aimed to determine the prevalence of osteosarcopenia in Finland. In addition, associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, physical and mental function indicators, chronic conditions and various biomarkers with osteosarcopenia were examined.MethodsThe study included 2142 subjects aged 55 and over (mean age 68.0 years, SD 9.0). Probable sarcopenia was defined as grip strength < 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women. Osteoporosis was defined as either ultrasound-based bone density measurement of T < -2.5, or self-reported, pre-existing diagnosis of osteoporosis. Participants were categorized into 4 groups: no sarcopenia and no osteoporosis, probable sarcopenia only, osteoporosis only, and osteosarcopenia. Information on sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, physical and mental function indicators, chronic conditions and various biomarkers were collected via structured interview, questionnaires, clinical examination, and blood and urine samples.ResultsThe prevalence of probable sarcopenia, osteoporosis and osteosarcopenia was 13.8%, 11.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. Osteosarcopenia was associated with low BMI, slow gait speed, impaired mobility, impaired ability in the activities of daily living and depression. Of the two components, probable sarcopenia appeared to contribute to these associations more than osteoporosis.ConclusionAccording to representative population-based study, about every fifth person with probable sarcopenia also has osteoporosis. Mobility and ADL limitations were more common among people with osteosarcopenia than those with osteoporosis or probable sarcopenia alone. Future studies are needed to examine osteosarcopenia as an independent risk factor for functional decline, hospitalization, and institutionalization.

ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МЫШЛЕНИЯ У МЛАДШИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ С ЗПР

According to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Social Policy of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the number of children with disabilities is increasing every year. The main nosology that is observed in school institutions is children with delayed mental development. In the context of the implementation of inclusive education, adapted educational programs are developed for students with mental retardation, which take into account the peculiarities of their development and are aimed at helping to assimilate the educational program. The main branch in this work is the development of higher mental functions, including thinking. The problem of the development of thinking in primary school children is central in special pedagogy and psychology, it is the lack of intellectual activity that is determined as the main reason for the school failure of children in this category. Teachers are faced with the task of developing and implementing such programs using psychological and pedagogical technologies to develop thinking in younger students with mental retardation. The article presents an integrated approach using psychological and pedagogical technologies to the development of thinking in younger students with mental retardation, which favorably affects the dynamics of the development of their thought operations. The practical significance of the study lies in the expansion and deepening of empirical research on the problem of thinking of younger students with mental retardation as a result of obtaining new qualitative and quantitative data that can be used by psychologists. A psychological program for correcting the thinking of younger students with mental retardation can be recommended to psychologists, teachers, and other specialists who work with younger students with mental retardation.

Sexual Interventions in the Metaverse: Attitudes Towards Novel Therapeutic Approaches, a Qualitative Study.

Mental health treatment for psychosexual problems is effective, but treatment rates are low. Metaverse-based therapy offers one solution to increase overall treatment rates. Understanding attitudes towards this novel approach could lead to wider adoption of metaverse-based therapy, resulting in higher treatment rates for psychosexual problems. Twenty-one participants across three focus groups of different ages shared their perceptions and attitudes about metaverse-based therapy broadly and for treating sexual disorders. A content analysis of the transcribed text from the focus groups using qualitative data analysis software was conducted. Participants identified several perceived benefits of metaverse-based intervention, including avoiding the perceived embarrassment of going to a clinic and accessing patients (a) with diverse physical or mental functionality, (b) living in remote areasand/or (c) balancing different family/work obligations or duties. The two main concerns with metaverse-based therapy were the fear of online therapy being less personal than traditional therapy and the technological fluency needed. Clarifying their acceptance of the therapy, participants reported that they would be more likely to engage in metaverse-based therapy if they trusted their therapist. Also, although it might be effective for mild and moderate disorders, participants were more reluctant about its use for severe mental illness. Results suggest that attitudes towards metaverse-based intervention are mainly positive, since it removes some barriers that hinder access to psychological treatment in general and, specifically, for problems of a sexual nature. During the design stage, a person with sexual difficulties was consulted to understand the patient's perspective. Members of the public advised the implementation of the focus groups. Three potential service users were involved in the coding of the text during the content analysis.

Factors influencing postdeployment reintegration adjustment for U.S. service members and their spouses by spouse gender

ABSTRACT Research on spouses’ adjustment after military deployment has focused primarily on female spouses of male service members; little is known about how adjustment differs by gender. We used Walsh’s family resilience framework to examine communication, belief system, organizational factors, and other stressors, likely associated with postdeployment adjustment. Using Millennium Cohort Family Study data, logistic regressions assessed risk and protective factors on spouses’ and service members’ time to adjust, exploring whether spouse gender moderated their associations. Findings indicated that the association of (1) spouses’ perceptions of their own mental functioning with spouses’ and service members’ adjustment and (2) spouses’ mental readiness for deployment with service members’ adjustment both differed by spouse gender, with associations attenuated for male spouses and their service member partners. Other factors associated with family adjustment included the spouse’s satisfaction with communication, the extent to which the service member shared deployment experiences, the extent to which the spouse was bothered by deployment experiences, the spouse’s participation in postdeployment transition programs, the spouse’s informal support during deployment, and length of deployment. Results indicated shared and gender-specific risk and protective factors associated with spouse and service member adjustment, demonstrating the importance of tailored military family support programs addressing the needs of different populations of military spouses.

Long-term trends in mental health disparities across sexual orientations in the UK: a longitudinal analysis (2010-2021).

In the context of increasing hate crimes, legislative challenges, and anti-LGBTQ + sentiment, we conducted the first study that comprehensively examined long-term mental health disparities across sexual orientations in the UK from 2010 to 2021. Prior studies predominantly relied on cross-sectional or limited longitudinal designs, thus failing to capture evolving trends over a decade and providing crucial insights into the dynamics of mental health challenges faced by sexual minorities, essential for devising targeted public health interventions and policies. Waves 2-12 of the UK Longitudinal Household Survey for adults (n = 52,591) were used. MCS-12 (Mental Health Component Scale of the Short-Form Health Survey) for mental functioning and GHQ (General Health Questionnaire) for psychological distress were included as the main outcomes, along with other measures of well-being. Mixed-effect longitudinal models were used to examine the trends of mental health disparities across sexual orientations. Relative to their heterosexual counterparts, psychological distress (GHQ) increased for gay men, lesbians, and women with "other" orientations. Bisexual women saw the steepest increase from 1.69 higher GHQ vs. their heterosexual counterparts in 2010 (95%CI: 0.81 to 2.57), up to 3.37 in 2021 (95%CI: 2.28 to 4.45). Similar trends were also shown in the other measures. The study highlights increases in mental health disparities between sexual minorities and heterosexuals. The escalating psychological distress among sexual minorities, particularly bisexual women, calls for an urgent, multi-faceted, and intersectoral response. This approach must address both symptoms and the social structures perpetuating these disparities across sexual orientations.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Military Veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study

Objective This study provides nationally representative data on the prevalence, risk factors, and associated mental health and functional outcomes of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in U.S. military veterans. Methods Data (N = 4,069) were analyzed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS). Analyses estimated mTBI prevalence, exposure to different mTBI injuries, and past-week mTBI symptoms (i.e. persistent post-concussive symptoms [PCS]). Comparisons were made between veterans with and without mTBI+PCS on sociodemographic, military, trauma, and psychiatric characteristics. Associations between mTBI+PCS and measures of cognitive, mental, and psychosocial functioning were examined. Results Overall, 43.7% endorsed a possible mTBI event on the Veterans Affairs’ Mild TBI Injury Screening and Evaluation tool, and 10.0% screened positive for mTBI. After combining a self-reported healthcare professional diagnosis of concussion/mTBI/TBI (5.8%) with a positive mTBI screen, the prevalence of mTBI+PCS was 3.0%. Veterans with specific trauma characteristics (e.g. adverse childhood events), military service (e.g. combat), and lifetime psychiatric conditions were more likely to have mTBI+PCS. mTBI+PCS was associated with increased odds of current posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and drug use disorder. These veterans also scored significantly lower on cognitive, mental, and psychosocial functioning. Conclusions Overall, 3.0% of veterans had mTBI+PCS, suggesting that while mTBI may be prevalent in this population, the majority will likely recover without developing chronic symptoms. Those with mTBI+PCS are at significant risk for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and poorer psychosocial functioning relative to those without mTBI+PCS, and early targeted identification may assist in prevention of disability and recovery.

Notes on some non-psychotic hypochondriacal states

The aim of this paper is to propose a psychodynamic hypothesis based on control-mastery theory (CMT) about the self-punishment function of some non-psychotic hypochondriacal states. After a review of several major psychoanalytic hypotheses about hypochondria, we will show the main concepts of CMT, an integrative, relational, cognitive-dynamic theory of mental functioning, psychopathology, and therapeutic process that is the theoretical framework that has helped us understand and treat these states in our patients. We will then describe two clinical cases to show how some hypochondriacal states can be interpreted as self-punishments connected to three main kinds of guilt hypothesized by CMT: survivor guilt, burdening guilt, and separation/disloyalty guilt. Finally, we will discuss the implications of these hypotheses.

From brain cytoarchitectonics to clinical neurology: Polish Institute for Brain Research in Vilnius, 1931-1938.

The Polish Institute for Brain Research was established in Warsaw in 1928 to support scientific research on the brain and its functions. The director of the institute was Maksymilian Rose (1883-1937), a distinguished Polish neurologist and neuroanatomist, a disciple of Oskar Vogt and Korbinian Brodmann. In 1931, the Institute was moved from Warsaw to Vilnius. The Institute was well-known in Europe at the time because of the research in the fields of neuroscience, clinical neurology, and psychiatry, as well as the cytoarchitectonic analysis of social activists' brains-a fashionable, neophrenological way to link the mental functions of deceased geniuses with the cellular composition of their central nervous systems. In 1939, the work of the Institute was interrupted by World War II; some of the preparations and materials were moved from Vilnius to Warsaw, some were stored in Vilnius, and some were lost. In this article, we analyze the primary and secondary sources, some of which were obscure for over 80years, and evaluate the most important scientific achievements of the Polish Institute for Brain Research, as well as its legacy in the early period of modern neuroscience and neurology in interwar Vilnius.

The Effects of Single and Dual Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Motor and Cognitive Functions in Male Gymnasts

Background: The better performance of elite athletes than others may be due to their better mental and psychological advantages. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an attractive technique to improve the physical and mental functions in recent years. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of single and dual tDCS of M1 and DLPFC regions on motor and cognitive functions in male gymnasts. Methods: Sixteen male gymnasts (age mean = 21.70 ± 0.66 years) who were selected randomly, exposed to 4 different intervention conditions in 4 separate sessions with a one-week interval between the sessions, including (1) anodal stimulation of the M1 area; (2) anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC area; (3) simultaneous stimulation of M1 and DLPFC areas; (4) sham stimulation. After ensuring the normal distribution using shapiro-whilk test, gathered data were analyzed with two- way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results showed that single and dual tDCS of M1 and DLPFC regions had a significant effect on improving bimanual coordination, eye-hand coordination, reaction time, working memory, and selective attention of male gymnasts. Also, considering the observed effect size, the M1&amp; DLPFC stimulation condition had a greater effect than other stimulation conditions. Conclusions: Based on present findings coaches and sports physiologists can improve the performance of their athletes with inclusion single and dual tDCS into their training routines.