The ingestion of foreign bodies may represent a medical emergency that mostly develops in the pediatric population. Occasionally, it occurs in the adult population, especially in patients with psychiatric disorders, older adults and prisoners. A 25-year-old institutionalized male with severe mental deficiency and autism presented in the emergency department for symptoms of upper digestive tract obstruction after having swallowed an unidentified large spherical-shaped object. A computed tomography scan showed a 7 cm spherical foreign body at the second portion of the duodenum. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was subsequently performed, revealing a soft spherical object completely blocking the duodenum, thus explaining the occlusive symptoms. The initial attempts to remove it with the polypectomy snare and Dormia basket were unsuccessful due to the size and the position of the foreign body. Afterwards, a grasper was used aiming to grab the object by puncturing it for a better grip. This maneuver revealed a thick rubber outer layer that was housing numerous small colored beads, hence identifying an Orbeez toy. This contains waterabsorbent polymer beads, increasing size in contact with liquids, thus explain the bowel obstruction. Through the access point created, most of the content was extracted using an endoscopic retrieval net. Due to this procedure, the size of the object was significantly reduced, allowing it to be taken out with the grasper. The remaining beads were either washed down from the bowel or removed from the oral cavity and pharynx by the otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist. The general condition of the patient improved significantly after the procedure and allowed him to be safely discharged the next day.

History of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: An electro-clinical voyage in search of an epileptic syndrome.

Introduction. The article presents a case of a child with long QT syndrome, skeletal and facial abnormalities, and mental deficiency. This symptom complex was a manifestation of an Ogden syndrome, previously undescribed in Russia X-linked disease associated with a NAA10 gene mutation. Brief description . Molecular genetic testing confirmed a mutation (p.Tyr43Ser) in this gene, which was also found in the child’s sister and mother. During anesthesia, the boy suffered cardiac arrest due to severe bradycardia and asystole, due to which a cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted. Discussion. Ogden syndrome is a disease associated with NAA10 gene mutations, which may remain unrecognized. Severe psychoneurological symptoms can mask the cardiac manifestations of the disease for a long time, including long QT syndrome and arrhythmias, which can manifest as dangerous life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death.

Hyperkeratotic scabies, or Norwegian scabies, are a severe form of scabies occurring in immunocompromised patients or those with a mental deficiency such as Downs syndrome. It is characterized by a clinical polymorphism posing difficulties in clinical diagnosis

BackgroundWorldwide, the prevalence of mental health problems in prison populations is higher than in the general population. While prisons may provide opportunities to address mental health problems, the prison setting can also include obstacles to the actual delivery of interventions, such as mental health care staff deficiencies. A brief scalable psychological intervention such as the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Problem Management Plus (PM +) intervention, which is delivered by trained non-specialists, could be valuable in addressing common mental health problems in the prison setting. The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of PM + , adapted for use in Dutch remand prisons. The secondary aim is to examine barriers and facilitators for scaling up the adapted version of PM + in the Dutch prison setting.MethodThis single-blind pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) will compare individual PM + with care-as-usual (PM + /CAU) to CAU only. Dutch-speaking remand prisoners (18 years or older; N = 60) who report an elevated level of psychological distress (K10 ≥ 16) will be included. The feasibility of the intervention will be reviewed using different measures such as recruitment success, intervention retention, protocol adherence, number of serious adverse events, and stakeholders' views. Participants will be assessed for self-reported anxiety, depression, self-identified problems, vulnerability for suicide and self-harm behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms at baseline, one-week post-intervention and three-month follow-up. The pilot RCT will be followed by a process evaluation. For the process evaluation, stakeholders will be interviewed (N = 25), including 1) RCT participants, 2) PM + helpers, supervisors and trainers, 3) prison professionals, and 4) family members & friends of RCT participants. Data of the process evaluation will be analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.DiscussionThis pilot RCT will be the first to study the potential of WHO-developed scalable interventions aimed at reducing mental health problems within (Dutch) prisons. Results from this study could subsequently inform a potential full-powered RCT.Trial registrationThis trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT05927987) on 13/06/2023.

Abstract: This article examines how the ideology of eugenics affected deaf women in Finland. Between 1935 and 1970, 7,530 people, primarily women, were sterilized under the Sterilisation Act. Herein, I address three questions: (1) How many eugenics-based sterilizations and/or abortions were performed on deaf women? (2) What were the justifications for sterilization and abortion decisions? And, (3) what kinds of interactions can be observed from the documents? I analyzed seventy-nine sterilization and abortion documents submitted by or for deaf women to the National Board of Health from 1955 to 1970. My analysis, inspired by grounded theory and hermeneutics, focused on unmarried women's cases. I found that decisions for unmarried women were based on hereditary deafness and (hereditary) mental deficiency versus health reasons for married women. A more detailed analysis revealed that unmarried deaf women faced significant interaction barriers weakening their agency, suggesting their cases can be considered forced sterilizations.

As a transmembrane protein, DPP6 modulates the function and properties of ion channels, playing a crucial role in various tissues, particularly in the brain. DPP6 interacts with potassium channel Kv4.2 (KCND2), enhancing its membrane expression and channel kinetics. Potassium ion channels are critical in progressing action potential formation and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, dysfunction of DPP6 can lead to significant health consequences. Abnormal DPP6 expression has been identified in several diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Recent research has indicated a connection between DPP6 and Alzheimer's disease as well. The most common symptoms resulting from DPP6 dysregulation are mental deficiency and muscle wastage. Notably, these symptoms do not always occur at the same time. Besides genetic factors, environmental factors also undoubtedly play a role in diseases related to DPP6 dysregulation. However, it remains unclear how the expression of DPP6 gets regulated. This review aims to summarize the associations between DPP6 and neurological diseases, offering insights as well as proposing hypotheses to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of DPP6 dysregulation.

A label-free DNAzyme-Mediated biosensor for fluorescent detection of Lead (II) ion.

In this article, I will examine the category ‘subject to be dealt with’, which was established by the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act. Designed to demonstrate the legislation's respect for individual liberty, the boundaries of the category established the grounds on which authorities had the responsibility to act upon those deemed to be ‘mentally defective’. In essence, ‘subject to be dealt with’ became the supposedly rational, measured qualifying category through which the condemnation of ‘defect’ could be operationalized. In both its actual implementation and the realm of possibilities it entailed, the category of ‘subject to be dealt with’ facilitated a range of discourses and practices. It powerfully linked disability and the imperatives of segregation and confinement, a logic that was reinforced even by those critiquing the Mental Deficiency Act, at both its inception and its demise. As a category ‘subject to be dealt with’ at once intensively targeted carceral power on disability, while also working to more deeply ideologically enmesh cognitive and class deviance, naturalizing the broader carceral or institutional archipelago – of asylums, workhouses, special schools, prisons, and so on – to which disabled, poor, and racialized people have been subject.

Perspective taking ability is an important influencing factor on the development of children’s social skills, but the perspective taking ability of children with special needs may be characterized differently due to their physical and mental developmental deficiencies. By combing and analyzing the relevant literature on perspective taking in children with special needs, this paper finds that existing studies have focused on four aspects: the overall level of perspective taking in children with special needs, the influencing factors of differences in the level of perspective taking, the assessment and measurement of perspective taking, and the intervention for the development of perspective taking ability. This paper reviews the four aspects of these studies and makes recommendations for future research and educational interventions on perspective taking in children with special needs. Further research is needed to focus on qualitative research methods to complement existing research findings and to develop effective intervention strategies for children with different special needs.

From the second half of the nineteenth-century treatment of "imbecile" children in Britain underwent significant change. Examining the period from 1870 to 1920 when imbecility became a discrete category, and a matter of concern in policy and practice, this paper focuses on conceptualizations around fright, idleness, morality, and parental mental state as behavioral, emotional, and psychological causes and attributions of "imbecility" in children. I view this in light of the Victorian emotional culture of "care and control," which was driven by a shift in cost-cutting and fear of the impact of "imbecile children" on society, justifying exclusions, defining boundaries, and driving change. In light of the legacy of the "deserving/undeserving paradigm" and "care and control" agenda propagated by the Poor Law established in 1834 in England (and in 1845 in Scotland), "idleness" and "immorality" implied a form of abnormality, while "fright" could cause abnormality, and all needed to be controlled. Furthermore "fright" was classified as an (external) emotional event or trigger that has a lasting impact, and an early indication of including psychological factors (in addition to somatic) in explanations of "deficiencies." Using the Scottish National Institution for the Education of Imbecile Children founded in 1862 and the Waifs and Strays Society for destitute children, established in London in 1881 as examples, I argue that concerns about the rise of "mental deficiency" in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods were driven by moral panic as a force for social control, and to a lesser extent, the concept of care.

Children with disabilities are children who have physical or mental deficiencies and have difficulty communicating in social environments, one of which is in the school environment. This research aims to find out what forms occur between teachers and students with special needs in inclusive schools. In communicating, teachers need to consider the characteristics of students with special needs to be able to determine the appropriate form of communication so that learning objectives can be achieved. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Research was conducted in elementary schools. The research results show that there are several factors that influence the form of teacher communication towards students with special needs. This research focuses on the communication patterns used by teachers in the teaching and learning process of children with disabilities. The diversity of developmental characteristics and obstacles they experience will lead to different communication models that we can present to them in helping them to carry out social interactions. The effectiveness of the communication that occurs with them really depends on the instruments they use to help them communicate with all their limitations.

To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of a child with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH). A case study has been carried out on a boy who had presented at the Inner Mongolia Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital for microcephaly and mental deficiency in September 2022. Prenatal ultrasound images were retrospectively analyzed, and whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were carried out for his family. A literature review was also carried out using keywords such as "ASPM gene", "microcephaly", "prenatal diagnosis", "primary microcephaly", "ASPM", "MCPH5", "MCPH", "autosomal recessive microcephaly", and "prenatal diagnosis on ultrasonography" on the PubMed database, Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge until September 2023. This study was approved by the Inner Mongolia Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital (Ethics No. 2021-093-1). The proband had shown progressive reduction in biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) during the fetal period. He was found to harbor compound heterozygous variants of the ASPM gene, which included a paternally derived c.8044C>T (p.R2682X) and a maternally derived c.8652dup (p.A2885Sfs*35). Both variants were classified as pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PP4; PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PM3) based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). For other fetuses in his family, prenatal ultrasound and genetic testing were all normal. Literature research has identified 11 relevant articles, which included 14 MCPH cases. All of the MCPH5 cases had shown various degrees of reduced BPD/HC on fetal imaging (100%, 15/15). Developmental delay, intellectual disability, and attention deficits were noted in all survived cases, with one case having seizures (12.5%, 1/8). Their genotypes had included homozygotes (46.2%, 6/13) and compound heterozygotes (53.8%, 7/13) for nonsense variants (45%, 9/20) and frameshifting variants (55%, 11/20). The compound heterozygous variants c.8044C>T (p.R2682X) and c.8652dup (p.A2885Sfs*35) of the ASPM gene probably underlay the reduced BPD and HC in this proband with MCPH.

An optimal ambient environment is crucial for healthy development, yet the excess of vehicles and inadequately planned educational infrastructures compromise cognitive growth in children. This study evaluates the impact of ambient noise on student cognition in five schools situated along city arterial and sub-arterial roads. A total of 717 students from grades 7, 8, 9, and 11 participated. Noise levels were measured in prevailing noisy conditions (PC) and controlled silence conditions (SC) within classrooms using the Kimo dB300 sound level meter. The observed differences in noise levels between PC and SC varied across grades, showing reductions of 4.7 ± 3.5 dB, 6.1 ± 0.7 dB, 6.7 ± 1.3 dB, and 4.4 ± 3.46 dB for grades 7, 8, 9, and 11, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the average noise levels under both conditions. Furthermore, cognitive task performance in PC and SC was significantly different, as evidenced by paired t-tests in tasks such as multiplication, word formation, reasoning, and sentence construction. Dimension reduction techniques identified room acoustics, task difficulty, speech intelligibility, mental deficiency, and annoyance as critical factors affecting learning abilities. Teachers reported that major impacts of noise include annoyance, sleeplessness, headache, and hearing impairment.

Children are the nation's next generation and play an important role in nation development. In life, children cannot be separated from perfection in terms of physical or mental life. These physical or mental deficiencies can become material for bullying by other children which can disrupt the child's survival and peace. In enforcing criminal law to stop bullying by children, the government issued Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, and amendments were made to Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection to accommodate the increasing number of child crimes. The research method used is normative research which focuses on a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. After collecting the results of this research, it is then developed through an interpretive approach. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that bullying is any action or behavior carried out with the aim of causing injury. This harm can be physical, psychological, emotional, or verbal. Bullying behavior combines several criminal acts in the Criminal Code and for children using the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Act. The second conclusion is that children who are accused of bullying are threatened with criminal sanctions. According to the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law, cases of bullying committed by teenagers can be brought to court and the judicial process will be carried out according to the law for children.

COVID-19 necessitated higher education institutions to adopt online learning for traditional undergraduate students. The implementation of online learning attained praise, especially from socially anxious students, yet it also enhanced hardships for others. The present study qualitatively explored undergraduate students’ attitudes toward online learning and the outcomes of the return to in-person learning on social anxiety. The sample comprised 1058 (Mage = 19.86, SD = 3.53 years) undergraduate students from Carleton University and the University of Waterloo. Results from thematic analysis revealed that most students preferred in-person learning for its numerous advantages including self-improvement, socialization, traditional university experience, and higher education quality. Moreover, a large proportion of respondents indicated traditional learning could hinder socially anxious students due to adjustments in course delivery, social connections, decreasing mental well-being, COVID-19 fears, and deficiencies in social skills. Findings will be discussed on strategies to support students using different learning modalities.

Background: Parental, Down syndrome is a trisomy chromosomal genetic disorder that leads newborn child having more than one chromosome so that could interfere the normal growth of the body due to an excess of protein level. Children with Down syndrome have different oral health problems compared to the general population. They need assistance to maintain their oral health because of mental and physical deficiencies as well as limitations in optimally cleaning their teeth. Objective: To analyze the relationship between parenting styles and oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome in Banjarmasin Special Needs School, Indonesia. Materials and Method: This is an observational analytic study with cross-sectional approach. Sample was taken using simple random sampling technique and a cross-sectional sample formula obtained for 32 respondents. The instrument used a parenting style questionnaire and a behavioral modification questionnaire for children's oral health. Results: Democratic (87.5%) compared switch order parenting styles. It was found that there were more children with Down syndrome in the category of moderate behavior (59%) than children with good behavior (38%) and poor behavior (3%). The results of the Somers'd test data analysis obtained a significance value of 0.034 (p<0.05) and the correlation value obtained was 0.571, which means that the correlation strength is moderate with a positive correlation direction (unidirectional). Conclusion: The more democratic the parents use as parenting style the better the oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome will be.

Individuals with mental deficiency possess unique cognitive needs that mandate specialized pedagogic strategies. Special education tailors these strategies to enhance short-term perception and reinforce learning through repetition. Proper classification is fundamental for customizing educational methods and fostering development. Despite available screenings and customized curricula, a significant disparity remains; many intellectually incompetent individuals are unable to fully meet their sociocultural needs within society. Field studies and scholarly reviews affirm the insufficiency and uniformity of teaching resources in educational institutions for this demographic. Addressing this gap, the present study leverages a digital education platform tailored to the specific learning profiles of intellectually deficient individuals, aiming to enrich their social life skills at suitable developmental stages. The study encompasses a literature review, an analysis of global cognitive impairment classification, the impact of educational materials on durable learning, and the social competencies attained through existing educational frameworks. Among 42 students evaluated, progress ranged from a 2.7% to a 52.4% improvement in achievement-based assessments. This newly developed digital platform was piloted with an experimental group, and a bespoke analysis according to their learning needs was executed. A comparison of the data from this digital model against current materials revealed the potential for enhanced learning through digital intervention.

Special education is a field that has been valued in Türkiye especially in recent years. The aim of this study is to examine the types of postgraduate theses conducted in the field of special education in Türkiye between 2000 and 2023, their intensity in the field of special education and their distribution according to years. The research is a literature review designed in qualitative research model. The keywords of special education, autism, down syndrome, learning disability, intellectual disability, mental deficiency, giftedness, superior intelligence and special talented were determined to serve the purpose of the research. The keywords were searched from the National Thesis Center database. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Considering the titles of the theses, 2991 postgraduate theses including master's, doctorate, specialization in medicine and proficiency in art were reached. The types of postgraduate theses reached, the distribution of theses among keywords and the change of theses according to years are presented in graphs. As a result, it was observed that master's theses were predominant in postgraduate theses in the field of special education between 2000 and 2023, the most focused special education field was autism, and there was a general increase in theses by years, except for 2020.

Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders characterized by positive (hallucinations, delusions, formal thinking disorder) and negative symptoms (anhedonia, lack of speech and motivation). The present study aimed to identify the predictive factors of schizophrenia in adults, and potential differences in the environment of origin, sex, levels of occupational stress, intellectual level, marital status and age of onset of the disease depending on the severity of symptoms using analysis of data collected from 120 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The study was conducted at the ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Psychiatric Hospital in Bucharest and included adult patients hospitalized between March 2018 and January 2021 diagnosed with schizophrenia and evaluated by general clinical examination, psychiatric, neurological and psychological evaluation. Results revealed that robust predictors of mild and moderate symptoms were affective symptoms, heredo-collateral history of schizophrenia, late onset, the presence of positive and negative symptoms, substance abuse, stress and marital status, unmarried, lower IQ and mental deficiency. For moderate-severe and severe symptoms, predictors were affective symptoms, heredo-collateral history of schizophrenia and affective disorders, substance abuse, stress, borderline IQ and mild mental deficiency. The present results can be used for further development of psychopharmacological management of schizophrenia.