The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic data in Qingdao revealed increasing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through male-male sexual behavior from 2008 to 2021. We aimed to provide a scientific basis for targeted HIV prevention and intervention strategies. The study followed the Chinese HIV sentinel surveillance protocol, and included men who have sex with men (MSM) who participated in the Qingdao AIDS sentinel surveillance from 2019 to 2021 and underwent HIV testing in accordance with the requirements of the program. Information on the participants' demographic characteristics, HIV prevention knowledge, sexual behavior, drug use, and serological examination results were collected. Chi-square tests, multiple logistic regression, and decision tree analysis were employed to assess the factors associated with HIV infection. A total of 1,221 MSM were included, with 39 cases testing positive for HIV antibodies. Multiple logistic regression indicated a positive correlation between HIV infection and factors such as no condom use during the most recent anal intercourse in the past 6 months, use of Rush poppers, and syphilis infection. The decision tree model revealed that MSM with syphilis infection, no condoms use during the most recent anal intercourse in the past 6 months, and used Rush poppers had the highest risk of HIV acquisition (71.4%). Although the overall AIDS epidemic in Qingdao has shown a low prevalence, the infection rate among MSM has been increasing. Targeted measures will help to reduce high-risk behaviors among MSM.

In 2022, over two thirds of individuals diagnosed with HIV in the United States were people of color, half resided in the south, and 67% of new cases were attributed to male-to male sexual transmission (Centers For Disease Control, 2024). To combat these health disparities, the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative recommends that HIV prevention research focus on targeted populations and geographic regions with high rates of new HIV diagnosis. There are limited data on the relative efficiency of social media and dating apps for the recruitment of key EHE populations to HIV prevention studies. The LITE-2 Study aimed to recruit a national sample of approximately 3,000 young men who have sex with men (YMSM), at least 30% Black/African American and 30% Hispanic/Latino. This analysis compared the success of different social media platforms in relation to study goals, using descriptive statistics from the LITE-2 study (N = 2999) to assess enrollment count, eligibility rates, cost, and geographic distribution for each platform. Facebook had the highest enrollment rate, 45.38%, among eligible screeners. The cost per enrolled participant for Grindr, Sniffies, Scruff, Jack'd, and Adam4Adam was $118.02, $129.46, $220.59, $252.53, and $305.56 respectively. Jack'd had the highest proportion of Black participants, and Sniffies the highest proportion of Hispanic/Latino individuals. Use of Scruff resulted in enrollment of the highest proportion of participants in the rural EHE jurisdictions (47.1%). These findings inform digital recruitment strategies for future studies with similar racial/ethnic and geographic targets.

Retrospective Study of Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox-HIV Coinfection in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hangzhou, China.

The Baltimore HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been characterized by high HIV prevalence and stark racial disparities. We examined trends in HIV infection and service utilization among Baltimore MSM using data from CDC's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) project from 2008 to 2023. A total of 2,180 venue-recruited MSM participated: 68% Black, 19% White, and 13% other/multiple racial identities. By 2023, HIV prevalence remained high (35.4% overall) and disproportionately concentrated among Black MSM (43.9%). From 2008 to 2023, predicted probability of HIV infection declined from 48% to 37% among Black MSM and remained stable at approximately 19% among White MSM. HIV service utilization exceeded 90% by 2023, particularly among Black MSM. These improvements reflect considerable community response and public health investment. Ending the HIV epidemic in Baltimore will require sustained prevention and treatment funding, continued efforts to reduce racial disparities, and focused attention on social determinants of health.

Investigation of community awareness of HIV functional cure has often been restricted to people living with HIV. An understanding of the attitudes of men who have sex with men (MSM) without HIV is important, as it contributes to the supportiveness of curative treatment in the community. This study aimed to profile the attitudes toward HIV functional cure among MSM without HIV. This is a secondary analysis of data from a community-based survey on MSM 18 years or older in Hong Kong. MSM who self-reported being HIV negative were recruited for enrollment in the study. To understand the diversity of beliefs and their association with attitudes toward functional cure, attributes under the health belief model constructs were used for delineation of the study population by latent class analysis. Factors, including identified latent class analysis, associated with each outcome variable, including awareness, high anticipation, and trial participation willingness, were examined in bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models. A total of 712 MSM were recruited between September 2021 and October 2022, a majority of whom were Chinese, single, and employed. In 541 (76%) MSM who self-reported not having tested positive for HIV, 43% (n=233) were aware of and 44% (n=236) held high anticipation toward functional cure, while 84% (n=452) indicated willingness to join clinical trials. Trial participation willingness and high anticipation were associated with indicators of higher risk sexual behavior. Four latent classes were identified. Compared with the reference group of class 4 (considered nontransmissibility as the main benefit, n=301, 56%), MSM in class 1 (selection of all perceived benefits, n=40, 7%) and class 2 (considered safety, trial duration, sites as most important, n=82, 15%) had significantly higher anticipation of functional cure, while those from class 2 were less likely to be aware of functional cure, and those from class 3 (no selection of reasons for joining trials, n=118, 22%) were less willing to participate in a trial. In Hong Kong, compared with MSM living with HIV, MSM without HIV had similar awareness and trial participation willingness but lower anticipation of functional cure, probably due to lower susceptibility to HIV infection. As community awareness and understanding of the functional cure concept take time to nourish, these have to be nurtured in advance while the development of the functional cure is in progress.

Despite evidence that undetectable equals untransmittable (U=U), negative attitudes toward people living with HIV persist among men who have sex with men (MSM). We examined HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and relationship willingness among Swedish MSM and evaluated an anti-stigma campaign. Repeated cross-sectional online surveys of MSM aged ≥ 18years were conducted in Sweden (2020-2021) before and after an anti-stigma campaign. Participants were recruited via LGBTQIA+ media and dating or cruising platforms. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. We analyzed 3100 pooled responses and 1132 post-campaign responses. Knowledge gaps were substantial: 72% had not encountered U=U messaging and only 53% knew that treatment prevents transmission. Nearly half expressed unwillingness to consider relationships with people living with HIV. Negative attitudes decreased with higher knowledge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.53) and increased with greater worry (aOR 3.66; CI 2.75-4.90). Greater relationship willingness was associated with higher HIV knowledge (aOR 3.79; CI 2.67-5.41). Less negative attitudes and greater relationship willingness were also linked to openness about sexual orientation. Campaign exposure was significantly associated with higher knowledge, less negative attitudes, lower worry, and greater relationship willingness. U=U awareness remains limited and stigma persists. The interrelations between knowledge, worry, and attitudes highlight cognitive and emotional dimensions of stigma. Observed links with campaign exposure suggest potential value of concise, context-specific U=U-centered communication in addressing stigma among MSM.

Exploring Typology and Determinants of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Trajectories Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Western China

ABSTRACT It is unclear whether online partner-seeking via (geo)social networking and dating websites or applications (“apps”) is associated with engagement in condomless anal sex (CAS) among MSM (men who have sex with men). Previous studies present mixed findings revealing either positive, or negative, or no associations between online partner-seeking and CAS among MSM, indicating a need for additional research. This cross-sectional survey of young adult MSM residing in 15 Central Kentucky counties, USA (n = 217) provided demographic, behavioral, and relationship data about male or transgender partners (n = 548), with whom respondents had recent (past 6 months) anal sex. We used multivariable generalized linear mixed effects modeling to compare engagement in CAS (i.e. used condoms only sometimes or never) between app-facilitated and non-app-facilitated relationships. Our analysis revealed most relationships involved CAS (72%), but there were no differences between app-facilitated and non-app-facilitated partnerships. Increasing age of nominated partners (especially within non-app-facilitated relationships); White, non-Hispanic race-ethnicity of respondents; daily communication with nominated partners; and respondents’ lifetime history of sex with individuals living with HIV were independently associated with higher odds of CAS. Our findings showed app-facilitated relationships were no “riskier” in terms of CAS than other relationships. A large proportion of partnerships reporting CAS urges for diverse strategies designed and implemented via apps and more traditional venue outreach to promote (self-)testing, consistent condom use, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake.

Pemalang Regency has shown an increasing trend in HIV/AIDS cases, with 10 cases recorded among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM), indicating this group as a key population vulnerable to HIV transmission. This study aims to analyze the background of deviant sexual behavior among people living with HIV within the MSM group at the Petarukan Subdistrict Health Center, Pemalang Regency. A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted, involving purposively selected informants who were MSM living with HIV and had engaged in risky sexual behavior. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, and analyzed using thematic analysis based on the Miles and Huberman model (1994). The findings indicate that deviant sexual behavior is shaped by the interaction of psychological, social, economic, and structural factors. Psychological factors play a dominant role, including lack of family support, internalized stigma related to sexual orientation and HIV status, and limited access to safe spaces. These conditions lead informants to engage in concealed and poorly controlled sexual practices. Additionally, knowledge of HIV and safe sex has not been fully translated into healthy attitudes and behaviors. Limited access to inclusive healthcare services and insufficient structural support further hinder behavioral change toward safer sexual practices.

Methamphetamine use is a driver of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) and is associated with suboptimal adherence to daily, oral PrEP. Long-acting PrEP may be a promising alternative. We analyzed data from the 2023 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey in four western cities to assess interest in long-acting PrEP among HIV-negative MSM participants. Of 1,450 participants, 7% used methamphetamine in the past 12 months. Two-thirds were interested in long-acting PrEP (68%); with no difference in interest (χ2 = 1.4, p = 0.24) or prior PrEP use (χ2 = 0.56, p = 0.46) by methamphetamine use. A larger proportion of participants unaware of PrEP had used methamphetamine (20% vs. 7%, χ2 = 10.7, p < 0.01). Among those interested, a plurality preferred biannual injection (47%). We found high interest in long-acting PrEP and similar PrEP use rates, but lower awareness, among participants who used methamphetamine. However, our sample may not have been representative of those with higher-risk methamphetamine use.

BackgroundSexual health concerns following prostate cancer treatment are common yet often insufficiently addressed in clinical practice, particularly among men who have sex with men. These individuals may face additional barriers stemming from heteronormative assumptions, limited disclosure, and a lack of culturally tailored information. As generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots become increasingly accessible, patients are using these systems to seek sensitive health information outside traditional care settings. While prior research has focused on the accuracy and safety of chatbot-generated health advice, less attention has been paid to how responses are framed and experienced in sexual minority contexts.ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe and compare how 4 GenAI chatbots respond to questions about sexual health following prostate cancer treatment, with a focus on the needs of a gay man, and to interpret these responses using netnographic and actor-network theory perspectives.MethodsA qualitative exploratory study using auto-netnography was conducted. In February–March 2025, the first author interacted once with 4 widely used GenAI chatbots—ChatGPT (GPT-4o; Open AI), Claude (3.5 Sonnet; Anthropic), Copilot (GPT-4 Turbo; Microsoft), and Gemini (2.0 Flash; Google)—while assuming the role of a simulated “mock patient.” Two standardized prompts were used verbatim across all platforms: an initial prompt addressing sexual health concerns after prostate cancer treatment and a supplementary prompt focusing on sexual minority–specific issues, including same-sex practices. Chatbot outputs were treated as system-generated data and analyzed qualitatively, integrating system-generated text with reflexive experiential engagement and attention to interactional framing, emotional attunement, specificity, and performative features. The analysis did not assess clinical effectiveness, safety, or generalizability.ResultsAcross platforms, chatbot responses addressed treatment-related sexual health concerns using generally inclusive language, with variation in emotional tone, specificity, and cultural sensitivity. Interactional features included the scope and framing of clinical information, encouragement of dialogue, self-care advice, and explicit discussion of same-sex sexual practices. No obvious fabricated claims were identified; however, contextual inaccuracies were observed. Responses were mapped along 2 intersecting continua—logical-to-empathetic orientation and general-to-specific framing—yielding 4 interactional styles: structured overview, rational clarity, compassionate perspective, and compassionate precision. This 4-quadrant framework served as an interpretive heuristic and does not constitute an evaluation of quality or effectiveness.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that contemporary GenAI chatbots, when used as digital adjuncts, may enact communication styles that can be perceived as supportive, culturally sensitive, and LGBTQI+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex)-inclusive in specific sexual health interactions. Although these systems lack ethical consciousness and cannot replace professional care, their performative responses may complement clinical practice by facilitating reflection and access to sensitive information. The study highlights how care-like meanings may emerge through sociomaterial interactions between users and artificial intelligence systems rather than demonstrating generalized performance or clinical reliability.

One of the key pillars of Ending the HIV Epidemic is ensuring adherence to oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Men who have sex with men (MSM) who also have substance use disorders experience multiple challenges to maintaining PrEP adherence. We developed a digital pill system (DPS) linked to a personalized adherence intervention, PrEPSteps, to address barriers to PrEP adherence, and tested the feasibility and acceptability of this system, as well as its potential for an effect on PrEP adherence. We enrolled MSM with moderate to severe substance use disorder who were on oral PrEP in a two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial. Both arms received the DPS co-encapsulated with oral PrEP. Participants in the intervention arm also received "PrEPSteps" - a personalized cognitive-behavioral adherence intervention. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability of DPS + PrEPSteps. To explore potential intervention effects, adherence changes from baseline to 3-month follow-up were compared across arms. At 6-month follow-up, adherence was assessed via self-report. Thirty-six participants were enrolled, 32, completed the run-in period, 28 were randomized, and 27 completed the 3-month intervention period. Of those, 26 completed six-month follow-up. Operation of the DPS and PrEPSteps was feasible, with consistent data recording throughout the 3-month intervention period. Qualitative interviews in the intervention arm at 3months demonstrated PrEPSteps was acceptable. Intervention arm participants had 14% higher PrEP adherence (b = 13.67, 95%CI [.77-26.57], p = .039) at 3month follow up. This effect persisted at six months, suggesting that PrEPSteps has the potential to improve PrEP adherence and help individuals sustain adherence benefits over time.Trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03512418.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a critical yet understudied issue among young sexual minority men (YSMM) who use substances, who experience heightened vulnerability due to intersecting forms of stigma, discrimination, and structural marginalization. While previous research has begun to explore the prevalence of IPV among YSMM, most studies have narrowly focused on victimization, often excluding the experiences of perpetration or bidirectional IPV. Moreover, limited attention has been paid to understanding IPV across intersecting racial, ethnic, and sexual identity groups, or to exploring multiple forms of IPV including emotional, physical/sexual, controlling, monitoring, and HIV-related abuse. Data were drawn from a racially and ethnically diverse online sample of cisgender YSMM (N = 277) recruited between 2022 and 2024. Participants reported lifetime and past-year experiences of IPV victimization, perpetration, and bidirectional IPV across multiple IPV domains. Sociodemographic characteristics and substance use patterns, including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and methamphetamine use, were examined in relation to IPV experiences. Rates of lifetime IPV were alarmingly high: 69.7% reported victimization, 47.7% reported perpetration, and 44.4% experienced bidirectional IPV. In the past year, 65.0% reported IPV victimization, 43.3% reported perpetration, and 39.4% experienced bidirectional IPV. Emotional and physical/sexual IPV were the most common types. Nearly 40% of participants reported frequent IPV victimization in the past year, with emotional IPV (30.0%) being the most prevalent. Participants identifying as Black, Latino/Hispanic, mixed-race, or bisexual, as well as those with lower educational attainment, reported higher rates of IPV experiences. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use including methamphetamine and marijuana use were significantly linked to higher rates of multiple forms of IPV, especially frequent and bidirectional IPV. These findings highlight the syndemic interplay between substance use and IPV among YSMM. Public health responses must prioritize culturally responsive, trauma-informed interventions that account for the unique developmental and intersectional contexts of this population.

BackgroundThere are disproportionate HIV/AIDS infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Ghana compared to the general population, despite the implementation of condom utilisation campaigns. Attitudes towards the use of condoms are culturally dependent, but most condom use attitude studies ignore culture.AimThe study aimed to assess the determinants of condom use attitudes among MSM in two regions of Ghana.MethodsFrom May 2025 to July 2025, a regional-based cross-sectional study was carried out using a snowball sampling approach to select 1000 MSM from two regions of Ghana. The study utilised the University of Chicago Los Angeles Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (UCLA-MCAS) for data collection. Condom use attitudes were evaluated based on the mean scores of the five subscales of the UCLA-MCAS. Multivariable logistic regression established associations between dependent and independent variables. Outcome variables with a p-value < .05 were deemed statistically significant. The odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the strength of an association.ResultsMore than half of the respondents had poor condom use attitudes (n = 513; 50.6%). The Western Region had higher perceived embarrassment associated with condom negotiation and use (2.84 ± 1.64), compared to counterparts in the Central Region (4.34 ± 1.35) in their response. Respondents who reported sexual involvement with women "always" had 56% lower odds of having a favourable condom use attitude compared to counterparts whose sexual preferences were men only (0.44, 95% CI: 0.25-0.76). Participants in the Western Region had 3.54 times higher odds of having a favourable condom use attitude as compared to participants in the Central Region of Ghana (95% CI: 2.57-4.89).ConclusionBeing resident in the Central Region of Ghana, being affiliated with Pentecostal Christianity, being a Receptive MSM partner, engaging "always", "sometimes or "rarely" in sexual activity with women, and anticipating condom use "rarely" in the future determined condom use attitude. The Central Region had negative condom use attitudes. In contrast, counterparts in the Western Region had positive condom use attitudes. Implementing an education strategy that not only focuses on promoting condom use attitudes of individuals but also on the context of the sexual encounter is encouraged.

Misalignment between self-perceived and objectively measured risk may contribute to ongoing engagement in high-risk behaviors and impede the uptake of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention services. We aimed to investigate the concordance between self-perceived and objectively measured HIV risk and to identify factors associated with risk underestimation among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Qingdao, China. A cross-sectional study design was used, with snowball sampling to recruit MSM from April 2023 to July 2024. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect demographic and behavioral information, self-perceived HIV risk, and utilization of HIV prevention services. Objectively measured HIV risk was calculated using an HIV risk assessment tool, and self-perceived risk was collected through self-reporting. The kappa consistency test was used to compare the differences between objectively measured risk and self-perceived HIV risk. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with risk underestimation. A total of 653 participants were included in the study. A profound mismatch was observed: 78.3% of participants were classified with high objective measured risk, yet 87.6% perceived their risk as only moderate, resulting in poor agreement between the two measures. Multivariate analysis showed that lower monthly income, seeking sexual partners via Internet, engagement in commercial sex, condomless anal intercourse (CAI), and group sex were associated with risk underestimation. Although not statistically significant in multivariate models, univariate analysis suggested lower prevention service uptake among those who underestimated risk, such as HIV self-testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Human immunodeficiency virus risk underestimation was highly prevalent among MSM in Qingdao, China. Future efforts should focus on enhancing health education for MSM and developing behavioral intervention programs aimed at reshaping risk perception to foster accurate risk awareness and improve cognitive accuracy.

Black and Latinx gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (BLMSM) face disproportionate HIV burdens due to structural racism and homonegativity which manifest as multiple forms of violence that disrupt consistent HIV care engagement. This study examined pathways linking interpersonal, community and structural violence exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) use among young adult BLMSM and explored the mediating roles of substance use and negative affect. Participants (N = 41; ages 18-34) living with HIV in New York City completed a 90-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) between May 2021 and March 2023. Multilevel logistic regression with Bayesian estimation assessed within- and between-person differences in ART use. Both witnessing and directly experiencing violence were associated with lower odds of same-day ART use, an effect mediated by negative affect. Violence exposure increased negative affect, which reduced same-day ART use by 50%, independent of race/ethnicity, violence exposure type, housing support and substance use. Cannabis use was linked to higher odds of same-day ART use but lower long-term maintenance. Non-Hispanic Black men and those receiving HIV/Services Administration (HASA) housing support demonstrated greater ART engagement, highlighting the critical role of housing stability in improving HIV-related health outcomes. Negative affect emerged as the strongest predictor of daily ART use, underscoring the need to integrate trauma-informed mental health support into HIV care for BLMSM. Additional research is needed to clarify the temporal and differential impacts of violence exposure and cannabis use on ART engagement.

Long-acting injectable PrEP (LAI-PrEP) provides opportunities to expand HIV prevention coverage in the Netherlands. Understanding which Dutch gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) are interested in using LAI-PrEP when available can support HIV prevention efforts. Survey data was collected online via the PROTECT survey from 1,447 GBMSM in the Netherlands between October 2023 and March 2024. Multivariable logistic analysis was conducted to determine variables associated with GBMSM who intend to use LAI-PrEP when available. Interest and intention to use LAI-PrEP among Dutch GBMSM is high (76.1% and 73.9%) and among those currently on oral PrEP even higher (80.8% and 79.5%). GBMSM who intend to use LAI-PrEP have more sexual partners in the past 6 months (11-50 partners (aOR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.54-6.85), 51-100 partners (aOR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.20 to 8.30), more than 150 partners (aOR = 3.86; 95% CI: 1.74 to 8.67)), engage more in chemsex (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.01), are less likely to fear LAI-PrEP side effects (aOR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.94;) or injection pain (aOR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.75) and more likely to believe they are at risk of acquiring HIV (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.45). If made available in the Netherlands, many GBMSM are likely to commence using LAI-PrEP, particularly current oral PrEP users or discontinued users. Sexually active Dutch GBMSM, who are already protecting themselves, may be the first group to use LAI-PrEP.

Sexual Toxicity After Chemoradiation for Anal Cancer Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Mixed-Methods Analysis

This study aims to explore characteristics and clinical predictors of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and non-LGV Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) serovars. We conducted a retrospective study on men who have sex with men (MSM) diagnosed with rectal or urethral Ct between 2015 and 2022 at the Infectious Diseases Unit of San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. Nucleic acid amplification test with sequencing was used for Ct serovar determination. Individuals' characteristics were described by median (interquartile, IQR) or frequency (%) and compared using Kruskal-Wallis or Chi-Square tests, as appropriate. Logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of LGV; multinomial logistic regression model, with LGV group as reference category, investigated factors associated with the LGV group (serovars L1, L2B, L2C), specific highly prevalent non-LGV serovars (D, E, G) or the non-amplifiable group. Overall, 211 MSM were included: 29.8% with LGV, 50.2% non-LGV and 19.9% non-amplifiable. Symptomatic cases were 46% of which 48% LGV; rectal infection was the most common (86%), followed by urethral (10%) and both sites (4%). People living with HIV were 91.5%; 31.3% had ≥1 concomitant STI and 65.4% ≥1 previous one. According to logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for the diagnosis of ≥1 concomitant and previous STI, LGV serovars were significantly associated with symptomatic infections (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 6.05; 95%CI = 2.92, 13.13; p < 0.001) and anorectal site (aOR = 17.12; 95%CI = 3.17-319.17, p = 0.007) compared to non-LGV. Among MSM, almost 30% of Ct infections were due to LGV serovars. Presence of symptoms and anorectal site involvement, identified as clinical predictors of LGV, should guide clinicians during diagnosis.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a key population at high risk of HIV AIDS transmission, largely due to inconsistent condom use. This study analyzes determinants of condom use behavior among MSM in Banjarnegara Regency using Lawrence Green’s theoretical framework.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 115 respondents. Respondents in this study were MSM residing in Banjarnegara. Respondents were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were MSM who had sexual intercourse in the last month, while the exclusion criteria were MSM who were Field Officers (PL) and MSM who were HIV AIDS positive. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire method. Data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression.Result: Condom use remains low, with 47.8% of respondents not using condoms consistently. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association with marital status (p=0.007; OR=6.62), occupation (p=0.001; OR=2.3), attitude (p=0.001; OR=3.51), community support (p=0.000; OR=4.62), and partner support (p=0.003; OR=3.77 Multivariate analysis identified attitude as the dominant factor (p=0.021; OR=2.856). These findings conclude that the formation of positive attitudes plays a central role in increasing consistent condom use among MSM. Therefore, it is recommended that HIV prevention programs focus on strengthening attitudes, increasing community and partner support, and optimizing safe sexual behavior education among the MSM population.