Errors, traditionally seen as negative, can serve as productive learning tools in low-stakes contexts. However, it remains unclear whether deliberate erring outperforms retrieval practice-another highly effective strategy-across materials and time intervals. This study compared deliberate erring, retrieval practice, and copying in terms of immediate/delayed retention and transfer while examining learners' metacognitive evaluations. A copy condition served as a baseline to compare two active learning techniques. Two experiments with college students used conceptual terms (Exp1, N = 96) and text passages (Exp2, N = 103). Both measured immediate/delayed retention, transfer, and metacognitive judgements across three learning conditions. In Experiment 1, immediate retention showed only anecdotal evidence for no significant difference between deliberate erring and retrieval practice-both outperformed copying-whereas delayed retention favoured deliberate erring. Transfer performance consistently favoured deliberate erring. In Experiment 2, memory retention did not differ significantly between deliberate erring and retrieval practice (both superior to copying), yet deliberate erring again led to better transfer. Metacognitive evaluations systematically underestimated deliberate erring, favouring copying and retrieval practice instead. Under equal-time learning, deliberate erring shows consistent advantages over copying in both knowledge transfer and long-term retention, and it demonstrates potential benefits over retrieval practice in knowledge transfer, although the latter finding requires further replication. The study also reveals a metacognitive bias against deliberate erring, providing insights into theories of memory encoding and classroom error intervention strategies.

Protocol for condensate-based stabilization of gene circuit dynamics under growth-mediated dilution in E. coli.

The effects of task complexity and individual differences in novice interpreters' consecutive interpreting performance.

Dissociation of spatial and contextual memory encoding under fear and pain in mice.

Mental cost of simple(st) physical exertion.

Non-canonical K27 polyubiquitination is a sex-specific regulator of contextual fear memory in the hippocampus but not the amygdala.

Exosomes, a specialized class of extracellular vesicles, exhibit significant therapeutic potentials for neurological disorders, in particular for vascular dementia (VaD). VaD is the second most common form of dementia, characterized by cognitive and behavioral impairments. VaD is often linked to hippocampal damage resulting from its vulnerable vascular structure, which disrupts memory formation and retrieval. Secreted by various cell types within the central nervous system, exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transporting bioactive molecules. Growing evidence indicates that exosomes enhance synaptic plasticity, modulate neuroinflammation, inhibit apoptosis, and promote angiogenesis, supporting their therapeutic potentials in VaD. Given the urgent need for effective treatments and the unique ability of exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver multi-targeted therapies, research in this field is critically important. It offers a viable pathway toward the development of disease-modifying interventions for a condition that is currently managed primarily through symptomatic treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge on the functions of exosomes in the central nervous system, explores recent advances in exosome-based strategies for VaD, and discusses ongoing challenges and future directions for their clinical translation.

Reprogramming chemoimmunotherapy via biomimetic cell membrane- clay platform to amplify prime-boost antitumor immunity.

In silico post-hoc analysis of a clinically tested recombinant West Nile virus envelope protein vaccine.

Carbohydrate polymer-based biomaterials for light-triggered Photo-Immunotherapy: Design strategies, immune mechanisms, and translational outlook.

Cannabis was previously associated with worse memory function in men but not in women. As the hippocampus is crucial in the formation and retrieval of memory, we studied if cumulative exposure to cannabis is associated with differences in the hippocampal tissue volume, fractional anisotropy (FA) and cerebral brain perfusion (CBF) by MRI, overall and by sex, stratified by ever tobacco smoking, in multivariable adjusted linear regression models in both sexes. We included participants of the CARDIA cohort, followed since 1985, with cannabis assessed during each follow up. Categories of self-reported cumulative exposure were never, <0.5, 0.5-<2, and >2 cannabis-years, where 1 cannabis-year=365 days of use. We included 648 participants: 52% were women; mean age was 55 years, 86% reported ever using cannabis and 48% ever smoking tobacco. There was no difference in mean hippocampal volume according to greater cumulative use of cannabis. The coefficient of hippocampal volume in participants never smoking tobacco reporting >2 cannabis-years was -37.99mm3 (95% CI -201.08-125.09) compared to never users. There was no significant difference when stratifying by sex or ever tobacco exposure, or for FA or CBF. Cumulative cannabis exposure over 30 years was not associated with hippocampal volume, integrity or blood flow in middle age. The differences in memory function in cannabis users are likely not attributable to the hippocampus only. Future studies should assess further neuronal mechanisms and social determinants associated with cognition in cannabis users.

Childhood adversity is a known risk factor for psychopathology across the lifespan. One proposed mechanism involves long-term alterations in hippocampal memory systems, leading to disruptions in the integration of episodic memory within its contextual framework. It is therefore essential to investigate how individuals exposed to early life stress use contextual information during memory formation. We conducted an experimental study in healthy adults (n = 76), manipulating the depth of contextual encoding. Participants viewed object-background pairs under either contextual or object-focused conditions, followed by a surprise memory test assessing object recognition and mnemonic discrimination. Childhood adversity was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, contextual elaboration did not enhance recognition performance, but appeared to increase cognitive demands during encoding. We propose that increased contextual processing shifted attentional allocation away from object-specific information, thereby limiting recognition performance. Differences in recognition outcomes across conditions may further reflect variations in the strength and discriminative value of familiarity-based memory signals under differing encoding demands. We additionally observed a descriptive association between higher levels of childhood adversity and reduced object recognition performance under object-focused encoding conditions. These findings suggest that associations between childhood adversity and memory performance may emerge in a task-dependent manner and can be situated within broader theoretical accounts emphasizing the role of contextual factors in episodic memory implicated in vulnerability to mental health outcomes following early life stress.

ABSTRACT This study examines how novelty-seeking and hedonic-seeking motivations shape customers’ intention to participate in activity-based dining and how such intention fosters experience intensification and memorability. A video-enhanced scenario simulated an interactive dining setting, with data collected from 413 U.S. adults through a convenience sample. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed relationships. Results confirm that both novelty-seeking and hedonic-seeking motivations significantly increase the intention to participate, which subsequently enhances experience intensity and memorability. Furthermore, intention to participate mediates the relationship between motivations and outcomes, highlighting its pivotal role in linking intrinsic drivers with experiential results. The study contributes to theory by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior and Memory-Dominant Logic to the dining context, showing how intrinsic motivations encourage engagement and memory formation. For practitioners, the findings suggest strategies to design participatory dining formats that heighten enjoyment and create more lasting and meaningful customer experiences.

Dendritic cells as central coordinators of oncolytic virus-induced antitumor immunity.

Endothelium- selective overexpression of p25 results in impaired smooth muscle-dependent vascular function, altered sGC-dependent pathway, and vascular remodeling.

Memory loss is linked to failure of the engram, the physical substrate associated with a specific memory. Tau is a microtubule associated protein best known for its central role in neurodegenerative dementias, yet its physiological function in memory formation remains poorly understood. In this work, we show that tau is crucial for forming long lasting memories in mice. Site-specific tau phosphorylation at threonine-205 (T205) is induced by memory encoding and is required for remote memory formation. Tau T205 phosphorylation regulates engram cell, physical unit of memory storage, recruitment and constrains extraneous local cell activation, thereby promoting efficient memory recall. Tau selectively links sensory cue presentations to the encoding ensemble, as optogenetic retrieval of remote memory is tau-independent. Pathogenic tau within active cell ensembles induces aberrant local activation and causes anterograde or retrograde amnesia when present during an encoding or recall time window, respectively. Together, these findings identify a direct physiological role for tau in engram ensemble regulation and establish a mechanistic link between tau dysfunction and memory loss.

Immersive virtual reality (VR) distraction reduces procedural pain. The current study explores whether immersive VR also reduces how much people can remember about a painful experience: anterograde amnesia for pain. A within-subject, crossover design was used. Sixteen healthy adult volunteers participated. Each participant received 5 thermal stimuli (some hot, some cold) during no-VR and 5 stimuli during immersive VR distraction (treatment order randomized). They were instructed to memorize the order of hot and cold stimuli for a later memory test. After a brief delay after each stimulus set, participants completed a memory recall test for the order of stimuli (the primary measure) and also provided ratings of pain, distraction, anxiety, and nausea using standardized graphic rating scales (GRS; 0-10). Within-subject Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed that immersive VR significantly reduced how accurately participants could recall the hot/cold order of thermal stimuli, mean accuracy: 96% correct (standard deviation [SD] = 8.06) in no-VR, versus 59% (SD = 25.79) in VR, Z = 3.09, P = .002, r = 0.77. On a rating scale from 0 to 10, immersive VR was significantly more distracting (mean = 7.60, very distracting, SD =1.72) compared to the control condition (mean = 2.07, mildly distracting, SD = 2.16, Z = 3.42, P < .001, r = 0.86), and on GRS mean pain perception ratings, participants reported significantly lower pain intensity during VR, mean = 4.03 (SD = 1.61) during VR, versus no-VR = 6.30 (SD = 1.81), Z = 3.47, P < .001, r = 0.87. Results of this study provide preliminary evidence that immersive VR reduces memory for a painful experience. Conscious/episodic memory formation and storage of memories about specific experiences requires attentional resources. VR distraction pain intervention significantly disrupts memory for painful stimuli, leading to what we term "VR amnesia." Our study provides preliminary laboratory evidence that immersive VR during pain induces anterograde amnesia for pain, disrupting the formation of memory for painful events. Further studies exploring the mechanism of how VR reduces memory for painful events are needed. These results suggest the utility of future studies in clinical pain contexts. If VR can reduce the formation of adverse memories associated with painful clinical procedures, VR may serve as an effective nonpharmacological adjunct to reduce postoperative distress and medications and may reduce risk of developing chronic pain.

Inter-brain synchrony has recently emerged as core mechanism of brain functioning. Two approaches distinctly measure cross-brain processes; during live social exchanges or passive observation of social stimuli, but are the two underpinned by similar processes? Guided by the biobehavioral synchrony frame, we utilized hyperscanning EEG and a paradigm developed for the current study to explore the linkage between inter-brain synchrony during Live and Represented social experiences. In Study 1 (n = 130) mother-adolescent dyads engaged in free interaction, coded for behavioral synchrony, and then observed this interaction in separate rooms. Greater neural synchrony across the fronto-temporal inter-brain network emerged during live social participation than passive observation of represented social moments, and the two were inter-related and predicted by behavioral synchrony. Study 2 (n = 54) tested the generalizability of the findings in unfamiliar adults and similarly found linkage between neural synchrony during live and represented experiences, both associated with behavioral synchrony. Shared social experiences create lasting neural synchrony that can be reactivated during subsequent invocation and depends on relationship quality and familiarity. Findings highlight the role of live social moments and their retention in memory in shaping the social brain and have implications for the integration of the third- and second-person perspectives in social neuroscience.

The organization of multiple motor memories.

ABSTRACTThe hippocampal CA1 subregion supports learning, memory formation, and spatial navigation. Although its three‐layered architecture has been described in ex vivo investigations, the in vivo microstructural profile of CA1 and its relation to individual variations in memory performance remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used ultra‐high field structural MRI at 7 Tesla to investigate the depth‐dependent myelination patterns (measured by quantitative T1) of CA1 in younger adults, their relation to the local arterial architecture, and their association with individual differences in cognitive functions, specifically memory performance. Results show that left and right CA1 present depth‐dependent patterns of myelination, with the outer and inner compartments showing higher myelination than the middle compartment. No significant relationship between layer‐specific myelination of CA1 and distance to the nearest artery was observed. Right CA1 was found to be more myelinated than left CA1. Pairwise correlations and regression models showed that higher left CA1 myelination is linked to higher accuracy in object localization. Together, our data demonstrate the feasibility of describing the three‐layered myelin architecture of CA1 in vivo, and provide information on how alterations in the architecture of CA1 may relate to alterations in cognitive performance in younger adults.